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"Backgrounds: Gastrointestinal bleeding such as hematemesis or melena are common conditions in clinical practice and endoscopic service. The mortality rate due to gastrointestinal bleeding is relatively high. In this study, we evaluate the causes of hematemesis melena for the last 5 years and the factors associated with the bleeding.Methods: The study was done retrospectively. We obtained data from medical record of patients that performed endoscopy of upper gastrointestinal tract in Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital (Jakarta, Indonesia) during the period of 2001 to 2005.Results: Of 4.154 patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy from 2001 to 2005, we found that 837 patients (20.1%) were due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding. They were 552 male (65.9%) and 285 female patients (34.1%). Mean age of male patients was 52.7 ± 15.82 years, while for female patients was 54.46 ± 17.6 years. Of 837 patients who came due to hematemesis were 150 patients (17.9%), melena were 310 patients (37.8%), both melena and hematemesis were 371 patients (44.3%), 557 cases (66.5 %) due to non varices. Endoscopic results showed that 280 cases (33.4%) were due to esophageal varices. In general, this study had demonstrated that esophageal varices was the most frequent cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We found 229 cases of esophageal varices were coincidence with portal hypertensive gastropathy. While ulcer was found in 225 cases (26.9%) and most of them were gastric ulcer (51.1%). Of gastrointestinal bleeding caused by esophageal varices, most were grade HI in 138 cases (49.3%). The incidence of bleeding of bleeding were found more frequently in patients age group of 40 - 60 years (389 cases; 46.5%), > 60 years (305 cases; 36.2%), < 40 years (242 cases; 16.8%). The causes of bleeding in patients whose age > 60 years, most were caused by ulcer (37.4%). In this study, we also found that cancer as the cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in 26 cases (3.1%). Gastrointestinal cancer comprised of gastric cancer in 15 cases (57.7%), duodenal cancer in 7 cases (26.9%), and esophageal cancer in 4 patients (15.4%).Conclusion: The most frequent cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding was esophageal varices and usually had reached stage HI. The non variceal cause of bleeding was gastric cancer. Upper gastrointestinal malignancy was also found to be the etiology of bleeding in this study."

"Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are now commonly used in clinical practice. On the other hands, this drug could result severe complication such as bleeding and perforation. In such condition, proton pump inhibitor can be used to stop bleeding than H, antagonists. We reported one cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to NSAID gastropathy that was unresponsive to Ranitidine. The treatment was suitable to proton pump inhibitor that could overcome upper gastrointestinal bleeding."

"We report three rare cases of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Two cases are of gastric MALT lymphoma and one is a case of transverse colon MALT lymphoma. The two cases of gastric MALT lymphoma were diagnosed by endoscopy which demonstrated an ulcer in the cardia and another in the corpus. The first case is in a 62-year-old male. The patients medical history revealed upper GI tract bleeding with melaena in 1993. At the time no diagnosis was made on endoscopy In August 2000, melaena recurred and endoscopy showed an ulcer in the cardio. Histology showed high-grade gastric MALT lymphoma. Based on Ann Arbor classification, the patient was classified as stage IE gastrointestinal lymphoma. H. pylori was negative. The patient received chemotherapy The second case is in a 53-year-old male. He suffered from gastric lymphoma for 3 years. He complained of annually recurring haematemesis before a definitive diagnosis was finally established. He suffered jiom stage IE low-grade well-differentiated lymphocytic MALT lymphoma. H. pylori was negative. Endoscopic procedure after H. pylori eradication showed ulcer regression though histology still showed low-grade MALT lymphoma and H. pylori as positive. The third case is in a 46-year-old male with a complaint of haematochezia. Colonoscopy showed intususception due to tumor in the transverse colon. Histologic examination showed chronic colitis and granulomatosa. lnvagination due to colon tumor was reported. Histologic examination of the biopsy specimen showed low-grade small cell lymphocyte-plasmocytoid lymphoma. "

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Latar Belakang: Perdarahan akut gastrointestinal bagian atas memiliki angka mortalitas dan morbiditas yang signifikan. Asam traneksamat telah terbukti bermanfaat dalam kasus perdarahan postoperatif dan postpartum. Namun, data mengenai efektivitas asam traneksamat untuk kasus ini masih terbatas.

Metode: Kami telah melakukan uji klinis terkontrol acak tersamar. Pasien yang memenuhi kriteria adalah dewasa (usia ≥ 18 tahun) dengan gejala hematemesis, melena, atau keduanya baik yang datang ke unit gawat darurat atau sedang dirawat di rumah sakit antara 1 Juli 2018 sampai 31 Desember 2019. Pasien secara acak dimasukan ke dua kelompok (asam traneksamat dan plasebo). Luaran utama yang diamati adalah perdarahan ulang yang didefinisikan sebagai kejadian hematemesis, melena, atau keduanya yang berkaitan dengan takikardia atau syok hipovolemik atau pengurangan hemoglobin > 2 g/dL setelah keberhasilan terapi endoskopi atau farmakologis. Perdarahan ulang ini diamati sampai 28 hari pascarandomisasi. Uji klinis ini teregistrasi di clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03540368Hasil: Terdapat 42 pasien yang masuk dalam uji klinis ini, 19 di kelompok asam traneksamat dan 23 di plasebo. Penggunaan asam traneksamat tidak berhubungan dengan penurunan kejadian perdarahan ulang (hazard ratio 1,055 [IK 95% 0,284 – 3,923]) maupun mortalitas (hazard ratio 0,960 [IK 95% 0,218 – 4,229]). Terdapatsatu kasus tromboemboli pada masing-masing kelompok. Uji klinis dihentikan lebih awal karena kemungkinan futilitas yang signifikan dan risiko kejadian tromboemboli.Kesimpulan: Tidak diperoleh perbedaan bermakna frekuensi perdarahan ulang kasus perdarahan akut saluran cerna bagian atas antara kelompok asam traneksamat dibandingkan plasebo.

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Background: Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) has a significant mortality and morbidity rate. Tranexamic acid has been shown to be beneficial in postoperative and postpartum hemorrhage cases. However, there are limited data exist regarding the effectiveness of tranexamic acid in AUGIB.

Method: We carried out a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Eligible patients were adults (aged  ≥ 18 years) with hematemesis, melena, or both who presented to the emergency department or were hospitalized between July 1, 2018 and December 31, 2019. Patients were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (tranexamic acid or placebo). The primary endpoint was rebleeding, defined as the occurrence of hematemesis, melena, or both associated with tachycardia or hypovolemic shock or reduction in hemoglobin (> 2 g/dL) after successful endoscopic or pharmacological therapy. The occurrence of rebleeding was monitored up to 28 days after randomization. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03540368Results: Forty-two patients were enrolled, 19 to the tranexamic acid and 23 to the placebo group. Tranexamic acid use was not associated with a reduction in rebleeding (hazard ratio 1.055 [95% CI 0.284 – 3.923]) or mortality (hazard ratio 0.960 [95% CI 0.218 – 4.229]). One thromboembolic event occurred in each group. Clinicaltrials were terminated early because of the significant possibility of futility, and the risk of thromboembolic events.Conclusion: No significant difference was noted in the frequency of rebleeding after AUGIB between patients treated with tranexamic acid compared with placebo.

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"Latar Belakang. Perdarahan saluran cerna bagian atas (SCBA) masih menjadi masalah di Indonesia. Penanganan yang tepat serta identifikasi faktor-faktor yang dapat memengaruhi lamanya perawatan dapat mengurangi pembiayaan. Di Indonesia belum ada studi secara terkait faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi lamanya perawatan pasien dengan perdarahan SCBA.Tujuan.Mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang memengaruhi lamanya perawatan pasien dengan perdarahan SCBA. Metode. Desain penelitian kohort retrospektif dilakukanpada yang datang dengan perdarahan SCBA yang berobat di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Pengambilan sampel secara konsekutif dan dilakukan analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Mann Whitney, hasil yang signifikan dilanjutkan analisis multivariat regresi multiple linier.Hasil. Penelitian melibatkan 133 subjek dengan rerata usia subjek 51 tahun (minimal 20 tahun, maksimal 83 tahun), subyek penelitian 57,1% subjek berjenis kelamin laki-laki. Analisis bivariat Endoskopi kurang dari 24 jam, Hemodinamik subyek, infeksi, gagal jantung, dan keganasan didapatkan memengaruhi lamanya perawatan pada pasien perdarahan SCBA. Analisis multivariat mendapatkan keganasan, hemodinamik, infeksi dan lama tunggu endoskopi merupakan variabel yang paling berpengaruh dengan R square: 0,374. Kesimpulan. Endoskopi lebih dari 24 jam, hemodinamik subyek, infeksi selama perawatan, gagal jantung dan keganasan merupakan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi lamanya perawatan pasien dengan perdarhan SCBA.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding are prevalent cause of hospitalization. Risk factor identification of length of stay can minimize the cost. In Indonesia, there is no specific study about risk factor identification that prolong length of stay in upper Gastrointestinal bleeding patient. Objectives. To identification factors that influence length of stay patient with upper gastrointestinal bleedingMethods. This is a retrospective cohort study, analyzing medical record upper gastrointestinal bleeding patient in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Consecutive sampling was performed with bivariate analysis is performed by using Mann Whitney analysis and Multivariate analysis by Regression linier.Result. A total of 133 subject enrolled in this study, withmedian age of subject was 51 years (minimal 20 years, maximal 83 years), male (57,1%). In bivariate analysis, late endoscopy (>24 hours), hemodynamic instability, nosocomial infection, heart failure, and malignancy in gastrointestinal tract influence the length of stay patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Multivariate analysis found late endoscopy (>24 hours), hemodynamic instability, nosocomial infection and malignancy has major impact.Conclusion. Late endoscopy (>24 hours), hemodynamic instability, nosocomial infection, and malignancy in gastrointestinal tract influence the length of stay patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding."

"Latar belakang. Kombinasi spray lidokain dan anestetika intravena saat ini merupakan pilihan utama pada prosedur endoskopi saluran cerna, namun spray lidokain mempunyai kekurangan berupa iritasi lokal, mual, muntah dan rasa pahit. Gel lidokain merupakan alternatif pilihan anestetik lokal. Gel lidokain memiliki keuntungan karena dapat mengurangi gesekan mukosa dengan endoskop saat insersi serta memungkinkan pemberian lidokain yang tebal dan lengket sehingga menghasilkan anestesia lokal yang lebih baik pada rongga mulut dan orofaring dibandingkan spray lidokain. Pada penelitian ini kami ingin mengetahui perbandingan keefektifan gel lidokain dengan spray lidokain dalam mengurangi jumlah penggunaan propofol. Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis acak tersamar ganda terhadap pasien endoskopi saluran cerna atas dengan sedasi di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan Juli-September 2015. Sebanyak 52 subyek diambil dengan metode consecutive sampling dan dibagi ke dalam 2 kelompok (kelompok gel lidokain 2% dan spray lidokain 10%). Pasien secara acak diberikan gel lidokain 2% atau spray lidokain 10% sebagai anestetik lokal. Total dosis propofol, angka kejadian gag refleks, hipotensi, bradikardia, dan desaturasi dicatat pada masing-masing kelompok. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji t-test tidak berpasangan. Hasil. Rerata dosis propofol berbeda bermakna diantara 2 kelompok, dimana rerata dosis propofol pada grup gel lidokain 2% adalah 186,92±43,52 mg, sedangkan rerata dosis propofol pada grup spray lidokain 10% adalah 218,85±61,01 mg (p=0.035, IK 95%=31,92). Simpulan. Gel lidokain 2% lebih efektif dibandingkan spray lidokain 10% dalam mengurangi dosis propofol pada pasien endoskopi saluran cerna atas.

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Background. A combination of lidocaine spray and intravenous anesthetics is currently the common choice in gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures, but lidocaine spray has some side efects like local irritation, nausea, vomiting and bitter taste. Lidocaine jelly is an alternative choice of local anesthetic. Lidocain jelly reduce friction of endoscope and enables to apply thick and sticky lidocaine resulting in better local anesthesia in the oral cavity and oropharynx compared to lidocaine spray. In this study, we want to compare the effectiveness between lidocaine jelly and lidocaine spray to reduce the propofol dose.

Methods. This study was a randomized double-blind control trial on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy patiens with sedation in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in July to September 2015. A total of 52 subjects were taken with consecutive sampling method and divided into 2 groups (2 % lidocaine jelly group and 10% lidocaine spray group). Patients were randomly given 2% lidocaine jelly or 10% lidocaine spray as a local anesthetic. Total propofol dose, the incidence of gag reflex, hypotension, bradycardia and desaturation recorded in each group. Data analysis was performed by unpaired t-test.

Results. Mean propofol dose significantly different between 2 groups. The Mean propofol dose 2% lidocaine jelly was 186.92 ±43.52 mg, while the mean propofol dose in10% lidocaine spray group was 218.85 ± 61.01 mg (p = 0.035, CI 95% = 31.92).

Conclusion. 2% Lidocaine gel was more effective than 10% lidocaine spray in reducing the propofol dose in patients with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy."

"This atlas will illustrate the distribution and morphological features of interstitial cells of cajal (ICC) which are the key cells to understanding of the regulatory mechanism of gastrointestinal motility, since ICC act as both pacemaker and as intermediates in neural transmission, and since ICC show specific distribution patterns depending on their anatomical positions. All subtypes of ICC located in the different tissue layers and different levels of the gastrointestinal tract will be revealed by immunohistochemistry for Kit receptors and nerves by using mainly whole-mount stretch preparation of the guinea-pig tissues. Three-dimensional reconstruction of confocal images will particularly help the readers to understand the peculiar arrangement of ICC networks in situ and the correlation between ICC and nerves. Electron micrographs will help illustrate the characteristic features of ICC and their ultrastructural differences from fibroblasts, smooth muscles and other interstitial cells."