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"Hemostatic disorders, which could cause (venous or arterial) thrombosis or bleeding, are often found during hospital care. Common manifestations of thrombosis arc inner vein thrombosis, cardiac infarct, stroke, or even recurrent miscarriage. In addition to hemorrhological detect, certain clinical conditions such as diabetes mellitus or hypercholesteroJemia are risk factors that also play a role in the hemostasis system.The hemostasis system depends on vascular en-dothelial conditions, platelet function (in this case platelet aggregation), coagulation function, anti-coagulation, fibrinolysis, and anti-fibrinolysis. If one of these conditions or functions is disturbed, the hemostatic system may also be disturbed."

"Amlodipine besilat dan valsartan adalah obat kombinasi tetap untuk terapi anti-hipertensi. Obat ini memiliki konsentrasi yang rendah dalam plasma, sehingga diperlukan metode analisis yang selektif dan sensitif. Antikoagulan diperlukan untuk mendapatkan plasma saat analisis analit dilakukan dalam plasma. Plasma yang diperoleh dari Palang Merah Indonesia digunakan untuk memvalidasi metode analisis in vitro menggunakan antikoagulan sitrat. Sedangkan pada studi in vivo, biasanya digunakan EDTA dan heparin. Adanya antikoagulan yang berbeda dapat mempengaruhi analisis sehingga perlu dilakukan evaluasi yaitu validasi parsial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh jenis antikoagulan terhadap analisis amlodipine besylate dan valsartan dalam plasma menggunakan spektrometri massa tandem kromatografi cair kinerja ultra tinggi. Kondisi analisis optimal diperoleh dengan menggunakan kolom Acquity BEH C18 Waters (2.1 × 100 mm; 1.7 μm); fase gerak asam format 0,1% dalam air - asetonitril; metode elusi gradien; laju aliran 0,2 mL / menit; dan irbesartan sebagai standar internal. Aliquot diperoleh dengan ekstraksi cair - cair menggunakan amonium asetat pH 4,83 sebagai buffer dan etil asetat sebagai pelarut ekstraksi. Akurasi dan presisi dalam plasma sitrat, heparin dan analisis EDTA memenuhi persyaratan dan kurva kalibrasi linier dalam kisaran konsentrasi 0,2-10 ng / mL untuk amlodipine besylate dan 5-6000 ng / ml untuk valsartan. Hasil stabilitas dan recovery tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p> 0,05), sedangkan rasio luas puncak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p <0,05) pada ketiga plasma. Secara keseluruhan, analisis dengan plasma heparin memberikan hasil yang lebih baik daripada plasma sitrat dan EDTA.Amlodipine besylate and valsartan are fixed combination drugs for anti-hypertensive therapy. This drug has a low concentration in plasma, so a selective and sensitive method of analysis is required. Anticoagulants are required to obtain plasma when analyte analysis is performed in plasma. The plasma obtained from the Indonesian Red Cross was used to validate the in vitro analysis method using citrate anticoagulants. Whereas in vivo studies, EDTA and heparin are usually used. The existence of different anticoagulants can affect the analysis so it is necessary to evaluate, namely partial validation. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the type of anticoagulant on the analysis of amlodipine besylate and valsartan in plasma using ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The optimal analysis conditions were obtained using the Acquity BEH C18 Waters column (2.1 × 100 mm; 1.7 μm); mobile phase of formic acid 0.1% in water - acetonitrile; gradient elution method; flow rate 0.2 mL / min; and irbesartan as internal standards. Aliquots were obtained by liquid - liquid extraction using ammonium acetate pH 4.83 as a buffer and ethyl acetate as the extraction solvent. Accuracy and precision in plasma citrate, heparin and EDTA analysis meet the requirements and linear calibration curves in the concentration range of 0.2-10 ng / mL for amlodipine besylate and 5-6000 ng / ml for valsartan. The stability and recovery results did not show a significant difference (p> 0.05), while the peak area ratio showed a significant difference (p <0.05) in the three plasmas. Overall, analysis with heparin plasma gave better results than plasma citrate and EDTA."

"Kasus trombosis vena dalam (TVD) pasca operasi di Indonesia dianggap jarang, demikian pula dengan trombofilia. Oleh karena itu, penulis berpendapat bahwa diperlukan penelitian untuk mendapat angka kejadian TVD pasca operasi ortopedi risiko tinggi, dan profil trombofilia pada kasus TVD dan non-TVD di Indonesia. Penelitian cross sectional ini dilakukan pada 20 pasien yang menjalani operasi daerah panggul (total hip replacement dan fiksasi fraktur femur proksimal) dan daerah lutut (fiksasi femur distal dan total knee replacement). Pada tiap pasien dilakukan pemeriksaan protein C, protein S, antitrombin III, dan fibrinogen pada hari kelima pasca operasi, kemudian pada periode antara hari kesepuluh dan keduapuluhsatu pasca operasi dilakukan pemeriksaan USG kompresi/Doppler vena. Bila hasil USG-nya menunjukkan adanya TVD, maka dikonfirmasi dengan venografi. TVD ditemukan pada lima pasien (25%). Defisiensi protein C (P= 0,46), protein S (P= 0,81), antitrombin III (P= 0,46), dan hiperfibrinogenemia (P= 0,0547) tidak berkorelasi dengan TVD pasca operasi. Namun demikian, hiperfibrinogenemia merupakan faktor risiko TVD pasca operasi (attributable risk= 1). Faktor penyerta lain seperti diabetes mellitus (P= 1,0), obesitas (P= 0,28), hipertensi (P= 1,0), hipertrigliseridemia, dan hiperkolesterolemia tidak berkorelasi dengan TVD pasca operasi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya kasus TVD pasca operasi di Indonesia. TVD tidak berkorelasi dengan defisiensi protein S, protein C, dan antitrombin III. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 24-30).

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Post operative DVT is believed to be rare in Indonesia, and so is trombophilia. It is necessary to know the incidence of postoperative DVT in Indonesia and thrombophlia profile (protein C, S, AT III deficiency and hyperfibrinogenemia) in DVT and non DVT patient who underwent orthopedic surgery involving the hip and knee (high risk surgery). A cross sectional study was conducted in 20 patients who underwent surgery involving the hip (total hip replacement and fixation of proximal femoral fracture) and knee (total knee replacement and fixation of distal femoral fracture). Protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, and fibrinogen were examined in day 5 post operative, as well as with compression/Doppler USG between day 10 to 21 post operative, and confirmed by venography if USG findings was positive. Post operative DVT were found in 5 of 20 patients (25%). Deficiency of protein C (P= 0.46) protein S (P= 0.81), antithrombin III (P= 0.46), and hyperfibrinogenemia (P= 0.0547) did not correlate to post operative DVT. However, hyperfibrinogenemia was found to be a risk factor to post operative DVT (attributable risk= 1). Other confounding factor such as diabetes mellitus (P= 1.0), obesity (P= 0.28), hypertention (P= 1.0), hypertrigliseridemia, and hypercholesterolemia did not correlate to post operative DVT. The study suggested the existence of postoperative DVT cases in Indonesia. Hyperfibrinogenemia is a risk factor to promote post operative DVT. Deep vein thrombosis did not correlate to protein S, protein C, and antithrombin III deficiency. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 24-30)."

"This book about protein-protein Interactions as drug targets, targeting the MDM2-p53 protein-protein interaction for new cancer therapeutics, the development of small-molecule IAP antagonists for the treatment of cancer, protein-protein interaction targets to inhibit HIV-1 infection, inhibitors of protein-protein interactions paramyxovirus fusion ? a focus on respiratory syncytial virus, rational design strategies for developing synthetic inhibitors of helical protein interfaces, and the discovery of navitoclax, a Bcl-2 family inhibitor."

"Kadar C-reactive protein (CRP) dalam plasma di laporkan meningkat pada individu obes."

"Penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) merupakan penyebab kematian utama padasepertiga penduduk dunia. Di Indonesia, terjadi peningkatan prevalensi penyakitjantung dan pembuluh darah sebagai penyebab kematian peringkat ke-3. Padatahun 2007 prevalensi PJK nasional mencapai 7,2%. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)dikenal sebagai penanda fase akut inflamasi dan berhubungan dengan peningkatankadar plasma karena kerusakan jaringan. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkanadanya hubungan antara periodontitis kronis dengan peningkatan kadar CRP.Peningkatan CRP sedang saja sudah meningkatkan risiko PJK. Pada sampelpenelitian ini terlihat penderita periodontitis menunjukkan risiko yang tinggiterhadap PJK. Dugaan adanya kaitan efek patogen periodontal secara langsungmaupun tidak langsung memicu infeksi, mekanisme ini mengaktivasi faktor?faktor inflamasi sehingga CRP sebagai marker respon fase akut dari infeksi jugaakan meningkat.

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Abstract Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in one third of worldpopulation. In Indonesia, there is increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseaseas a cause of death to the rank-3. In 2007 the national prevalence of CHD reached7.2%. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is known as acute phase inflammatory markerand is associated with elevated levels of plasma due to tissue damage. Severalstudies have shown an association between chronic periodontitis with increasedlevels of CRP. Increased CRP was alone increases the risk of CHD. This studylooks at a sample of periodontitis patients showed a high risk of CHD. Allegationshave linked the effects of periodontal pathogens directly or indirectly lead toinfection, this mechanism activates inflammatory factors that CRP as a marker ofacute-phase response to infection will also increase."

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Tuberkulosis (TB) menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan yang besar di berbagai belahan dunia. Menurut data World Health Organization (WHO), Indonesia merupakan negara dengan kasus TB terbesar ketiga di dunia dengan jumlah 842.000 kasus. Bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) memiliki kemampuan unik yang mampu membuatnya dapat bertahan lama di tubuh inangnya, salah satunya dengan menghambat proses apoptosis sel inang. Beberapa tahun terakhir, resistansi terhadap pengobatan TB semakin marak, dengan munculnya multi drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) dan extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). Senyawa bahan alam merupakan salah satu kandidat obat yang menjanjikan untuk terapi tuberculosis. Pada penelitian ini, akan dilakukan penapisan virtual dari senyawa-senyawa yang memiliki kemiripan dengan bahan alam (atau disebut natural product-like compounds) yang terdapat pada database Chembridge. Protein QcrB menjadi salah satu target penting untuk dihambat aktivitasnya, karena inhibisi protein QcrB dapat menurunkan jumlah ATP yang mampu diproduksi MTB secara drastis. Kemudian akan dilakukan simulasi penambatan molekul (molecular docking) dengan perangkat lunak MOE (Molecular Operating Environment) 2014.09, untuk mengetahui interaksi antara kandidat ligan dengan protein QcrB. Uji farmakologi telah dilakukan pada kandidat ligan terbaik untuk melihat sifat-sifat farmakokinetik dan farmakodinamik dari ligan-ligan tersebut. Dari hasil simulasi penambatan molekuler dan uji farmakologi, didapatkan 3 ligan terbaik, yaitu ligan A, D, dan E.

 

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Tuberculosis (TB) disease remain as a major health problem around the world. According to World Health Organization (WHO), Indonesia become a country with the third biggest TB disease with around 842.000 cases. M.tuberculosis bacteria (MTB) has a unique ability to have a long lifespan on its host, because it can obstruct its host apoptosis ability. In the last few years, an increase of TB disease resistance keeps happening, with the emergence of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively-drug resistant TB (XDR-TB). Natural product is a promising drug candidate for tuberculosis therapy. In this research, virtual screening of natural product-like compound will be done, and the compounds are downloaded from Chembridge database. Inhibition of QcrB protein has become an interesting subject, because its inhibition will leads to ATP depletion on oxidative phosphorylation process. Molecular docking simulation had been done through Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) 2014.09 software to study the interaction of the ligand candidate and Mtb QcrB protein. Pharmacological test had been done to all the best ligands, to predict their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties. From the result of molecular docking simulation and pharmacological test, three best ligands is obtained, ligand A, ligand D, and ligand E. 

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"Latar Belakang: Peningkatan kadar high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) dan kekakuan arteri berhubungan dengan peningkatan insiden kejadian kardiovaskular dan peningkatan mortalitas akibat penyakit jantung koroner pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2.Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kadar hsCRP dan kekakuan arteri pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2.Metode : Melalui studi cross-sectional, dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar hsCRP dan derajat kekakuan arteri karotis pada 40 pasien dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2. Kekakuan arteri karotis kommunis diperiksa dengan doppler echotracking system untuk menentukan pulse wave velocity (PWV) atau kekakuan arteri karotis lokal (carotid-PWV).Hasil : Nilai median hsCRP pada penelitian ini adalah 4,5 (0,2 - 18,9) mg/L dan nilai rata-rata kekakuan arteri karotis adalah 8,8 ±1,7 m/detik. hsCRP berkorelasi kuat dengan karotid-PWV (r = 0,503, P = 0,001). Korelasi hsCRP dengan karotid-PWV ini tetap terlihat setelah dilakukan koreksi terhadap umur, indeks masa tubuh dan mean arterial pressure (r = 0,450, P = 0,005).Kesimpulan : Setelah dilakukan koreksi terhadap umur, indeks masa tubuh dan mean arterial pressure, hsCRP berkorelasi positif cukup kuat dengan kekakuan arteri pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2.

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Background: The elevated level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and arterial stiffness are associated with higher incidences of cardiovascular events and with increased mortality from coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetic patients.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between hsCRP and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetic patients.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the plasma levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein and carotid arterial stiffness among 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The common carotid artery was studied by a doppler echotracking system to determine the local carotid pulse wave velocity (carotid-PWV).

Results: The median value of hsCRP in this study was 4.5 (0.2 to 18.9) mg/L and the average value of local carotid stiffness was 8.8 ± 1.7 m/sec. hsCRP showed a strong correlation with carotid-PWV (r = 0.503, P = 0.001). Levels of hsCRP were independently associated with carotid-PWV after adjusting for age, body mass index, and mean arterial pressure (r = 0,450, P = 0,005).

Conclusion: After adjusting for age, body mass index, and mean arterial pressure, hsCRP was strongly positively correlated with arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabets mellitus."