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"Principles of athletic training: a competency-based approach is designed to be used by athletic trainers in courses concerned with the scientific, evidence-based and clinical foundations of athletic training and sports medicine. The text leads the student from general foundations to specific concepts relative to injury prevention, evaluation, management, and rehabilitation."

"Latar Belakang: Latihan fisik intensitas ringan dan sedang terbukti memberikan manfaat untuk Kesehatan, namun pada level intensitas berat ditemukan peningkatan resiko remodelling baik dan perubahan fungsi pada level ventrikel maupun atrium akibat terjadinya adaptasi jantung yang biasa dijuluki “athlete’s heart”. Perubahan ini memiliki potensi terhadap gangguan kardiovaskular di kemudian hari terutama aritmia jenis atrial fibrilasi. Pada populasi special forces latihan fisik yang dijalani lebih berat dibandingkan atlit pada umumnya dan dilakukan dalam waktu yang cukup lama. Karena itu, kami mencoba mencari korelasi antara latihan intensitas berat dengan remodelling dan fungsi atrium pada populasi TNI AU.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat korelasi antara latihan fisik intensitas berat dengan remodelling dan fungsi atrium kiri.Metode: Pemeriksaan ekokardiografi dilakukan untuk menganalisa fungsi dan dimensi atrium kiri pada kedua grup (intensitas latihan ringan dan berat). Analisa doppler dan Speckle tracking 2D dilakukan. Regresi linear digunakan untuk menilai perbandingan angka abnormalitas dari persentil 25 bawah dari setiap pengukuran untuk mendapatkan angka gangguan fungsi LA, diastolic dan pembesaran LAVi.Hasil: Total 95 orang (usia median 24) dilakukan pemeriksaan. Populasi latihan fisik intensitas berat berkaitan dengan peningkatan LAVi (p<0.0001, OR 95%CI 5.56 (2.18-14.19) ). Pada analisis multivariat PACS lebih tinggi dikatikan dengan semakin muda usia, sedangkan untuk nilai conduit LA didapatkan lebih baik pada usia muda dengan IMT yang normal. Tidak ada kaitan antara fungsi diastolik dengan latihan fisik intensitas berat.Kesimpulan: Latihan fisik intensitas berat meningkatan resiko pembesaran LAVi namun tidak menimbulkan gangguan fungsi atrium kiri.

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Background: Light to moderate intensity training is important for health and well-being. In contrary, vigorous training increase the risk of ventricle and atrial remodelling and functional changes as cardiac adaptations, These adaptations are called the “athlete’s heart, these findings could lead to cardiovascular problem in latter age, particularly atrial fibrillation.”. In special forces, level of intensity training was higher than the regular athlete with longer period. Therefore, we ought to find the correlation of left atrial remodelling and function in vigorous training in special forces population.

Objectives : To investigate the correlation between vigorous training with left atrial remodelling and function.

Methods: We analysed echocardiographic measures of Left Atrium dimension and function which were divided into two groups (light and vigorous training). Tissue doppler and 2D speckle tracking measurements were obtained. Linear regression was performed to compare the prevalence of abnormalities based on the worse 25th percentile for each measure to determine the prevalence of diastolic, LA function and LAVi abnormalities in vigorous training population.

Results: 95 adults (median age 24) were analysed. Population with vigorous training strongly correlated with LAVi enlargement (p<0.0001, OR 95%CI 5.56 (2.18-14.19)). On multivariable analyses higher PACS was independently associated with younger age, LA conduit was independently associated with younger age and normal IMT. Diastolic dysfunction were not associated with vigorous training.

Conclusions: Population with vigorous training had higher risk of LA enlargement but not causing the LA dysfunction."

"Latar Belakang. Selain hasil produksi, kebugaran, health cost dan sickness absence merupakan parameter produktivitas yang penting bagi perusahaan. Salah satu yang mempengaruhi sickness absence adalah individu pekerja itu sendiri berupa gaya hidup tidak sehat seperti kurangnya aktivitas fisik, pola makan yang buruk, merokok dan stress. Oleh sebab itu, saat ini banyak berkembang program wellness di tempat kerja, sebagai upaya meningkatkan kesehatan dan kebugaran pekerja. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menilai pengaruh suatu program yang dikemas dalam bentuk kompetisi latihan fisik untuk meningkatkan kebugaran terhadap penurunan sickness absence pekerja. Metode. Penelitian dengan desain cohort retrospektif dengan total sampling dilakukan di perusahaan kimia A, kota Cilegon pada bulan Mei-Juni 2019. Pada penelitian diamati hasil program latihan fisik yang dilakukan di perusahaan selama tahun 2018. Pencatatan latihan fisik dilakukan kolektif melalui aplikasi smartphone, dan evaluasi kebugaran periodik menggunakan test jalan Rockport untuk mengukur kadar VO2 max. Data sickness absence dihitung berdasarkan total hari kerja hilang selama satu tahun berjalan setelah program dimulai. Analisis data menggunakan SPSS Statistik versi 22.0. Hasil. Sebanyak 91 subjek, peserta program latihan fisik, dianalisis data programnya utuk mencari peningkatan kebugaran dan penurunan sickness absence berdasarkan data latihan fisiknya selama satu tahun. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara Active Group (AG) dan Innactive Group (IG) dalam meningkatkan kebugaran (adjusted RR 4,821, 95% CI 1,544-15,052) dan penurunan sickness absence (adjusted RR 3,458, CI 95% 1,034-11.572). Probabilitas penurunan sickness absence tidak berbeda antara yang mengalami peningkatan kebugaran dan yang tidak. Selain itu, ditemukan bahwa peserta dengan berat badan normal lebih berpeluang untuk meningkatkan kebugaran dibandingkan dengan peserta dengan kelebihan berat badan lebih/obesitas (adjusted RR 3,565, 95% CI 1,093-11,635). Simpulan. Keaktifan dalam program latihan fisik terbukti meningkatkan kebugaran (nilai VO2 max) dan menurunkan sickness absence. Seseorang dengan status gizi normal lebih berpeluang untuk meningkatkan kebugaran dibandingkan status gizi lebih.

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Background. Besides production, employee fitness status, health costs and sickness absence are important productivity parameters for the company. One of the contributing factors of sickness absence is an individual factor, with unhealthy lifestyle such as an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, smoking and stress. Therefore, there are many wellness programs developed in the workplace, as an effort to improve worker's health and fitness. The aim of this study was to assess effect of physical exercise program for fitness improvement (value vo2 max) on sickness absence.

Methods. Study with a retrospective cohort design and total sampling was carried out in chemical company A, Cilegon in May-June 2019. This study was conducted by observing the results of the workers' physical training program in the company during 2018. Records of physical exercise were carried out collectively through a smartphone application, and fitness evaluation periodically use the Rockport walking test to measure VO2 max levels. The sickness absence data is calculated based on the total lost working days during the current year after the program starts. Data analysis using SPSS Statistics version 22.0.

Result. Data from 91 subjects of this study were observed to look for improvement in fitness and decrease in sickness absence based on one year's exercise data. 35 (38.5%) subjects increased their fitness (VO2 max value) and 31 (34.1%) subjects decreased in sickness absence. The factors that influence both of these are active physical exercise that carried out by 21 (23.1%) subjects. The analysis showed that there was a significant difference between Active Group (AG) and Innactive Group (IG) in improving fitness (adjusted RR 4.821, CI 95% 1.544-15.052) and decreasing sickness absence (adjusted RR 3.458, CI 95% 1.034-11.572). The probability of decreasing sickness absence does not differ between those who improve their fitness and those who do not. In addition, it was found that participants with normal weight were more likely to increase fitness compared to participants with overweight/obesity (adjusted RR 3.565, 95% CI 1.093-11.635).

Conclusion. Being active in a physical training program has been shown to improve fitness level and reduce sickness absence. And normal nutritional status is more likely to improve fitness than overweight or obesity."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui peran pelatihan mental terhadap perceived control of anxiety pada atlet pelajar olahraga atletik. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Pusat Pendidikan dan Latihan Pelajar Daerah (PPLPD) Kabupaten Bogor dengan partisipan sebanyak 16 atlet pelajar olahraga atletik non teknik. Pelatihan mental yang digunakan adalah pelatihan mental tingkat lanjut, yaitu pelatihan mental yang menggunakan gabungan berbagai pelatihan mental dasar yaitu teknik kognitif tingkah laku melalui goal setting dan self talk, relaksasi otot progresif, konsentrasi, dan imajeri. Perceived control of anxiety diukur dengan Revised Anxiety Control Questionnaire (ACQ-R) yang disusun oleh Brown, White, Forsyth, dan Barlow (2004). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan mental dapat meningkatkan perceived control of anxiety atlet. Secara spesifik, dua dimensi dalam perceived control of anxiety yaitu threat control dan stress control menunjukkan peningkatan setelah diberikan pelatihan mental. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan mental tingkat lanjut dapat meningkatkan kepercayaan seseorang terhadap kemampuannya untuk melakukan penyesuaian secara psikologis terhadap kejadian yang dapat menimbulkan rasa cemas dengan melakukan pengendalian terhadap ancaman yang muncul dan pengendalian terhadap stress.

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This research was conducted to examine the role of mental training on perceived control of anxiety among athletic student athletes. This research was conducted at PPLPD Bogor Regency with total participants are 16 non-technique athletic student athletes. Mental training consists of several basic mental training, including goal setting and self talk, progressive muscle relaxation, concentration, and imagery, and called advanced mental training. Perceived control of anxiety was measured with Revised Anxiety Control Questionnaire (ACQ-R) from Brown, White, Forsyth, dan Barlow (2004). Result showed that mental training did play a role in enhancing perceived control of anxiety among athletic student athletes. Specifically, two out of three dimensions of perceived control of anxiety: threat control and stress control showed a significant increase after mental training. This result showed that advanced mental training can enhancing individuals perceived level of control over anxiety and anxiety-related events through threat control and stress control."

"Latar Belakang : Remodelling otot jantung terkait latihan fisik merupakan mekanisme adaptasi fisiologis tubuh terhadap beban jantung yang meningkat. Tipe/karakteristik, intensitas, dan durasi latihan menentukan besarnya beban jantung dan berpengaruh terhadap pola dan tingkat remodelling otot jantung. Didapatkan pola remodelling yang berbeda antara tentara dengan atlet atau orang biasa. Pada tentara, intensitas latihan fisik yang diterima lebih berat dibandingkan atlet maupun orang biasa, dengan durasi kumulatif yang lebih lama, serta beban volume dan pressure overload yang diterima lebih besar. Selain itu, tentara juga menghadapi stresor psikis yang tinggi, serta waktu istirahat/recovery pasca latihan yang berbeda dibandingkan dengan atlet maupun orang biasa.Tujuan : Untuk melihat pengaruh latihan fisik Para Komando dengan terjadinya remodelling ventrikel kiri baik fisiologis maupun patologis pada populasi Pasukan Khusus TNI Angkatan Udara dibandingkan latihan fisik regulerMetode : Studi ini merupakan studi observasional potong lintang. Remodelling otot jantung pasukan khusus TNI Angkatan Udara yang menjalani latihan fisik Para Komando dibandingkan dengan anggota militer yang menjalanin latihan fisik reguler. Parameter remodelling otot jantung yang dinilai antara lain Left Ventricular Mass Index (LVMI), fungsi ventrikel kiri (Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction/LVEF Biplane dan Global Longitudinal Strain/GLS), dan Myocardial Work (Global Constructive Work, Global Waste Work, Global Work Index, Global Work Efficiency).Hasil : Terdapat 43 orang pasukan khusus yang menjalani latihan fisik Para Komando dan 43 orang anggota militer yang menjalani latihan fisik reguler. Kelompok pasukan khusus yang menjalani latihan fisik Para Komando memiliki usia yang lebih tua dibandingkan dengan anggota militer yang menjalani latihan fisik reguler, 27 (23-30) vs 20 (20-26) tahun p < 0.001. Setelah dilakukan analisis multivariat dengan memperhitungkan faktor usia, pada kelompok latihan fisik para komando dibandingkan dengan latihan fisik reguler didapatkan hasil LVMI 79,67 ± 18,5 vs 79,64 ± 13,1 g/m2, p = 0.993; LV GLS -21 (-16 s.d -25) vs -19 (-15 s.d -22)%, p = 0.003; LV GWI 1843,8 ± 239,7 vs 1800,5 ± 258,6 mmHg%, p = 0.464; LV GCW 2140,4 ± 257,4 vs 2111,1 ± 273,8 mmHg%, p = 0.619; LV GWW 41 (12-152) vs 52 (18-117) mmHg%, p = 0.009; LV GWE 97 (94-99) vs 97 (93-99)%, p = 0.002.

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.Background: Cardiac muscle remodelling related to physical exercise is a physiological adaptation mechanism as a respons to cardiac load. Type, characteristic, intensity, and duration of exercise determine the magnitude of the cardiac load and affect the pattern and rate of remodelling of the heart muscle. Different remodelling patterns were found between soldiers and athletes or ordinary people. In soldiers, the intensity of physical exercise is heavier than that the athletes or ordinary people, with a longer cumulative duration, greater volume and pressure load. In addition, soldiers also faced with high psychological stressors, as well as different recovery times after training compared with athletes and ordinary people

Objective: To observe the effect of the Commandos' physical training on the occurrence of physiological or pathological left ventricular remodelling in Airforce Elite Soldiers compared to regular physical exercise.

Methods: This study is a cross sectional observational study. Cardiac remodelling of elite soldiers who underwent Commandos’ physical training compared to regular troops who underwent regular training. The heart muscle remodelling parameters being assessed include Left ventricular Mass Index (LVMI), Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction/LVEF Biplane, Global Longitudinal Strain/GLS, and Myocardial Work (Global Constructive Work, Global Waste Work, Global Work Index, Global Work Efficiency).

Results: There were 43 elite soldiers who underwent Commandos’ physical training and 43 regular troops who underwent regular training. The elite soldiers group had an older age compared with regular troops, 27 (23-30) vs 20 (20-26) years p < 0.001. After doing a multivariate analysis taking into account the age factor, in the group of Commandos' physical training compared to regular physical exercise, the LVMI results are 79,67 ± 18,5 vs 79,64 ± 13,1 g/m2, p = 0.993; LV GLS -21 (-16 s.d -25) vs -19 (-15 s.d -22)%, p = 0.003; LV GWI 1843,8 ± 239,7 vs 1800,5 ± 258,6 mmHg%, p = 0.464; LV GCW 2140,4 ± 257,4 vs 2111,1 ± 273,8 mmHg%, p = 0.619; LV GWW 41 (12-152) vs 52 (18-117) mmHg%, p = 0.009; LV GWE 97 (94-99) vs 97 (93-99)%, p = 0.002.

Conclusions: The Commandos' physical training is associated with better echocardiographyc result compared to regular physical exercise, indicated by higher LVEF, LV GLS, GWE, and lower GWW value"

"atar Belakang: Kejadian obesitas pada remaja terus meningkat di Indonesia. Kadet mahasiswa Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia (Unhan RI) adalah remaja yang perlu diperhatikan status gizinya karena merupakan komponen cadangan dalam pertahanan negara yang siap dimobilisasi kapan saja. Salah satu penentuan status gizi adalah berdasarkan pemeriksaan antropometri, termasuk komposisi tubuh. Penelitian di luar negeri menunjukan bahwa pelatihan dasar militer memengaruhi komposisi tubuh yang berkaitan dengan performa fisik tentara. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh 12 minggu pelatihan dasar militer terhadap antropometri, serta untuk mengetahui model prediksi total dan delta persentase lemak tubuh (PLT) pada kadet mahasiswa Unhan RI. Metode: Studi ini adalah studi kuantitatif dengan metode Pre-Experimental One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design pada 111 wanita and 146 pria mahasiswa Unhan RI yang mengikuti pelatihan dasar militer yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei-September 2023. Variabel bebas dalam studi ini adalah Skinfold Thickness (ST), skor Z Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) terhadap umur, lingkar pinggang, kualitas tidur, kebiasaan makan, aktivitas fisik, dan PLT prapelatihan, dengan variabel terikat delta dan total persentase lemak tubuh pascapelatihan dasar militer. Perbedaan variabel bebas sebelum dan setelah pelatihan diuji dengan Dependent T-Test. Uji korelasi Pearson dilakukan dan dilanjutkan dengan uji multivariat regresi linier berganda untuk memeroleh model prediksi delta PLT dan total PLT pascapelatihan dasar militer. Hasil: Pelatihan dasar militer secara signifikan berpengaruh menurunkan lingkar pinggang, skinfold thickness, skinfold trisep, skinfold bisep, skinfold suprailiaka, skinfold subscapular ke arah ideal, tetapi secara signifikan meningkatkan berat badan dan status gizi berdasarkan skor Z IMT kadet mahasiswa pria Unhan RI ke arah tidak ideal. Pelatihan dasar militer tidak berpengaruh terhadap kualitas tidur, kadar lemak subkutan, PLT, massa otot skeletal kadet mahasiswa Unhan RI pria di Indonesia. Pelatihan dasar militer pada kadet wanita Unhan RI secara signifikan berpengaruh menurunkan PLT, lingkar pinggang, skinfold thickness, skinfold trisep, skinfold bisep, skinfold suprailiaka, skinfold subscapular ke arah ideal, meningkatkan massa otot skeletal ke arah ideal, tetapi meningkatkan berat badan dan status gizi berdasarkan skor Z IMT ke arah tidak ideal. Pelatihan dasar militer tidak berpengaruh terhadap kualitas tidur dan kadar lemak subkutan kadet mahasiswa Unhan RI wanita di Indonesia. Model prediksi delta persentase lemak tubuh pascapelatihan dasar militer di Indonesia pada kadet mahasiswa Unhan RI wanita adalah “Delta PLT= 4.829-0.103*ST-0.537*Z IMT” dengan kemampuan variabel menjelaskan PLT sebesar 53.8%, sedangkan pada pria adalah “Delta PLT= 5.313-0.106* ST-0.497*Z IMT-8.051E-5*Aktivitas Fisik” dengan kemampuan variabel menjelaskan PLT sebesar 56.5%. Model prediksi total persentase lemak tubuh pascapelatihan dasar militer di Indonesia pada kadet mahasiswa Unhan RI wanita adalah “PLT Total Pascapelatihan = 12.034 + 0.535*PLT prapelatihan” dengan kemampuan variabel menjelaskan PLT sebesar 76.8%, sedangkan pada pria adalah “PLT= 6.368 - 0.072*ST + 0.7*PLT prapelatihan + 0.004*karbohidrat - 7.951E-5*Aktivitas Fisik” dengan kemampuan variabel menjelaskan PLT sebesar 81.3%. Kesimpulan: Komposisi tubuh kadet mahasiswa S1 pria dan wanita Unhan RI membaik setelah pelatihan dasar militer. Prediktor paling kuat terhadap kadar PLT total dan delta PLT pada pria adalah lingkar pinggang dan PLT prapelatihan, sedangkan pada wanita prediktor paling kuat terhadap kadar PLT total dan delta PLT adalah skor Z IMT terhadap umur dan PLT prapelatihan.

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Background: The incidence of obesity in adolescents continues to increase in Indonesia. The nutritional status of Republic of Indonesia Defense University (RIDU) cadets is important to be monitored because they are reserve components in national defense that ready for mobilization anytime. Anthropometric examination is one of nutritional assessment, including body composition analysis. Research abroad showed that basic combat training altered body composition related to army physical performance. Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of 12-weeks Basic Combat Training (BCT) on the anthropometry and to determine the total and delta body fat percentage (BFP) prediction model of RIDU cadets after basic combat training in Indonesia. Method: This study is a quantitative study using the Pre-Experimental Model One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design method with 111 female and 146 male students from the RIDU who participated in basic combat training that fullfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study was conducted in May-September 2023. The independent variables in this study were Skinfold Thickness (ST), Body Mass Index (BMI) for age, Waist Circumference (WC), sleep quality, eating habits, physical activity, and BFP before training, with dependent variable were the delta and total body fat percentage after basic combat training. Differences in independent variables before and after training were analysed by using Dependent T-Test. The Pearson correlation test was carried out and followed by a multivariate multiple linear regression test to obtain delta and total body fat percentage predictive model formula after basic combat training. Results: Basic combat training significantly reduces waist circumference, skinfold thickness, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, suprailiac skinfold, subscapular skinfold toward ideal values but significantly increases body weight and nutritional status based on BMI Z-scores toward less ideal levels for male Unhan RI cadets. BCT has no effect on sleep quality, subcutaneous fat levels, BFP, skeletal muscle mass of male RIDU cadets. In female, BCT significantly reduces body fat percentage (BFP), waist circumference, skinfold thickness, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, suprailiac skinfold, subscapular skinfold towards ideal values, and increases skeletal muscle mass towards ideal levels. However, it also increases body weight and nutritional status based on BMI Z-scores toward less ideal levels. BCT has no effect on sleep quality and subcutaneous fat levels of female RIDU cadets. The delta predictive model formula for body fat percentage after basic combat training in Indonesia for female RIDU cadet was "Delta BFP = 4.829-0.103*ST-0.537*BMI age" with the variables ability to explain BFP was 53.8%, while in men the predictive model formula was "Delta BFP= 5.313-0.106*ST-0.497*BMI age-8.051E-5*Physical activity" with the ability of the variables to explain BFP was of 56.5%. Predictive model formula of total body fat percentage after basic military training in Indonesia in female cadet was “total BFP after BCT = 12.034 + 0.535*BFP before BCT” with variable's ability to explain BFP was 76.8%, while for male the total predictive model formula was “total BFP after BCT = 6.368 - 0.072*ST + 0.7* BFP before BCT + 0.004*Carbohydrate - 7.951E-5*Physical Activity” with variable’s ability to explain BFP was 81.3%. Conclusion: Body composition among female and male RIDU cadets were improved after basic combat training. The strongest predictor of total BFP and delta BFP level in male were waist circumference and BFP before training, while in female the strongest predictor of total BFP and delta BFP level were Z-score BMI for age and BFP before training."