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"The treaty establishing a constitution for Europe is supposed to be the end of a long journey of the European Union establishing an integrated Europe,which was started in 1951 with the establishment of the European coal and still community and recently accomplised with the treaty of nice in 2001. The constitutional treaty is to supply and the existing, treaties, except for the Euratom. The treaty consists of 4 4 parts,sub-divided into 448 paragraphs, 36 protocols,2 annexes and 48 declarations, 852 pages all. It has been signed by 25 heads of states and governments in october 2004.Thirteen member countries have ratified the treaty. The french non and the dutch nee in mid.2005 created a rafication crisis, which resulted in the ratification process being postponed. The Europen union decided to "retreat", to open a period of reflection evaluate its future, since those countries which have not yet ratified... will be unable to furnish a clear reply be fore mid-2007". It will be in the EU agenda for some time to come. A number of proposals to solve the issues have been submitted."

"The treaty establishing the European Union constitution has not been fully accepted by European society, which is marked with the resulth of the vote (referendum) in France and the Netherlands.But this does not mean the end of regionalization of Europe. The earlier agreements will remain to be the bases for continuation effort. The interaction growing among the citizens of Europe,which is no longer limited by states, will improve cultural assimilation as well as build awareness in further integration process."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang perluasan keanggotaan suatu organisasi internasional, secara khusus mengenai proses perluasan keanggotaan Turki di dalam Uni Eropa. Uni Eropa, seperti kebanyakan organisasi internasional lainnya, memberikan persyaratan perluasan keanggotaan bagi negara-negara yang ingin bergabung menjadi negara anggota. Untuk dapat diterima menjadi negara anggota di Uni Eropa, sebuah negara harus memenuhi persyaratan yang terkandung di dalam Traktat Maastricht 1992 dan Kriteria Copenhagen 1993. Turki telah mengajukan aplikasi perluasan keanggotaan kepada Uni Eropa sejak tahun 1987 dan telah melakukan berbagai upaya untuk memenuhi persyaratan yang ada, namun hingga saat ini Turki masih harus puas dengan statusnya sebagai kandidat anggota di Uni Eropa. Berbagai hal dianggap menjadi kendala dalam proses bergabungnya Turki di Uni Eropa, misalnya adalah keadaan ekonomi Turki, hal tentang perlindungan hak minoritas, dan konflik Turki dengan Siprus yang telah menjadi anggota Uni Eropa pada tahun 2004. Namun demikian, Turki hingga saat ini masih terus melakukan upaya-upaya dalam harapan Uni Eropa dapat segera menerima Turki sebagai negara anggota di Uni Eropa.

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Every international organization has its own provision or requirement on its enlargement. The European Union, as any other international organizations, also requires the state that desires to join into it as a member state. In order to be accepted as a member state in the European Union, a state must fulfill all the requirements stipulated in Maastricht Treaty 1992 and Copenhagen Criteria 1993. Turkey had submitted its enlargement application in 1987 and it has done all its efforts since then to satisfy the requirements, but until now Turkey has to be content with its status as a candidate state. Several things are considered to be the constraints on the process of Turkey's application; the Turkey's economic condition, the protection of minority rights, and the conflict between Turkey and Cyprus, which had been an European Union's member state since 2004. However, Turkey still continues to make efforts to fulfill all the requirements in the hope of its acceptance in the European Union."

"Organisasi internasional memiliki berbagai klasifikasi, salah satunya dibedakan menurut sifat supranasional dan intergovernmental. Organisasi internasional yang bersifat supranasional dan intergovernmental memiliki perbedaan dalam beberapa hal, termasuk dalam pengambilan suara untuk pengambilan keputusan, organisasi internasional yang bersifat intergovernmental seperti halnya organisasi internasional pada umumnya, memerlukan suara bulat dalam pengambilan keputusan, sedangkan organisasi internasional yang bersifat supranasional menggunakan suara terbanyak dalam pengambilan keputusan, hasil dari pengambilan keputusan tersebut mengikat negara anggotanya. Uni Eropa sebagai organisasi internasional memiliki sejarah yang panjang sejak pembentukannya, selain itu Uni Eropa juga memiliki perbedaan dengan organisasi internasional lainnya, karena sejak awal Uni Eropa dibentuk sebagai organisasi supranasional. Hal tersebut selanjutnya mempengaruhi berbagai hal, salah satunya mengenai pengambilan keputusan dalam Uni Eropa. Skripsi ini berusaha memaparkan permasalahan-permasalahan tersebut dengan menggunakan bentuk penelitian yuridis-normatif, sehingga menghasilkan data deskriptif-analitis yang dapat menjawab permasalahan-permasalahan di atas. Pada kesimpulannya, pengambilan keputusan dalam Uni Eropa terkait dengan institusi-institusi yang berwenang serta pengambilan suara yang digunakan. Uni Eropa selain mengenal pengambilan suara secara bulat, juga mengenal pengambilan suara menggunakan suara terbanyak, dan sejak berlakunya Traktat Lisbon semakin banyak bidang-bidang yang diputuskan berdasarkan suara terbanyak, dalam mekanisme Uni Eropa dikenal sebagai qualified majority voting (QMV).

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International organizations are classified in numerous ways, depending on the purpose for which the classification is being made, for instance the distinction between intergovernmental and supranational organizations. Intergovernmental and supranational organizations have different characteristics, including in the decision making process. Intergovernmental organization enjoys the unanimous approval from all members to adopt a decision, which is different in supranational organization, majority voting is become the main system. European Union as an international organization has supranational characteristics for the very first time, which take an effect on several things and decision making process in particular.

This thesis explains how that matters perform in juridical-normative method. At the conclusion, the decision making process always related to the institution's power and the voting system. However, the European Union recognizes not only unanimity, but also qualified majority voting (QMV) as the voting system which is needed in many areas, especially after the Lisbon Treaty 2007 came into force."

"Uni Eropa adalah sebuah organisasi antar-oemerintahan dan supra-nasional, yang beranggotakan negara-negara Eropa. Untuk menjalankan tugasnya, Uni Eropa tentu harus memiliki konstitusi sebagai dasar untuk pengambilan tindakan dan keputusan. Namun, di dalam proses pengesahannya, terjadi beberapa hal yang menyebabkan konstitusi ini tidak kunjung diratifikasi oleh seluruh negara anggota. Adanya penolakan oleh Prancis dan Belanda merupakan salah satu contoh rancangan konstitusi ini tidak diratifikasi. Khususnya di Prancis, terdapat beberapa latar belakang berupa ketidakpuasan dalam bidang ekonomi dan sosial yang menjadi latar belakang penolakan terhadap rancangan Konstitusi Uni Eropa tahun 2005.

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The European Union is an inter governmental and supra national organization, consisting of European countries. To perform its duties, the European Union would possess a constitution as the basis for decision making and action taking. However, in the process several member states refused to ratify the constitution draft which resulted in the constitution not being ratified at all. The rejection by France and the Netherlands is one example where this constitution draft has been rejected and is not ratified. France in particular, there are some dissatisfaction concernin economic and social situation which may be the background of the rejection of the EU Constitution draft in 2005."

"Berdasarkan Traktat Lisbon 2007, Uni Eropa adalah sebuah organisasi internasional yang memiliki personalitas hukum sehingga dapat melakukan hubungan hukum dengan subjek hukum internasional lain, misalnya menjadi anggota dalam organisasi internasional. Dalam hubungannya dengan negara anggota, Uni Eropa memiliki tiga jenis kewenangan, yaitu kewenangan eksklusif (pajak, kompetisi dalam pasar internal, kebijakan moneter, konservasi bagi sumber daya hayati kelautan, dan kebijakan iklan bersama), kewenangan bersama (pasar bersama, kebijakan sosial, kohesi ekonomi, sosial, dan teritorial, agrikultur dan perikanan, lingkungan, perlindungan konsumen, transportasi, jaringan trans-Eropa, energi, kebebasan, keamanan, dan keadilan, dan kesehatan publik), dan kewenangan untuk memberikan bantuan (perlindungan dan pengembangan kesehatan manusia, industri, kebudayaan, pariwisata, pendidikan, perlindungan masyarakat, dan kerja sama administratif). Dalam proses untuk menjadi anggota dari organisasi internasional, maka harus ada kesepakatan dari tiga organ legislatif Uni Eropa, yaitu Council, Commission, dan European Parliament. Council merupakan organ yang memberikan izin untuk memulai negosiasi, melakukan penandatanganan, dan juga untuk menyatakan keterikatan Uni Eropa terhadap pihak ketiga. Commission merupakan organ yang memiliki wewenang untuk membuat proposal untuk mengikatkan diri dengan pihak ketiga, dan European Parliament merupakan organ yang memberikan masukan terhadap proses pengikatan diri Uni Eropa terhadap pihak ketiga.

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Based on Lisbon Treaty 2007, European Union is an international organization that has legal personality which enable European Union to communicate and operate with other subject of international law, including to become a member of international organization. In relation with its member states, European Union has three competences, which are exlusive comptenece (customs union, competition rules of the internal market, monetary policy, conservation of marine biological resources, and common commercial policy), share competence (internal market, social policy economic, social and territorial cohesion, agriculture and fisheries, encivornemt, consumer protection, transport, trans-European networks, enegry, area of freedom, security and justice, and common safety concerns in public health matters), and competence to support (protection and improvement of human health, industry, culture, tourism, education, vocational training, youth and sport, civil protection, and administrative cooperation). To become a member of international organization, there should be an agreement from three legislative bodies of European Union, which are Council, Commission and European Parliament. Council is an organ which authorise the opening of negotiations, authorise the signing of agreements and conclude them. Commission is an organ that submit a recommendations to open a negotiations, and European Parliament is an organ that deliver its opinion regarding a binding process of European Union upon the third party."

"The European Union's expansion eastwards made Russia its biggest and most important neighbour. Russia's political and economic stability and Europe's most important source of its oil and gas supplies is EU's main concern. But Europe's main objective of building a strategic partnership with Russia on European values of democracy, human rights, and good governance as exhibited in Europe's Neighbourhood Policy as reflected in its Country Strategy Papers does not fare well with Pu tin's Russia. EU's Common Strategy of the European Union on Russia changes Putin's politics towards EU. Putin's emphasis on the Russian interpretation of European values is accompanied by strengthening the presidency and adapting its foreign policy priorities without, however, sidelining Europe too drastically. Russia's strategic foray into East Asia and the Middle East gives both the US and EU a sign that it together with China intend to change the power balance in East Asia and the Middle East. Its neo-realist approach to international politics will definitely adversely affect its partnership with EU."