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"Summary: A bilingual retelling of two Korean folktales, the first about a greedy princess and three brothers who learn about trust and humility, and the second about a hungry tiger who learns not to trust rabbits."

"Latar Belakang : Diferensiasi sel punca mesenkimal (SPM) menjadi osteoblas dan pertumbuhannya pada lingkungan mikroskopis yang terpajan debris bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis secara in vitro tidak menunjukkan gangguan berarti. SPM memiliki potensi imunomodulator dan membantu memperbaiki jaringan yang rusak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan pemahaman mengenai manfaat SPM pada eradikasi infeksi, pembentukan tulang dan fusi lesi tulang belakang.Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental pada hewan kelinci yang dilaksanakan dalam 2 tahap. Pada tahap pertama dua puluh tujuh ekor kelinci diinokulasi bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis pada korpus vertebra T12. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap berat badan, suhu badan, populasi Th1, Th2 dan rasio Th1/Th2, keberadaan bakteri serta reaksi jaringan. Pada tahap kedua kelinci yang diinokulasi bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis dijadikan sebagai sampel dan dilakukan prosedur tata laksana total Subroto Sapardan, penambahan skafold, penambahan SPM dan pemberian obat anti tuberkulosis. Dengan mengeluarkan kelinci yang tidak memenuhi syarat diperoleh masing-masing 7 kelinci kelompok transplantasi SPM dan kelompok kontrol. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap berat badan, suhu badan, populasi Th1, Th2 dan rasio Th1/Th2, keberadaan bakteri, reaksi jaringan, ekspresi CBFA-1, sekresi OPN, sekresi ALP, hitung osteoblas, hitung osteosit, kadar kalsium lesi, pembentukan tulang per mm2 defek, dan uji pergerakan tulang.Hasil : Pada tahap pertama diperoleh 100 % kelinci spondilitis tuberkulosis berdasarkan pemeriksaan histopalogi. Pada tahap kedua diperoleh persentase normalisasi pemeriksaan BTA positif pada kelompok SPM (1/1) lebih banyak dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (1/2). Persentase pemeriksaan ALP positif pada kelompok SPM (7/7) lebih banyak dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (5/7). Rerata pembentukan tulang per mm2 defek pada kelompok SPM (1,98 mm2) lebih besar dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (0,88 mm2) (p<0,05). Persentase kelinci yang mengalami fusi pada kelompok SPM (29 %) lebih banyak dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (0 %).Simpulan : Transplantasi SPM ke dalam defek lesi spondilitis tuberkulosis meningkatkan eradikasi infeksi, terbentuknya tulang baru dan capaian fusi tulang belakang.

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Backgrounds: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation and growth to osteoblast in micro environment exposed with Mycobacterium tuberculosis debris did not show significant effect in vitro. MSC has immunomodulatory potency and helps repairing damaged tissues. This research aims to understand MSC benefits on infection eradication, bone formation and spinal lesion fusion.

Methods: Two steps of experimental research were done using rabbit as a model on this research. At the first step, twenty seven rabbits were inoculated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis on T12 vertebral body. Rabbit's weight, temperature, Th1 and Th2 population with Th1/Th2 ratio, bacteria's existence, and tissue reactions were examined. On the second step, the rabbits previously inoculated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis were used. Rabbits were not eligible for second step experimental were excluded and 7 rabbits were finally used for each MSC transplantation group and the control group. Observation on the weight, temperature, Th1 and Th2 population with Th1/Th2, bacteria's existence, tissue reactions, core binding factor alfa -1 (CBFA-1)expression, osteopontin (OPN) secretion, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) secretion, osteoblast count, osteocytes count, calcium intralesion level, bone formation per milimeter square defect, and bone movement test were done.

Results: On the first step, 100 % rabbits with spondylitis tuberculosis were yielded based on positive histologic test. On the second step, positive percentage on Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) test was higher on MSC group (1/1) compared to control group (1/2). Positive ALP percentage on MSC group was also higher (7/7) than control group (5/7). Mean bone formation per milimeter square of defect on the MSC group (1.98 mm2) was larger than the control group (0.88 mm2) (p<0.05). Number of rabbit underwent fusion were higher in the MSC group (29 %) than the control group (0 %).

Conclusion: MSC transplantation on spondylitis tuberculosis lesion defect could increase the eradication of infection, new bone formation and spinal fusion outcome"

"Tujuan: Membandingkan efek sitikolin pada hewan coba model traumatic optic neuropathy(TON) ditinjau dari gambaran histopatologi dan ekspresi imunohistokimia. Metode: Penelitian dengan desain eksperimental terhadap 4 kelompok hewan coba. Sebanyak 12 mata dari 12 hewan coba kelinci jenis New Zealand White menjalani optic nerve crush injury(ONC) untuk menciptakan model TON. Tindakan ONC dilakukan dengan menggunakan Hartmann Mosquito Clamp. Evaluasi histopatologi berupa pemeriksaan densitas sel ganglion retina dengan pewarnaan hematoksilin-eosin dan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia dengan antibodi bcl-2 serta caspase-3. Hasil: Densitas sel ganglion retina pada setiap kelompok menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna dengan nilai normal. Perbandingan berdasarkan periode waktu, baik periode 3 hari dan 7 hari, menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna bila dibandingkan dengan periode yang sama pada subjek tanpa terapi (p<0.001). Pemeriksaan imunohistokimia pada kelompok terapi bila dibandingkan dengan kelompok tanpa terapi menunjukkan peningkatan ekspresi bcl-2 secara signifikan pada hari-3 (p=0.012) dan hari-7 (p=0.046).Pemeriksaan imunohistokimia pada kelompok terapi bila dibandingkan dengan kelompok tanpa terapi menunjukkan penurunan ekspresi caspase-3 secara signifikan pada hari-3 (p=0.046) namun tidak pada hari ke-7 (p=0.072). Kesimpulan: Pemberian sitikolin mampu menurunkan tingkat kematian sel ganglion retina dibandingkan tanpa terapi pada TON dan didukung dengan peningkatan ekspresi bcl-2 sebagai anti-apoptosis yang bermakna serta penurunan dari ekspresi caspase-3 sebagai pro-apoptosis.

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Aims: Comparing citicoline effect in animal model of traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) in histopathology and immunohistochemical evaluation.

Methods: This is an experimental research for 4 groups of animal model. Twelve eyes from 12 New Zealand White rabbits underwent optic nerve crush injury (ONC) to create TON. The ONC was done using the Hartmann Mosquito clamp. Histopathological evaluation of retinal ganglion cell density by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical examination with bcl-2 and caspase-3 antibodies.

Results: Retinal ganglion cell density in each group showed a significant difference when compared with normal values. For comparisons based on the time period, 3 days and 7 days, both showed a significant difference when compared to the non-citicoline subjects in same period (p <0.001). Immunohistochemical examination in citicoline group, when compared to the non-citicoline group, showed a significant increase in bcl-2 expression on day-3 (p = 0.012) and day-7 (p = 0.046). Immunohistochemical examination in the citicoline group, when compared with the non-citicoline group, showed a significant decrease in caspase-3 expression on day-3 (p = 0.046) but not on day-7 (p = 0.072).

Conclusions: Citicoline is able to reduce the rate of retinal ganglion cell death and supported by a significant increase in the expression of bcl-2 as anti-apoptosis and a decrease in caspase-3 expression as pro-apoptosis."

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Tatalaksana osteomielitis dengan debridement, guttering, pemberian antibiotika sistemik sering tidak mencapai hasil yang memuaskan dikarenakan antibiotik tidak dapat mencapai lokasi infeksi dengan baik. Cara lain dengan pemberian antibiotik lokal untuk mencapai lokasi infeksi dalam bentuk beads dinilai tidak efektif karena memerlukan 2 kali operasi. Kombinasi antibiotik lokal dengan scaffolding berupa hidroxyapatite (HA) porous yang dapat diserap dan pembawa antibiotik belum pernah diteliti.Metode penelitian: Dilakukan uji pre test post test kelompok kontrol pada model kelinci osteomielitis. Sepuluh ekor kelinci New Zealand digunakan dengan berat 2.500-3500 gr yang dibagi kedalam 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan (n=5). Dilakukan penyuntikan bakteripada tulang tibia kelinci, setelah terbentuk model osteomielitis kemudian dilakukan perlakuan. Untuk kelompok kontrol dilakukan debridement dan diberikan injeksi antibiotik ceftriaxon selama 4 minggu dan kelompok perlakuan dilakukan debridement, diberikan kombinasi HA dan Gentamisin serta injeksi antibiotik ceftriaxon selama 4 minggu. Setelahnya dilakukan penilaian klinis, x- ray, kultur dan histopatologis.Temuan dan Diskusi: Secara radiologis ditemukan perbaikan skor penebalan kortek tibia pada kelompok perlakuan dibanding kelompok kontrol (p=0.48), begitu juga pada Histopatological osteomyelitis evaluation score (p=0,009). Secara klinis terdapat perbaikan skor pembengkakan pada semua (n=5) kelompok perlakuan dibanding dengan kelompok kontrol, namun secara statistik tidak bermakna (p=0,053). Sementara pada penilaian kultur tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna antar kedua kelompok (p=1,00)Kesimpulan: Kombinasi Hydroxyapaptite porous dan gentamisin sebagai antibiotik lokal pada pengobatan model osteomielitis tibia kelinci memberikan perbaikan skor radiologis, histopatologis dan perbaikan klinis dibanding dengan prosedur standar pengobatan oseomielitis kronis yang sudah ada.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction. Treatment of osteomyelitis with debridement, guttering, systemic antibiotics often do not achieve satisfactory results due to the antibiotic can not reach the infection site. Another way of local antibiotic delivery to reach the site of infection in the form of beads is considered ineffective because it requires two separate surgeries. Local antibiotic combined with scaffold in the form of porous hidroxyapatite that can be absorbed and antibiotics cariere have not been studied.Methods. We conducted pretest and posttest control group in a rabbit model of osteomyelitis. Ten rabbits divided in control group and the treatment group (n=5). We injected Staphylococcus aureus in the rabbit tibia, forming the osteomyelitis model, and then performed treatment for osteomyelitis. In the control group, we performed debridement and gave ceftriaxone injection for 4 weeks. Whereas in the treatment group, we add the combination of porous hidroxyapatite and Gentamicin. Afterwards, we did clinical assessment, x-ray, culture, and histopathology.Results and discussion. Radiologically, tibia cortical thickening scores improved in the treatment group compared to the control group (p=0.48) as well as histopatological osteomyelitis evaluation score (p=0,009). Clinically, there were improvements in the swelling scores (n=5) of the treatment group compared to control group, but no significant statistically (p=0.053). In culture, there were no significant difference between the two groups (p=1.00).Conclusion. Combination of porous hydroxyapaptite and gentamycin as a local treatment of osteomyelitis of the rabbit tibial osteomyelitis models improved radiological and histopathological scores and also clinically compared to existing standard treatment procedures for chronic osteomyelitis., Introduction. Treatment of osteomyelitis with debridement, guttering, systemic antibiotics often do not achieve satisfactory results due to the antibiotic can not reach the infection site. Another way of local antibiotic delivery to reach the site of infection in the form of beads is considered ineffective because it requires two separate surgeries. Local antibiotic combined with scaffold in the form of porous hidroxyapatite that can be absorbed and antibiotics cariere have not been studied.Methods. We conducted pretest and posttest control group in a rabbit model of osteomyelitis. Ten rabbits divided in control group and the treatment group (n=5). We injected Staphylococcus aureus in the rabbit tibia, forming the osteomyelitis model, and then performed treatment for osteomyelitis. In the control group, we performed debridement and gave ceftriaxone injection for 4 weeks. Whereas in the treatment group, we add the combination of porous hidroxyapatite and Gentamicin. Afterwards, we did clinical assessment, x-ray, culture, and histopathology.Results and discussion. Radiologically, tibia cortical thickening scores improved in the treatment group compared to the control group (p=0.48) as well as histopatological osteomyelitis evaluation score (p=0,009). Clinically, there were improvements in the swelling scores (n=5) of the treatment group compared to control group, but no significant statistically (p=0.053). In culture, there were no significant difference between the two groups (p=1.00).Conclusion. Combination of porous hydroxyapaptite and gentamycin as a local treatment of osteomyelitis of the rabbit tibial osteomyelitis models improved radiological and histopathological scores and also clinically compared to existing standard treatment procedures for chronic osteomyelitis.]"

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Sel punca mesenkimal (SPM) sebagai salah satu alternatif terapi kasus sulit dapat diperoleh dari jaringan adiposa. Kemampuan SPM dalam rekayasa jaringan membutuhkan prosedur implantasi SPM yang aman dan bebas kontaminasi. Tindakan minimal invasive pada kasus cedera medulla spinalis dengan terapi implantasi SPM dapat menyebabkan sel tersebut terpajan radiasi sinar-x c-arm. Viabilitas dan waktu penggandaan populasi (WPP) merupakan salah satu komponen utama keberhasilan prosedur implantasi tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efek pajanan sinar-x c-arm terhadap viabilitas dan WPP SPM.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental SPM jaringan adiposa pasca cryopreservation. Sel punca pasca thaw dan propagasi kemudian dilakukan pajanan radiasi sinar-x dengan c-arm. Sel punca kemudian di kultur untuk menilai viabilitas dan waktu penggandaan populasi. Uji Generalized Linear Model untuk menilai perbedaan viabilitas antara besar dosis radiasi. Uji Spearman menilai korelasi perbedaan viabilitas kelompok pasca-radiasi, dan pasca radiasi dan kultur. Uji Kruskall-Wallis menilai WPP kelompok pasca-radiasi antara masing-masing besar dosis. Uji Wilcoxon menilai WPP antara kelompok pre-radiasi dengan kelompok pasca-radiasi.Hasil: Waktu konfluensi kultur sel pasca radiasi rata-rata 4.33 hari. Rerata perbedaan viabilitas antara besar dosis radiasi tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik (p>0.05). Didapatkan korelasi positif viabilitas pasca radiasi dengan besar dosis radiasi namun tidak bermakna secara statistik (p>0.05) namun didapatkan korelasi negatif viabilitas pasca radiasi dan kultur dengan besar dosis radiasi dan bermakna secara statistik. Tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna median WPP antara kelompok pre-radiasi dan pasca-radiasi (p>0.05) dan perbedaan WPP diantara kelompok pasca radiasi (p>0.05).Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan secara statistic viabilitas dan WPP SPM jaringan adiposa pasca pajanan radiasi sinar-x c-arm sampai sampai dosis radiasi 32.34 mSv.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction. The use of adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)in tissue engineering require implantation procedure that is safe and free of contamination. Minimally invasive procedure in the case of spinal cord injury using a c-arm device for MSC implantation causes x-ray exposure to the implanted cells. Viability and population doubling time (PDT) is a major component of the success of the implantation procedure. This study aims to determine the effect of c-arm x-ray exposure on MSC viability and PDT.Methods. This was an experimental study that used cryopreserved adipose tissue derived MSCs. Cells were thawed, propagated, and exposed to varying doses of c-arm x-ray radiation. Stem cell viability was measured, and then the cells were cultured to assess their PDT. Generalized linear models test was used to compare cell viability between post-thaw, post-propagation, post-radiation, post-culture post-radiation, and control and between radiation dose groups. Kruskal-Wallis test assessed PDT between various radiation doses in post-radiation groups. Wilcoxon test assessed PDT between pre-radiation and post-radiation groups.Results. Mean confluence period of adipose MSCs post radiation was 4.33 days. There was no statistically significant difference in MSC mean viability after exposure to x-ray radiation between each group and control (p>0.05). There was no significant positive correlation between post radiation viability and radiation dose (p > 0.05), however, there was significant negative correlation between post radiation post culture viability and radiation dose. There were no significant differences in PDT between pre- and post-culture post radiation groups and between various radiation doses in post-radiation groups (p>0.05).Conclusion. No statistical differences in MSC viability and PDT after x-ray radiation exposure of c-arm up to 32.34 mSv;Introduction. The use of adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)in tissue engineering require implantation procedure that is safe and free of contamination. Minimally invasive procedure in the case of spinal cord injury using a c-arm device for MSC implantation causes x-ray exposure to the implanted cells. Viability and population doubling time (PDT) is a major component of the success of the implantation procedure. This study aims to determine the effect of c-arm x-ray exposure on MSC viability and PDT.Methods. This was an experimental study that used cryopreserved adipose tissue derived MSCs. Cells were thawed, propagated, and exposed to varying doses of c-arm x-ray radiation. Stem cell viability was measured, and then the cells were cultured to assess their PDT. Generalized linear models test was used to compare cell viability between post-thaw, post-propagation, post-radiation, post-culture post-radiation, and control and between radiation dose groups. Kruskal-Wallis test assessed PDT between various radiation doses in post-radiation groups. Wilcoxon test assessed PDT between pre-radiation and post-radiation groups.Results. Mean confluence period of adipose MSCs post radiation was 4.33 days. There was no statistically significant difference in MSC mean viability after exposure to x-ray radiation between each group and control (p>0.05). There was no significant positive correlation between post radiation viability and radiation dose (p > 0.05), however, there was significant negative correlation between post radiation post culture viability and radiation dose. There were no significant differences in PDT between pre- and post-culture post radiation groups and between various radiation doses in post-radiation groups (p>0.05).Conclusion. No statistical differences in MSC viability and PDT after x-ray radiation exposure of c-arm up to 32.34 mSv, Introduction. The use of adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)in tissue engineering require implantation procedure that is safe and free of contamination. Minimally invasive procedure in the case of spinal cord injury using a c-arm device for MSC implantation causes x-ray exposure to the implanted cells. Viability and population doubling time (PDT) is a major component of the success of the implantation procedure. This study aims to determine the effect of c-arm x-ray exposure on MSC viability and PDT.Methods. This was an experimental study that used cryopreserved adipose tissue derived MSCs. Cells were thawed, propagated, and exposed to varying doses of c-arm x-ray radiation. Stem cell viability was measured, and then the cells were cultured to assess their PDT. Generalized linear models test was used to compare cell viability between post-thaw, post-propagation, post-radiation, post-culture post-radiation, and control and between radiation dose groups. Kruskal-Wallis test assessed PDT between various radiation doses in post-radiation groups. Wilcoxon test assessed PDT between pre-radiation and post-radiation groups.Results. Mean confluence period of adipose MSCs post radiation was 4.33 days. There was no statistically significant difference in MSC mean viability after exposure to x-ray radiation between each group and control (p>0.05). There was no significant positive correlation between post radiation viability and radiation dose (p > 0.05), however, there was significant negative correlation between post radiation post culture viability and radiation dose. There were no significant differences in PDT between pre- and post-culture post radiation groups and between various radiation doses in post-radiation groups (p>0.05).Conclusion. No statistical differences in MSC viability and PDT after x-ray radiation exposure of c-arm up to 32.34 mSv]"

"Menurut teori Erikson tentang perkembangan psikososial, manusia hidup melalui tahapan saat mereka tumbuh dan berkembang. Masa kanak-kanak adalah tahap penting dalam perkembangan manusia. Melalui interaksi sosial, anak mulai mengembangkan rasa bangga atas prestasi dan kemampuan mereka dalam tuntutan sosial dan akademis yang baru. Dalam tahap ini, mereka menghadapi kesulitan yang mempengaruhi perkembangan mereka sebagai konsekuensinya. Artikel ini membahas tentang Anna, tokoh dalam buku When Hitler Stole the Pink Rabbit yang ditulis oleh Judith Kerr. Penulis tertarik untuk meneliti perkembangan identitasnya saat dia mengalami apa yang disebut banyak orang sebagai masa kecil yang sulit. Anna terpaksa meninggalkan tanah airnya, pindah dari satu negara ke negara lain untuk mencari perlindungan. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik deskriptif. Teori-teori yang diterapkan dalam artikel ini adalah Tahapan Perkembangan Psikososial oleh Erick H.Erikson untuk menganalisis perkembangan Anna saat kecil dan bagaimana ia mendefinisikan identitasnya sebagai pengungsi dan juga teori ruang sebagai identitas oleh Marcel Hunziker, Matthias Buchecker, dan Terry Hartig untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh ruang pada perkembangan identitas Anna. Hasilnya menunjukkan bagaimana ruang mempengaruhi perkembangan identitas Anna pada masa kecilnya.

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According to Erikson’s theory on psychosocial development, man lives through stages as they develop and grow. Childhood is a crucial stage in human development. Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities with new social and academic demands. In this stage, they encounter difficulty under circumstances that affects their development as a consequence. This article discusses Anna, a figure in the book When Hitler Stole the Pink Rabbit, written by Judith Kerr. I am interested in researching her identity development as she experienced what many refer to as a difficult childhood. Anna was forced to leave her homeland, moving from one country to another seeking refuge. I use the qualitative research method with descriptive techniques. The theories applied in this article are Stages of Psychosocial Development by Erick H. Erikson to analyze Anna’s development as a child and how she defines her identity as a refugee and also space as identity theory by Marcel Hunziker, Matthias Buchecker, and Terry Hartig to identify the effect of space on Anna’s identity development. The result shows how space affects Anna’s identity development through her childhood."

"Angiogenesis plays a key role in bone formation and maintenance. Bone formation has been reported to initiate in the concavities rather than the convexities in a hydroxyapatite substratum and the implant threads of dental implants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the number of the blood vessels inside the concavities and around the convexities of the threads of implants in a rabbit tibia model. A total of 32 thread-shaped implants blasted with apatitic calcium phosphate (TCP/HA blend) (Resorbable Blast Texturing, RBT) (Maestro, BioHorizons®, Birmingham, AL, USA) were inserted in 8 rabbits. Each rabbit received 4 implants, 2 in the right and 2 in left tibia. Implants were retrieved after 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks and treated to obtain thin ground sections. Statistically significant differences were found in the number of vessels that had formed in in the concavities rather than the convexities of the implants after 1 (p = 0.000), and 2 weeks (p = 0.000), whilst no significant differences after 4 (p = 0.546) and 8 weeks (p = 0.275) were detected. The present results supported the hypothesis that blood vessel formation was stimulated by the presence of the concavities, which may provide a suitable environment in which mechanical forces, concentrations and gradients of chemotactic molecules and blood clot retention may all drive vascular and bone cell migration."