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"Language demonstrates structure while at the same time showing considerable variation at all levels: languages differ from one another while still being shaped by the same principles; utterances within a language differ from one another while still exhibiting the same structural patterns; languages change over time, but in fairly regular ways. This book focuses on the dynamic processes that create languages and give them their structure and their variance. Joan Bybee outlines a theory of language that directly addresses the nature of grammar, taking into account its variance and gradience, and seeks explanation in terms of the recurrent processes that operate in language use. The evidence is based on the study of large corpora of spoken and written language, and what we know about how languages change, as well as the results of experiments with language users. The result is an integrated theory of language use and language change which has implications for cognitive processing and language evolution."

"Fokus pembahasan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis tindak tutur ilokusi pada bahasa iklan L’Oréal di Rusia. L’Oréal merupakan merek yang menyediakan berbagai produk perawatan kecantikan. Penelitian ini penting karena dalam pemasaran, iklan memegang peranan besar dalam memperkenalkan produk kepada konsumen dan meningkatkan penjualan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan tindak tutur ilokusi George Yule (1996) sebagai landasan untuk memahami komunikasi media dalam mempengaruhi audiensnya dari perspektif linguistik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah empat video iklan dari kanal resmi YouTube “L’Oréal Paris Russia”. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bagaimana penerapan tindak tutur ilokusi Yule pada bahasa iklan L’Oréal di Rusia, yakni ditemukan 10 tindak tutur representatif, 7 tindak tutur direktif, 7 tindak tutur komisif, dan 1 tindak tutur ekspresif. Tuturan tersebut mencerminkan gaya komunikasi L’Oréal dalam menyampaikan pesan dan tujuannya kepada calon konsumen di Rusia

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.The focus of the discussion in this research is the analysis of illocutionary speech acts in L'Oréal advertising language in Russia. L'Oréal is a brand that provides various beauty care products. This research is important because in marketing, advertising plays a big role in introducing products to consumers and increasing sales. This research uses George Yule's (1996) illocutionary speech act approach as a basis for understanding media communication in influencing its audience from a linguistic perspective. The research method used in this paper is descriptive qualitative. The data source used is four advertising videos from the official YouTube channel "L'Oréal Paris Russia". The results of this research show how the Yule illocutionary speech act is applied in L'Oréal advertising language in Russia, namely 10 representative speech acts, 7 directive speech acts, 7 commissive speech acts, and 1 expressive speech act. This speech reflects L'Oréal's communication style in conveying its message and objectives to potential consumers in Russia."

"Sign languages are of great interest to linguists, because, although they are the product of the same brain, their physical transmission differs greatly from that of spoken languages. In this pioneering and original study, Wendy Sandler and Diane Lillo-Martin compare sign languages with spoken languages, in order to seek the universal properties they share. Drawing on general linguistic theory, they describe and analyze sign language structure, showing linguistic universals in the phonology, morphology, and syntax of sign language, while also revealing non-universal aspects of its structure that must be attributed to its physical transmission system. No prior background in sign language linguistics is assumed, and numerous pictures are provided to make descriptions of signs and facial expressions accessible to readers. Engaging and informative."

"an Roberts offers a stimulating introduction to our greatest gift as a species: our capacity for articulate language. We are mostly as blissfully unaware of the intricacies of the structure of language as fish are of the water they swim in. We live in a mental ocean of nouns, verbs, quantifiers, morphemes, vowels and other rich, strange and deeply fascinating linguistic objects. This book introduces the reader to this amazing world. Offering a thought-provoking and accessible introduction to the main discoveries and theories about language, the book is aimed at general readers and undergraduates who are curious about linguistics and language. Written in a lively and direct style, technical terms are carefully introduced and explained and the book includes a full glossary. The book covers all the central areas of linguistics, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics, as well as historical linguistics, sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics"

"Do women talk more than men? Does text messaging make you stupid? Can chimpanzees really talk to us? This fascinating textbook addresses a wide range of language myths, focusing on important big-picture issues such as the rule-governed nature of language or the influence of social factors on how we speak. Case studies and analysis of relevant experiments teach readers the skills to become informed consumers of social science research, while suggested open-ended exercises invite students to reflect further on what they've learned. With coverage of a broad range of topics (cognitive, social, historical), this textbook is ideal for non-technical survey courses in linguistics. Important points are illustrated with specific, memorable examples: invariant 'be' shows the rule-governed nature of African-American English; vulgar female speech in Papua New Guinea shows how beliefs about language and gender are culture-specific. Engaging and accessibly written, Kaplan's lively discussion challenges what we think we know about language"

"Bahasa anak muda bersifat dinamis dan terus berkembang seiring perkembangan zaman. Di Jepang, salah satu kata yang mengalami perkembangan tersebut adalah kata egui. Kata egui awalnya bermakna ‘intens’ dan ‘brutal’. Makna awal kata egui tersebut, mulanya digunakan dalam konteks ujaran yang negatif. Namun, akhir-akhir ini kata egui juga digunakan dalam konteks ujaran yang positif, sehingga tampaknya kata egui mengalami perluasan makna. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan perluasan makna kata egui dalam wakamono kotoba (bahasa anak muda Jepang). Sumber data penelitian ini diambil dari ujaran-ujaran di media sosial Twitter. Untuk membantu analisis makna egui, disebarkan kuesioner kepada penutur jati bahasa Jepang. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa kata egui dapat memiliki makna sugoi, totemo, kakkoii, dan kawaii. Walaupun begitu, makna awal kata egui seperti kitsui, mugoi, tsurai, serta mazui juga masih tetap digunakan. Selain itu, dalam penggunaannya, kata egui dapat digunakan sebagai adjektiva, interjeksi, dan adverbia

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The languange of young people is dynamic and continues to develop with the times. In Japan, one of the words that has experienced this development is the word egui. The word egui originally meant ‘intense’ and ‘brutal’. The initial meaning of the word egui, was originally used in a negative context of speech. However, lately the word egui is also used in a positive context of speech, so it seems that the word egui has other meanings. Based on this, the meaning of egui is broadening. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explain the broadening meaning of the word egui in wakamono kotoba (Japanese youth language). The data sources in this study were taken from speeches on Twitter. To help analyze the meaning of egui, a questionnaire was distributed to native Japanese speakers. The result of the study found that the word egui can have the meanings of sugoi, totemo, kakkoii, and kawaii. Even so, the initial meaning of egui such as kitsui, mugoi, tsurai, and mazui are still used. In addition, in its use, the word egui can be used as an adjective, interjection, and adverb."