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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami efektivitas International Whaling Commission sebagai sebuah rezim lingkungan internasional dalam menghadapi isu perburuan paus di Jepang yang masih belum terselesaikan hingga saat ini. Dalam penelitian ini akan dianalisa berbagai faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan International Whaling Commission masih gagal dalam menurunkan angka perburuan paus di Jepang periode tahun 2010 hingga 2014. Jepang dilihat sebagai negara pro-whaling yang paling kontroversial. Lewat program scientific whaling-nya, Jepang berusaha mengeksploitasi paus dengan dalih ilmiah. Melalui konsep efektivitas rezim lingkungan internasional Oran Young, terdapat beberapa faktor yang menghambat International Whaling Commission untuk menghentikan tindakan eksploitatif Jepang. Faktor-faktor tersebut meliputi lemahnya struktur organisasi International Whaling Commission, lemahnya sistem pengawasan dan implementasi International Whaling Commission lewat Scientific Committee, lemahnya hubungan antara International Whaling Commission dengan praktek beserta implementasi di Pemerintahan Jepang dan tidak ada peran aktor non-negara di Jepang dan perbedaan pandangan mengenai isu perburuan paus.

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ABSTRACT

This study aims to understand the effectiveness of International Whaling Commission as an International Environmental Regime when facing the whaling issue in Japan that remain unsolved until now. This study will try to analyzed various factors that causes International Whaling Commission still fail to reduce whaling in Japan, in period of 2010 to 2014. Japan is seen as the most controversial pro-whaling country. Through the scientific whaling program, Japan trying to exploit whales with scientific excuse .Through the concept of the effectiveness of international environment regime by Oran Young, there are several factors that hinder International Whaling Commission to stop Japan?s exploitative act. That factors include the weakness of International Whaling Commission structure of organization, the weakness of surveillance and the implementation of International Whaling Commission through Scientific Committee, the weakness of the relationship between International Whaling Commission through the practice and implementation to Government of Japan and there is no Non-Governmental Organzation (NGO) role inside the Government of Japan, and last there is a differences view on whaling issues."

"Sebelum berlakunya Peraturan Bank Indonesia No. 14/17/PBI/2012 tentang Kegiatan Usaha Bank Berupa Penitipan dengan Pengelolaan (Trust), perjanjian trust antara badan hukum Indonesia dengan badan hukum asing kerap digugat ke peradilan Indonesia atas dasar penyelundupan hukum. Akibatnya, pilihan hukum dan pilihan forum dalam perjanjian tersebut diabaikan oleh hakim dalam peradilan Indonesia, sehingga peradilan Indonesia mengadili perkara perjanjian trust dengan mengacu pada hukum Indonesia yang pada saat itu belum mengenal lembaga hukum trust. Setelah berlakunya Peraturan Bank Indonesia No. 14/17/PBI/2012 tentang Kegiatan Usaha Bank Berupa Penitipan dengan Pengelolaan (Trust), perjanjian trust tidak lagi dapat dianggap sebagai penyelundupan hukum.

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Prior to the enactment of the Bank Indonesia Regulation No. 14/17/PBI/2012 concerning Trust as Bank Business Activities, trust agreements between Indonesian legal entity and foreign legal entity were often considered as fraudulent creation of point of contacts and be sued to the Indonesian civil court. As a result, the choice of law and the choice of forum that had be made in the agreement was ignored by the Indonesian civil court’s judges. Therefore, the judges adjudicated the case of a trust agreement with reference to the Indonesian law which at that time has not regulated about trust. After the enactment of the Bank Indonesia Regulation No. 14/17/PBI/2012 concerning Trust as Bank Business Activities, trust agreements shall no longer be considered as fraudulent creation of point of contacts."