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"Semakin meluasnya diskursus middle powers yang dipromosikan oleh sejumlah negara dunia mendorong munculnya berbagai literatur untuk membahas dan memberikan konseptualisasi akademis bagi posisi tersebut. Middle powers dianggap sebagai kelompok negara yang memiliki kekuatan dan pengaruh tertentu pada tingkat global sehingga membedakannya dari negara-negara lain di bawah great powers pada umumnya. Meskipun mengalami peningkatan fokus literatur dan klaim langsung oleh negara-negara, sayangnya, diskusi tentang middle powers dalam ilmu hubungan internasional sering terhambat oleh kurangnya kejelasan tentang apa arti sebenarnya dari istilah middle power. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengklarifikasi dan menelaah konsep middle powers secara komprehensif. Dengan menggunakan metode kronologi, kajian literatur ini menunjukkan perkembangan literatur middle powers dalam tiga periode: (1) sebelum Perang Dingin, (2) masa Perang Dingin (1947-1991), dan (3) pasca Perang Dingin (1992-2020). Pemetaan literatur secara kronologis dimaksudkan agar tinjauan ini mampu menarik menelusuri perkembangan konsep middle powers dari kajian-kajian terdahulu hingga terkini. Dengan begitu, tulisan ini tidak hanya memberikan pemahaman middle powers dalam suatu konteks saja, melainkan dapat menyediakan identifikasi berbagai pola dan kecenderungan yang terbentuk sesuai pergeseran dinamika politik internasional dari masa ke masa. Pada akhirnya, kajian literatur ini berpendapat bahwa perkembangan konsep middle powers didasari oleh ambisi negara-negara untuk mengejar status yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan sekadar negara lain di luar great powers. Hal ini dilakukan dalam rangka mengamankan kepentingan nasional dan meningkatkan pengaruh mereka dalam sistem internasional.

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The increasingly widespread discourse of middle powers promoted by a number of countries has led to the emergence of literatures which discuss and provide academic conceptualizations for the position. Middle powers are considered as a group of countries that have certain powers and influences at the global level, thus distinguishing them from other countries under the great powers in general. Despite increasing focus on literature and direct claims by countries, unfortunately, discussions about middle powers in international relations studies are often hampered by a lack of clarity about what the term really means. The main objective of this research is to clarify and examine the concept of middle powers comprehensively. Using chronological method, this literature review shows the development of middle powers literature in three periods: (1) before the Cold War, (2) during the Cold War (1947-1991), and (3) post-Cold War (1992-2020). Chronological mapping of the literatures is intended so that this review is able to explore the development of middle power conception from previous studies to the latest ones. That way, this paper not only provides an understanding of middle powers in a specified context, but is able to provide identification of various patterns and trends that are formed in accordance with the shifting dynamics of international politics from time to time. In the end, this literature review argues that the development of middle power concept is driven by the ambitions of countries to pursue higher status than the generalization of other countries outside the great powers. This is done in order to secure each country`s national interests and increase their influence in the international system."

"ABSTRAKThis article provides a summary analysis of the topical question of how far the Security Council may derogate from occupation law. The answer is that the Council may not derogate from those provisions of IHL that are of a specifically humanitarian nature or humanitarian ordre public, that derogations from international law or IHL are in any case not to be presumed and that the Council has not derogated in any way from occupation law in the case of the occupation of Iraq since 2003."