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"Obat anti-inflamasi nonsteroid (OAINS) berhubungan dengan meningkatnya insidens komplikasi tukak gastrointestinal yang mendadak dan menetap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan kelainan-kelainan endoskopik yang ditemukan pada duodenum dan jejunum proksimal karena obat OAINS. Tiga puluh delapan pasien yang mengkonsumsi OAINS untuk penyakit arthritis atau rematiknya dimasukkan dalam penelitian ini. Pemeriksaan gastro-duodeno-jejunoskopi dilakukan dengan alat Olympus PCF-10. Gambaran endoskopik entero-gastropati-OAINS dievaluasi dengan sistim skor. Gambaran enterogastropati-OAINS secara endoskopik terlihat berupa hiperemis, erosi dan tukak. Keluhan diare terjadi pada 7,9% pasien dan dispepsia terjadi pada 71,1% pasien. Dari pemeriksaan endoskopi di bulbus duodenum, ditemukan 79% kasus dengan hiperemis, 39,5% kasus dengan erosi dan 7,9% kasus tukak. Di duodenum bagian kedua (pars desendens) ditemukan 28,9% kasus dengan hiperemis, 15,8% kasus dengan erosi dan 2,6% kasus tukak. Di jejunum, ditemukan 7,9% kasus dengan hiperemis, 2,6% kasus dengan erosi dan tidak ditemukan tukak. Disimpulkan bahwa kelainan endoskopik terbanyak yang ditemukan pada enteropati-OAINS yaitu hiperemis. Lokasi kelainan enteropati-OAINS tersering yaitu di bulbus duodenum. (Med J Indones 2005; 14: 225-9)

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Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) have been associated with a sudden and sustained rise in the incidence of gastrointestinal ulcer complications. The aim of the study was to reveal the endoscopical abnormalities found in the duodenum & proximal jejunum due to NSAID. Thirty eight patients taking NSAID for their arthritis or rheumatism were included in this study. Gastro-duodeno-jejunoscopy was done with Olympus PCF-10. The endoscopical appearances of NSAID entero-gastropathy were evaluated with a scoring system. The NSAID-entero-gastropathy appearances were endoscopically seen as hyperemia, erosion and ulcer. From all patient recruited, 7.9% complaint of diarrhea and 71.1% complaint of dyspepsia. Endoscopically, in the duodenal bulb we found 79% cases of hyperemia, 39.5% cases of erosion and 7.9% cases of ulcer. In the second part (descending part) of the duodenum we found 28.9% cases of hyperemia, 15.8% cases of erosion and 2.6% case of ulcer. In the jejunum, we found 7.9% cases of hyperemia, 2.6% case of erosion and no ulcer. It is concluded that the most frequent abnormal endoscopical appearances in NSAID- enteropathy was hyperemia. The most frequent site of NSAID-enteropathy abnormal findings was in the duodenal bulb. (Med J Indones 2005; 14: 225-9)"

"Orang dewasa yang lebih tua rentan terhadap masalah terkait narkoba karena polifarmasi dan penurunan fungsi organ. Salah satu obat paling umum yang diresepkan orang dewasa yang lebih tua adalah obat antiinflamasi non steroid (NSAID). NSAID efektif untuk keluhan umum untuk orang dewasa yang lebih tua. Resep NSAID pada lansia perlu dipantau dengan hati-hati untuk menghindari efek samping. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan karakteristik resep NSAID dan menganalisis potensi masalah yang berkaitan dengan NSAID di Puskesmas Kecamatan Kebayoran Baru untuk periode Juli hingga Desember 2018. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan desain studi cross-sectional. Pengambilan data secara rectrospektif dari data resep dengan teknik random sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah resep pasien NSAID dengan usia 60 tahun ke atas pada periode Juli hingga Desember 2018. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 384 resep pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Pengguna NSAID pada pasien usia lanjut terdiri dari 56,25% wanita dan 43,75% pria. Distribusi usia terdiri dari 82,55% usia 60-69, 19,01% berusia 70-79, 1,30% berusia 80-89, dan 0,26% berusia 90-99. Resep polifarmasi ditemukan 15,37%. NSAID yang paling diresepkan adalah natrium diklofenak (69,01%), asam mefenamat (14,32%) dan piroksikam (11,20%). Peristiwa pengobatan yang tidak kompatibel tidak ditemukan. Insiden ketidakcocokan dosis dalam resep NSAIDs untuk pasien usia lanjut di Puskesmas Kecamatan Kebayoran Baru periode Juli hingga Desember 2018 adalah dosis yang melebihi rekomendasi, itu piroksikam (0,78%). Potensi interaksi antar obat adalah 22,34%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ada potensi masalah terkait obat NSAID di Puskesmas Kecamatan Kebayoran Baru periode Juli hingga Desember 2018 sehingga diperlukan perbaikan resep dan pemantauan obat untuk meminimalkan masalah terkait obat dan menyediakan terapi obat yang rasional.

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Older adults are vulnerable to drug-related problems due to polypharmacy and decreased organ function. One of the most common medications prescribed by older adults is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs are effective for general complaints for older adults. NSAID prescriptions in the elderly need to be monitored carefully to avoid side effects. This study aims to describe the characteristics of prescription NSAIDs and analyze potential problems related to NSAIDs in the Kebayoran Baru District Health Center for the period July to December 2018. This research is a descriptive study with cross-sectional study design. Retrieving data in a rectrospective way from recipe data with random sampling techniques. The sample in this study was the prescription of NSAID patients aged 60 years and over in the period July to December 2018. This study was conducted on 384 prescription patients who met the inclusion criteria. NSAID users in elderly patients consisted of 56.25% women and 43.75% men. The age distribution consisted of 82.55% aged 60-69, 19.01% aged 70-79, 1.30% aged 80-89, and 0.26% aged 90-99. The polypharmacy prescription was found to be 15.37%. The most prescribed NSAIDs were diclofenac sodium (69.01%), mefenamic acid (14.32%) and piroxicam (11.20%). Incompatible treatment events not found. The incidence of dosage mismatch in NSAIDs prescriptions for elderly patients in the Kebayoran Baru District Health Center for the period July to December 2018 was a dose that exceeded the recommendation, it was piroxicam (0.78%). Potential interactions between drugs are 22.34%. The conclusion of this study is that there are potential problems related to NSAID drugs in the Kebayoran Baru District Health Center in the period July to December 2018 so that it is necessary to improve prescription and drug monitoring to minimize drug-related problems and provide rational drug therapy."

"Latar Belakang: Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction (CADR) dapat memengaruhi tatalaksana infeksi TB. Hal ini berdampak pada bukan hanya morbiditas dan mortalitas tapi juga resistensi kuman. Untuk itu, proporsi CADR dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan pada penggunaan Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT) perlu ditentukan demi tatalaksana pasien yang komprehensif.Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran kejadian CADR terkait pemberian OAT dalam bentuk proporsi, analisis peran faktor pejamu yang berkaitan dengan kejadian tersebut, dan OAT yang paling sering menimbulkan CADR. Metode: Desain penelitian ini adalah kohort retrospektif dengan menggunakan rekam medik pasien Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo selama 1 Januari 2014hingga 30 Juni 2015. Sampel diperoleh dengan metode konsekutif yang diseleksi berdasarkan kriteria penelitian. Data kemudian dianalisis untuk menilai hubungan antara CADR dengan usia, jenis kelamin, status HIV, status gizi, dan riwayatmlkojuujhjh Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR). Hasil: Proporsi CADR pada pemberian OAT mencapai angka 5,5%. Dari kelima variabel independen, variabel usia (RR=6,510; IK95% 2,036-20,819 p=0,008) dan riwayat ADR (RR=5,174; IK95% 1,500-17,838; p=0,009) berpengaruh terhadap kejadian CADR. OAT yang paling sering menyebabkan kejadian CADR adalahrifampisin. Analisis Cochran Mantel-Haenszel menunjukkan bahwa risiko relatif terjadinya CADR untuk faktor usia adalah 7,267 (IK95% 2,093-25,235 p <0,001) dan risiko relatif terjadinya CADR untuk faktor riwayat ADR adalah 5,880 (IK95% 1,552-22,273 p=0,003). Simpulan: Proporsi kejadian CADR setelah pemberian OAT adalah 5,5%. Variabel usia dan riwayat ADR bermakna secara statistik dan klinis terhadap kejadian CADR. Rifampisin adalah OAT tersering yang menimbulkan CADR.

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Background: Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction (CADR) affected the therapy of TB, which impacted not only its morbidity and mortality but also its resistance. Therefore, the incidence of CADR and the factors associated during the

administration of Anti Tuberculosis Drugs (ATDs) needed to be determined in order to achieve comprehensive treatment.

Objective: To know CADR events on ATD administration by finding the incidence, analyzing the host factors associated with those events, and searching the most common ATD that caused CADR. Methods: This study used retrospective cohort by accessing medical record registered in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from January 1st 2014 until June 30th 2015. Samples were collected consecutively, selected by certain criteria. The data were then analyzed to determine the association between CADR and age, sex, HIV infection, nutritional status, and history of Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR). Results: The incidence of CADR after the administration of ATD was 5.5%. Among the five variables, age (RR=6.510; 95%CI 2.036-20.819, p=0.008) and past history of ADR (RR=5.174; 95%CI 1.500-17.838; p=0.009) were statistically and clinically correlated to CADR. The most frequent drug that triggered CADR was rifampicin. Cochran Mantel-Haenszel showed that the relative risk of CADR according to age was 7,267 (IK95% 2,093-25,235 p <0,001), while the relative

risk according to the past history of ADR was 5,880 (IK95% 1,552-22,273 p=0,003). Conclusions: The incidence of CADR after ATDs administration was 5.5%. Age and past history of ADR were significantly associated with CADR. The most common ATD causing CADR was rifampicin."

"ABSTRAKYouth volunteers of Anti-Drug Program is a public program that aims to provide technicalknowledge and awareness pertaining to drug addictions, ensure drug-free families, helporganizations to mobilize efforts for a drug-free workplace and drug-free community. This studyseeks to find out the possible problems pertaining to this voluntary program as youth in KualaTerengganu, Malaysia were found to be the target group. This study aims to identify the factorsthat cause the problems faced by the volunteers in this program. A total of 245 volunteers wereinvolved in this Youth Anti-Drug Voluntary Program, based in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Thisstudy is a descriptive study, using questionnaire as an instrument in the data collection procedure,which consists of three sections including respondents’ background, factors that cause members tobe involved with the program and ways to overcome problems in this voluntary youth program.Data were analyzed using the Statistical Packages for the Social Science (SPSS) software, and isdiscussed in terms of percentages, frequencies and mean. The findings show that participants’ lackof participation, no post-mortem meetings between members of the organization, lack ofsystematic management skills as well as no diversity of activities are among the factors that causesuch problems in making this Youth Anti-Drug Voluntary Program a success. Most participantsagreed that factors like education, experience, passion, and talent can be listed as a few of the keyfactors in the success of the program. It was also recommend that meeting with new people, visits,social service, programs with drug addicts should be held and organized in order to make thisvoluntary program a success. Besides that, the main factors required of participants in this programare spiritual awareness through education, motivational camps, as well as outdoor anti-drug campslike camping, and cooperative work"

"Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) is a mutant EGFR lacking 267 amino acids (exon-2 throught 7) within its extracellular domain, resulting in the formation of a new epitope as a tumor-Antibodies ..."

"Current guide to antibiotic and anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy in ophthalmology and ocular surgery. Coverage includes up-to-date information on new generation fluoroquinolones, new uses of tetracyclines, topical azithromycin, new anti-inflammatory drugs, endophthalmitis prophylaxis and management, and treatment of corneal ulcers, uveitis, cystoid macular edema, blepharitis, and post-refractive keratitis. Close attention is given to preoperative and postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy to optimize outcomes in cataract and refractive surgeries. A section on recent advances includes toxic anterior segment syndrome, topical immune therapy, and nanotechnology"

"Leukotrien adalah salah satu mediator inflamasi yang dihasilkan dari asam arakhidonat melalui jalur lipoksigenase. Pembentukan leukotrien dapat dicegah melalui penghambatan aktivitas enzim lipoksigenase dengan cara mengkhelat besi pada enzim lipoksigenase, sehingga tidak bereaksi dengan substrat untuk membentuk leukotrien. Daun Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis telah diteliti memiliki efek antiinflamasi pada dosis 50,4 mg/200 g BB dengan persentase penghambatan edema sebesar 10,49 %, namun aktivitas dalam menghambat enzim lipoksigenase belum diteliti. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menguji efek antiinflamasi ekstrak etanol 96% dan fraksi daun Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis dengan metode penghambatan aktivitas enzim lipoksigenase yang diukur pada λ = 234 nm. Ekstrak etanol 96% diekstraksi secara maserasi dan diremaserasi sebanyak 10 kali. Selanjutnya difraksinasi secara partisi cair-cair, kemudian diuji penghambatan lipoksigenase. Hasil uji menunjukkan nilai IC50 yang diperoleh dari ekstrak etanol 96% adalah 0,115 μg/mL. Fraksi dengan aktivitas penghambatan tertinggi dari daun Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis adalah fraksi etil asetat diikuti oleh fraksi n-butanol dan fraksi n-heksana (IC50 0,197; 2,262 dan 7,812 μg/mL). Daun Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis memiliki aktivitas penghambatan enzim lipoksigenase yang tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan baikalein sebagai kontrol positif.

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Leukotrienes are one of the mediators of inflammation which produced from arachidonic acid through the lipoxygenase pathway. The formation of leukotrienes can be prevented through the inhibition of lipoxygenase enzyme activity by chelated iron on lipoxygenase enzyme, so it does not react with the substrate to produce leukotrienes. Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis leaves have been studied have anti-inflammatory effects at a dose of 50,4 mg/200 g BB with edema inhibition percentage of 10,49%, but the activity in inhibiting the enzyme lipoxygenase has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to test the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol 96% extract and fractions of Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis leaves by inhibiting the lipoxygenase enzyme activity measured at λ = 234 nm. Ethanol 96% extract extracted by maceration and 10 times remaceration. Furthermore fractionated by liquid-liquid partition then tested its inhibition of lipoxygenase. The test results showed IC50 values were obtained from the ethanol 96% extract was 0,115 μg/mL. The fraction with the highest inhibitory activity of Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis leaves is a fraction of ethyl acetate followed by a fraction n-butanol and n-hexane fraction (IC50 0,197; 2,262 and 7,812 μg/mL). Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis leaves has high activity for inhibiting the enzyme lipoxygenase if compared to baicalein as a positive control."

"Inflamasi merupakan reaksi lokal pada jaringan vaskular terhadap cedera yang salah satu mediatornya adalah leukotrien. Leukotrien dihasilkan dari metabolisme asam arakidonat oleh lipoksigenase dan dapat meningkatkan permeabilitas kapiler dan meningkatkan adhesi leukosit pada pembuluh kapiler selama cedera atau infeksi. Kebanyakan obat-obatan anti inflamasi yang beredar di pasaran saat ini hanya bekerja dengan cara menghambat aktivitas enzim siklooksigenase saja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efek antiinflamasi dari daun Costus speciosus Smith. melalui penghambatan aktivitas enzim lipoksigenase menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 234 nm. Hasil uji penghambatan enzim lipoksigenase menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak n-heksana memiliki IC50 2,4432 µg/mL, ekstrak etil asetat memiliki IC50 0,0706 µg/mL, dan ekstrak etanol IC50 0,4504 µg/mL. Ekstrak etil asetat daun Costus speciosus Smith. ini memiliki penghambatan lipoksigenase yang kuat dibandingkan baikalein (IC50=0,240). Selanjutnya dilakukan penapisan senyawa kimia pada ekstrak etil asetat sebagai ekstrak teraktif, hasilnya yaitu ekstrak etil asetat daun Costus speciosus Smith. mengandung flavonoid, saponin, antrakuinon, terpenoid dan steroid. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etil asetat daun Costus speciosus Smith. merupakan ekstrak teraktif dalam penghambatan aktivitas lipoksigenase.

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Inflammation is a local reactions at the vascular tissue to injury that mediated by leukotriens. Leukotriens produced by lipoxygenase pathway, those can increase the permeability of capillaries and improves the adhesion of leukocytes to capillaries during injury or infection. Many kind of drugs for anti-inflamation are cyclooxygenase inhibitor. This research aimed to identify anti-inflammatory effect of Costus speciosus Smith. leaves through inhibition of lipoxygenase activity which tested by Spectrophotometer UV-Visible (λ=234 nm). Lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition test showed that n-hexane extract had IC50 2.4432 µg/mL, the ethyl acetate extract had IC50 0.0706 µg/mL, and ethanol extract IC50 0.4504 µg/mL. Ethyl acetate extract of Costus speciosus Smith. leaves has stronger inhibition of lipoxygenase compared to baikalein (IC50 = 0.240). Phytochemical screening showed that in ethyl acetate extract of Costus speciosus Smith. leaves contains flavonoids, saponins, hydroquinones, terpenoids, and steroids. It can be concluded that ethyl acetate extract of Costus speciosus Smith. leaves an extract of the most active in the inhibition of lipoxygenase activity."