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"Jumlah penderita HIV/AIDS semakin bertambah di Indonesia. Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) dapat meningkatkan kualitas hidup penderita, karena dapat memperbaiki status imunitas yang ditandai dengan kenaikan limfosit-CD4. Tujuan penelitian: menilai peningkatan CD4 dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya pada Injecting Drug Users (IDU) dan non-IDU penderita HIV/AIDS. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder Klinik Teratai RSUP Dr.Hasan Sadikin Bandung, tahun 2007-2009. Data lengkap berasal dari 198 subjek (161 IDU, 37 non-IDU). Data dianalisis dengan Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, General linear model (GLM) dan Generalized estimating equations (GEE). Analisis GEE memungkinkan evaluasi peningkatan CD4 pada pengukuran berulang pada kelompok kohort yang mendapat ART. Hasil penelitian: secara keseluruhan antara kelompok IDU dan non-IDU (between group) perbedaan peningkatan CD4 tidak bermakna (P=0,230); pada Fase II (bulan ke 6-12) peningkatannya berbeda bermakna (P=0,016); dibandingkan Fase I (bulan ke 0-6) yang tidak berbeda bermakna (P=0,077). Faktor-faktor: Waktu, total lymphocyte count (TLC) dan CD4-awal berpengaruh bermakna; sedangkan umur, IDU, viral load (VL), body mass index (BMI), Hemoglobin, ko-infeksi Hepatitis B dan/C, Pengobatan Tuberkulosis dan Stadium HIV merupakan perancu (konfounder). Jenis kelamin pengaruhnya tidak bermakna. Saran: penelitian dilanjutkan dengan penambahan jumlah subjek Non-IDU, waktu pengamatan sampai 3 tahun untuk melihat pengaruh jangka panjang ART, serta menambah upaya menghentikan penggunaan narkoba suntik.

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New cases of HIV/AIDS infection are still increased in Indonesia nowadays. Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) can give better quality of life for HIV/AIDS patients by improving the immune status which can be detected by the increase of CD4 count.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the increase of CD4, and factors which influence it, between Injecting Drug Users (IDU) and non-IDU with HIV/AIDS infection. This study used secondary data from Klinik Teratai RSUP Dr.Hasan Sadikin Bandung at 2007-2009. Complete data was taken from 198 subjects (161 IDUs, and 37 Non-IDUs). Data was analyzed by Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, General linear model (GLM), and Generalized estimating equations (GEE); GEE provides an analysis of repeated measures of outcomes from these ART cohort groups.

Results: overall, between IDUs and non-IDUs, there was insignificant CD4 increase (Pvalue = 0,230). Non-IDUs showed better CD4 increase; the difference was statistically significant in Phase II (0-6th month) with Pvalue = 0.016, but not significant in Phase I (6-12th month) with Pvalue = 0.077. Factors that significantly influenced CD4 increase were Time, total lymphocyte count (TLC), and baseline CD4; whereas Age, IDU, viral load (VL), Hemoglobine, body mass index (BMI), Hepatitis B and/C co-infections, Tuberculous therapy, HIV-stages were roled as confounders. Gender did not give any influence.

Further study was needed with equal subject numbers of Non-IDU, longer observation time up to 3 years to observe long-term effect of ART, and more efforts in reducing numbers of IDUs."

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ABSTRACTObjective of the study to identify Social and drug related factors associated with injecting drug use among drug users? in Jakarta. Method the design of the study was cross sectional total respondents were 135 drug users (72 IDUs and 63 None-IDUs) personal, family Social factors, and drug related factors are included in the analysis. Result Multivariate analysis showed that student are at low risk (AOR=0.09) of using injection than those who are working, also those whose family don?t know about his/her drug using habit are at low risk (AOR=0.07) of injection than those whose family member aware, and those who use tranquilizer as first drug are at higher risk (AOR=3.89) of using injection than who use marijuana. Conclusion Primary prevention activities focusing on improving social conditions, controlling black market of tranquilizers and improving family knowledge and skills to detect drug use in family as early as possible would help drug users to prevent them from indulging in injecting drug use, according to this study job, family and type of drug should be considered in the designing and planning of addicts? treatment and harm reduction activities."

"The aim of this study was to examine methadone maintenance program pilot project in Indonesia. With prospective cohort study design, one hundred one participants were recruited. Study was condected in two sites , the Drug Dependence Hospital (RSKO) Jakarta and Sanglah Hospital , Bali...."

"ABSTRAK Peningkatan kejadian HIV/AIDS diikuti oleh peningkatan TB-HIV di seluruh dunia.Prevalensi penasun pada HIV di penjara sebesar 55,2%. TB merupakan infeksioportunistik paling besar dengan persentase 25-65%. TB adalah pembunuh kesatuorang dengan HIV dengan persentase 30%-50%.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran hubungan penasun dengankejadian koinfeksi TB-HIV dan kejadian mortalitas TB-HIV di Lapas.Rancangan penelitian ini adalah kohort. Data yang digunakan adalah data skriningTB-HIV tahun 2007-2011 dengan jumlah sampel 1416 warga binaan pemasyarakatan(WBP). Data dianalisis menggunakan regresi logistik multinomial dan regresi cox.Tingkat kematian pada penasun lebih tinggi baik pada subjek dengan TB maupun nonTB. Penasun berpeluang lebih tinggi terjadinya HIV (adjOR=75.8, 95% CI 27.2-211.3), koinfeksi TB-HIV, (adjOR=39.1, 95% CI 11.5-132.8) dibandingkan nonpenasun setelah dikontrol oleh variabel usia, status, lamanya penahanan, IMT danBCG. Sedangkan penasun tidak ada hubungan dengan kejadian TBPada seluruh subjek HIV, risiko kematian subjek dengan TB-HIV 7,6 (95% CI 1.25-47.03) setelah dikontrol penasun, hepatitis B/C, terapi ARV, stadium, terapi OAT ,CD4 dan usia. Pada subjek yang mengalami kematian pada masa penahanan , risikokematian subjek dengan TB-HIV 5,8 (95% CI 0.4-83.34) setelah dikontrol penasun,hepatitis B/C, terapi ARV, terapi OAT , stadium, CD4 dan usia.

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ABSTRACT Increased incidence HIV/AIDS followed by an increase TB-HIV worldwide.Prevalence of Injecting drug users (IDUs) among HIV in prison is 55,2%. TBis the highest opportunistic infection in HIV infected people with percentage25-65% . TB is the most killer among HIV with percentage 30%-50%.The purpose of this study was to know a relationship between IDUs with TBHIVco-infection incidence and mortality incidence of TB-HIV in prisons.This research is a cohort study design. Data used in this research was screenedfrom TB-HIV population data on 2007-2011. The number of sample are 1416prisoners.The data was analyzed using multinomial logistic regression and CoxRegression. IDUs has larger opportunities HIV rather than non IDUs(adjOR=75.8, 95% CI 27.2-211.3) , TB-HIV co-infection (adjOR=39.1, 95%CI 11.5-132.8) after controlled by age, marriage status, imprisonment time,BMI and BCG immunization. IDUs no association with TB.IDU mortality rate was higher in subjects with TB and non TB. All HIVsubjects, adjusted HR for TB-HIV were 7,6 (CI 95% 1.25-47.03) aftercontrolled by IDUs , hepatitis B/C, ARV therapy, OAT therapy, CD4, HIVstage and age.Mortality subjects imprisonment, adjusted HR for TB-HIV were 5,8 (CI 95%1.25-47.03) after controlled by IDUs , hepatitis B/C, ARV therapy, OATtherapy, CD4, HIV stage and age."

"In generally narcotic and phsycotropics can be said good subjects is natural or syntetycs able to give stimulant effects should be use. The problem will be arose when someone consumes them without prescription from the doctor; it means consumed more than needed. The addiction of narcotics and phsycotropics has been taken in law on Undang-undang No.5 tahun 1995 dan No. 7 Tahun 1997. Occuring both of the constitutions on above, it is not less the narcotic and phsycotropics addictions but make them to be increase. It can be looked up in all of the narcotics prisoners in indonesia. Those can be found on mass media, cause of the conditions, the writer interest to knowing how the process of the addiction of narcotic and phsycotropics has been done. So he has been done the research to three of narcotic prisoners to know them how they are addicted to narcotic and phsycotropics. The research has been done by qualitative method and interview to set many data. The interview had been taken to SP, TR and DS. The research of research is showed many conditions that is influence and be the criminogetics factor of the narcotic and phsycotropics adductions. From the three prisioners can be know that the process should be take on many factors such as social environment, economics and friendship."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besaran potensi penularan HIV dari pengguna NAPZA suntik ke masyarakat umum. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder hasil survei Surveilans Perilaku di Jakarta tahun 2000 yang dilaksanakan Pusat Penelitian Kesehatan Universitas Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan untuk perhitungan potensi penularan disasarkan pada konsep probabilitas. Penularan HIV dari penggunaan NAPZA suntik ke masyarakat umum dapat terjadi jika pengguna NAPZA suntik melakukan hubungan seksual tanpa menggunakan kondom.Pada hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa potensi penyebaran HIV dari pengguna NAPZA suntik ke masyarakat umum sangat besar. Dari 27.300 pengguna NAPZA suntik di DKI (tahun 2000) akan ada 1.062 - 3.368 kasus baru HIV per tahun atau akan ada 389 - 1.245 kasus baru HIV per tahun per 10.000 pengguna NAPZA suntik. Untuk meminimalkan potensi penyebaran HIV dari pengguna NAPZA suntuk ke masyarakat umum perlu dilaksanakan beberapa informasi dan edukasi mengenai dampak buruk NAPZA dan HIV/AIDS mengurangi peredaran NAPZA kampanye kondom dengan cara meningkatkan akses pengguna NAPZA terhadap kondom dan peningkatan peran aktif masyarakat dalam pemberantasan NAPZA serta menerima bekas pengguna NAPZA yang telah sembuh tanpa diskriminasi.

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The Potential Spreading of HIV from IDUs to the General Population. The objective of this study was to know the magnitude of potential spreading of HIV from the Intravenous Drug Users (IDUs) to the general population. This study analyzed secondary data from the Behavioral Surveillance Survey in Jakarta year 2000 conducted by the Center for Health Research,University of Indonesia. The method of computation was based on the concept of probability. The HIV could spread to the general population if the IDUs have had sexual act without using condoms.The result of the study showed that potential spreading of HIV from the IDUs to the general population was very high. A total of 27,300 IDUs in DKI Jakarta (year 2000) will produce 1.062-3.368 HIV new cases per year, or equivalent with 389 - 1.245 HIV new cases per year per 10.000 IDUs. To minimize the potential spreading, it is suggested to conduct some strategies e.g. using sterile syringes, detoxification, education information and communication about harmful effects of drugs and AIDS, reducing and localizing the distribution of drugs, campaign of condom use, increasing of community participation to prevent illegal drug use and well coming without any discrimination ex-IDUs who has been recovered."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk memeriksa obat-obat(go-iongahtranquilizer) dan Tnetabolitnya dari urine.Penelitian mi bertujuan untuk mencari cara isolasi danpeniurnian yang terbaik terhadap metabolit obat dari urine.Selain itu,"jugainenoániCara identifikasi yang cepat, sederhaiiadan ekonomis.Dengan métode mi urine dapat dianalisatanpa dihidrolisale'bih dahulu, tetapi dapat langsung diisoiasi dengan pelarutorganik (chloroform) dalamsuasana basa untuk obat-obatyang bersifat basa dan dalam suasana asain untuk obatobatyang bersifat asam, sedangkan untuk -pemurnian d.ilakukanekstraksi kembali dengan asam atau basa dengan tehnikkertas saring.Pada penelitian mi identifikasi metabolit obat dilakukandenganara reaksi warna dan khromatograf I lapisan tipis.Ternyata ekstrak yang diperoleh dari urine memberikan haciiyang dapat ditentukan scara kwalitatif.Disarankan pemeriksaan lebih lanjut dilakukan secara kwantitatif,juga terhadap metabolit obat dari jaringan tubuhlain secarakwlittif dan kwantitatifdegafl metode yangsama.

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An investigation to determine tranquilizer drugs and

their metabolites in urine has been carried out.

The objective of this investigation is to find the best method

of isolation and purification of drug metabolites in

urine, besides a rapid, simple and economical.

In this method, the urine can be analyzed without prior

hydrolisis.

Basic drugs can be isolated directly by organic solvent

(chloroform) in alkaline medium, where acid drugs in acid

medium. . . . .

Purification can be done by back-extraction with acid or

alkaline using filter paper.

In this work, identification of drug .metabolites were qualitatively

determined by colour reaction and thin layer

chromatography.

It is suggested to do the same method further examination

quantitatively and also to drug metabolites from other body

tissues."