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"ABSTRACT

Writing the contemporary history of one's own country is hazardous in two respects, firstly, in the academic field there are still plenty of people who think that the events experienced by one's own generation do not properly belong to the realm of history. They cite the oft repeated dictum that historians should have sufficient distance from the occurrences they sought to describe and not infrequently accuse the contemporary historian of engaging himself in political pamphleteering or journalism rather than performing scholarly pursuits. Secondly, it is indeed, true that too many people who were involved in the events treated are still around, and it is unfortunately so that many of them would attack a piece of contemporary historical writing if they think that their role has been described less favorably or less expansively than they would have wished. Or again, they would criticize the historical treatise because personages, whom they like or adulate, are put in a less than bright spotlight. Or, because they are disappointed for the historian's failure to adhere to their point of view about various things, or because of what they perceive as the historian's scorn for their favorite cause.

Although aware of the difficulties involved in the writing of contemporary history of Indonesia, I do belief that the study and writing of contemporary history, including Indonesian contemporary history, is not only justified but also necessary. In Indonesia, as in most new nations, the story of the processes leading towards independence is foremost in the minds of those generations who have witnessed the transition from colonial domination towards national self-determination. In Indonesia, these are the periods covering the National A wakening it the period of the Nationalist Movement from 1908 (which was the year of the founding of the Budi Utomo as the first modern Indonesian association) down till the Japanese occupation of 1942-1945, as well as the period of the Revolution or War of Independence of 1945-1949.

For the latest generations, even the periods following the end of the War of Independence are important to satisfy their thirst for an answer on the why of the present situation. To present-day Indonesians the questions asked about the latest periods in their nation's history are looming very large indeed, larger than the questions asked about long bygone periods like that of the 18 or 19 centuries and further back. Social change during those mere decades has been both sweeping and swift leaving in its wake bewilderment and confusion. The urge towards achieving understanding about the happenings speeding past is not generated solely by curiosity but also by the necessity of charting a course in the turbulent waters of the ocean of the future.

Under these circumstances the study of history has a strongly pragmatic character. There is a powerful urge to conceive what I propose to call by lack of a better term, the "visionary" use of history. With this I wish to denote the quality to give its students the meaning of the series of events it presents, giving them a vision, or outlook, or point of view, about the process, starting somewhere in the past, extending through the present and on towards the future. Without this quality, in the context of a new nation like Indonesia, history would be, I think, "meaningless" with the connotation of being "useless".

History has also, what might be called, a "technical" use. It provides for the empirical data as the product of its research to be employed both in other branches of learning -- particularly the social sciences -- and in more practical endeavors such as the instruction in tactics or arms development at military institutions. And finally, history has an "inspirational" use, needed particularly in the socialization process of succeeding generations to provide them with an image of their society, which, after all, will be theirs to develop further. ;The Peta Army During The Japanese Occupation Of Indonesia."

"ABSTRAKKekuatan Jepang yang semula ofensif menjadi defensif di wilayah Pasifik, kekalahan Jepang oleh tentara Sekutu yang terjadi berturut-turut pada perang Pasifik mengakibatkan berkurangnya kekuatan militer Jepang. Hal tersebut menyebabkan Jepang membutuhkan tentara bantuan dari wilayah jajahannya termasuk Indonesia. Untuk Indonesia, Pada tanggal 3 Oktober 1943 melalui Undang-undang Bala Tentara Jepang atau Osamu Seirei, Jepang membentuk dan melatih Tentara Peta atau Tentara Sukarela Pembela Tanah Air. Pembentukan Peta dan pelatihan militer merupakan cita-cita bangsa Indonesia untuk membela tanah air dan mempercepat kemerdekaan. Sedangkan, Tujuan Jepang membentuk Tentara Peta semula untuk menambah kekuatan militer Jepang jika sekutu mendarat di Indonesia. Namun, pada akhirnya Tentara Peta berbalik melakukan perlawanan terhadap Jepang dan berjuang untuk kemerdekaan Indonesia. Karena menerima bantuan Jepang dalam bentuk pelatihan militer bukan berarti berkolaborasi untuk melawan Sekutu memenangkan perang Pasifik. Selanjutnya mantan prajurit Peta bergabung dan mayoritas menjadi pemimpin BKR Badan Keamanan Rakyat yang kemudian menjadi cikal bakal pertahanan militer Indonesia sebagai Tentara Nasional Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTDue to the originally offensive Japanese strength that became defensive in the Pacific region, also with their defeat against allied forces which occurred respectively in the Pacific War, Japan reduced their own military strength. It causes the Japanese army needed help for additional human resources from their own colonized territory including Indonesia. For Indonesia, on October 3, 1943 through the legislation of Japanese army or Osamu Seirei, Japan established and trained Peta Army or Tentara Sukarela Pembela Tanah Air homeland defense soldier . For Indonesia, the military training establishment and peta army represents the nation rsquo s aim to defend the homeland and accelerate for independence. Whereas, the Japanese original goal of forming Peta army was to increase the strength of the Japanese military to get set whenever the allies landed in Indonesia. But in the end, the Peta Army turned out to fight and set a war against Japan and strived for the independence. Receiving Japanese aid in the form of military training did not mean collaborating for allies to win Pacific War. Furthermore, the ex member of Peta army joined and became a leader of the Badan Keamanan Rakyat Citizenry Security Agencies who later became the forerunner of the military defense of Indonesia as the Indonesia National Army."

"Gisaeng adalah perempuan penghibur resmi acara kerajaan di Korea. Gisaeng sudah ada sejak masa Dinasti Goryeo 918-1392 hingga masa pendudukan Jepang 1910-1945 di Korea. Kekusaan Jepang di Korea berpengaruh pada perubahan penampilan luar dan sistem gisaeng sehingga memunculkan berbagai pandangan dari masyarakat Korea saat itu. Melalui penelitian ini, penulis menganalisis pengaruh pandangan negatif masyarakat Korea terhadap aktivitas sosial gisaeng pada masa pendudukan Jepang 1910-1945 di Korea. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif dapat dijelaskan bahwa bahwa gisaeng menanggapi positif semua pandangan masyarakat Korea dan menjadikan pandangan tersebut sebagai motivasi mereka untuk melakukan aktivitas sosial.

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Gisaeng is official female entertainer belongs to Korean government. Gisaeng had existed since Goryeo Dinasty 918 1392 until Japanese occupation in Korea 1910 1945 . The Japanese power during occupation made some differences over their performance and also the system. For that reason Korean society at that time viewed gisaeng variously. This study explores and describe the influence of negative view from Korean society to gisaeng rsquo s social activities during Japanese occupation in Korea. By using qualitative method and descriptive analysis, this study concludes that during Japanese occupation Korean gisaeng responded all Korean society rsquo s view positively and they took that views as motivation for them to do the social activities."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengaruh kebijakan pemerintah Militer Jepang terhadap dinamika sosial, ekonomi, pemerintahan, pendidikan hingga militer di Kedu-Syuu. Sumber penelitian ini berupa arsip baik tekstual dan gambar, surat kabar sezaman, buku dan karya ilmiah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah dalam mencari data hingga penulisan, mulai dari heuristik, Kritik sumber, Interpretasi data, hingga penulisan sejarah atau historiografi. Karesidenan Kedu atau Kedu-Syuu menjadi bagian penting pada masa pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia. Kedu-Syuu terdiri dari Magelang, Kebumen, Temanggung, Purworejo, dan Wonosobo. Topografi Kedu-Syuu memiliki kekayaan alam dan sumber daya manusia, maka dari itu pada masa pendudukan Jepang, Kedu-Syuu merupakan salah satu pemasok bahan perang baik padi maupun tenaga kerja dan pasukan pemerintahan Militer Jepang. Masa pendudukan Jepang di Kedu-Syuu ditandai dengan Program Kinkyu Shokuryo Taisaku dan Fujinkai sehingga membawa dampak perubahan sosial. Melalui penelitian ini, dapat diketahui bahwa pada masa pendudukan Jepang tidak hanya meninggalkan dampak negatif saja, namun juga dampak positif, salah satunya dari sisi militer dan kehidupan sosial dalam bentuk peningkatan hasil panen padi. Tingkat kedisiplinan yang diterapkan oleh pemerintah Militer Jepang secara tidak langsung membentuk semangat nasionalisme yang tinggi. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari pembentukan pasukan Fujinkai di Kedu-Syuu.

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This research have a purpose to explain the effect of Japanese military government policies on social, economic, education and military in Kedu-Syuu. Sources of this research from historical archives such as textual and images, newspapers in the era of Japanese occupation in Indonesia, books and scientific journal. This study uses historical methods in searching for archieves to writing, starting from heuristics, source criticism, data interpretation, and writing history or historiography.  The residency of Kedu or Kedu-Syuu became an important part of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. Kedu-Syuu consists of Magelang, Kebumen, Temanggung, Purworejo, and Wonosobo. The topography of Kedu-Syuu had natural and human resources, therefore during the Japanese occupation, Kedu-Syuu was one of the suppliers of war, both rice and Japanese military troops. The period of Japanese occupation in Kedu-Syuu was marked by the Kinkyu Shokuryo Taisaku and Fujinkai programs that brought about social changes. Through this research, it can be seen that during the Japanese occupation not only left negative impacts, but also positive impacts, one of which was in terms of military and social life in the form of increasing rice. The level of discipline applied by the Japanese military government indirectly formed a high spirit of nationalism. This can be seen from the establishment of the Fujinkai in Kedu-Syuu."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai lagu yang dijadikan sebagai alat propaganda pada masa pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia 1942-1945. Di masa pendudukan, selain sebagai media hiburan, lagu dijadikan sebagai alat provokasi dan indoktrinasi guna menghimpun dukungan rakyat Indonesia untuk membantu Jepang melawan Sekutu dalam perang Asia Timur Raya. Tema-tema propaganda pada lagu dibuat dengan disesuaikan pada pergeseran-pergeseran kebijakan pemerintah selama pendudukan. Secara garis besar, lagu-lagu propaganda pada masa pendudukan diciptakan dengan menkankan tema-tema pada pengerahan semangat bekerja petani dan buruh, semangat pertempuran dan bela Negara, serta tema-tema lainya yang ditujukan untuk memobiliasasi rakyat dalam usahanya memenangkan pertempuran.

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This thesis explains about songs that used as a propaganda tool during Japanese occupation in Indonesia 1942-1945. During Japanese occupation, besides as an entertainment media, the songs were used as provocation and indoctrination in order to amass Indonesian support to help Japanese against the Allies in the Greater East Asia war. Propaganda themes on the songs were made to be appropriated with the shifts of government policy during the occupation. Broadly, the propaganda songs was created by emphasizing themes of conscription of farmers and laborers working spirit, battle spirit and state defend, and other themes which aimed to mobilize masses in effort to win the war."

"Pada masa penjajahan di Indonesia, poster merupakan salah satu media yang banyak digunakan untuk melakukan propaganda. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis mengambil korpus data berupa empat buah poster Belanda yang muncul pada masa pendudukan Jepang sekitar tahun 1944-1945. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi pustaka dan deskriptif-analitis. Melalui penelitian ini, penulis ingin menjelaskan makna dari komponen gambar dan kalimat yang terdapat dalam poster dan menjelaskan pesan yang terkandung di dalamnya. Hasil analisis menyimpulkan bahwa di dalam poster-poster ini terdapat ikon, simbol, dan indeks yang menunjukan bahwa Jepang sebagai penjajah atau penguasa, Hindia Belanda sebagai kaum terjajah serta Belanda sebagai kaum yang membela Hindia Belanda. Di dalam poster-poster tersebut terdapat beberapa teknik propaganda yang memperlihatkan kecerdikan bangsa Belanda guna merebut kembali hati masyarakat Hindia Belanda dengan menunjukan rasa simpati dan peduli melalui kata serta gambar dalam poster.

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During the colonial period in Indonesia, the poster is one of medium that was widely used for propaganda. In this study, the author takes data corpus in the form of four Dutch poster that appeared during the occupation of Japan in 1944-1945. The method of this research is studying the literature and descriptive analyzing. Through this study, the author would like to explain the meaning of the images component and words component which are contained in the posters and to explain the message contained therein.

The results of the analysis conclude that in these posters, there are icons, symbols, and the indexes which show that the Japanese as occupiers or ruler, Dutch East Indies as the colonized as well as the Dutch as a defender for Dutch East Indies. In the posters mentioned, there are some propaganda techniques that show the ingenuity of the Dutch to regain the hearts of the Dutch East Indies people by showing sympathy and care through words and images in the poster. "

"Keadaan masyarakat Indonesia yang mulai membenci Jepang dimanfaatkan oleh Belanda untuk menarik simpati dari masyarakat Indonesia. Belanda menggunakan propaganda-propaganda untuk mendapat dukungan dan bantuan dari masyarakat Indonesia. Salah satu media propaganda tersebut adalah melalui surat edaran yang disebarkan di beberapa daerah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini membahas teknik-teknik propaganda yang digunakan dalam surat edaran tersebut. Setelah dianalisis, ditemukan bahwa tidak semua teknik propaganda digunakan dalam surat edaran tersebut. Dari lima surat edaran yang dianalisis hanya terdapat empat teknik propaganda yang digunakan dari 13 teknik propaganda yang ada. Empat teknik propaganda tersebut adalah teknik propaganda wholesale condemnation, the use generalities applied to particulars, the doctoring of facts, dan a reputable mouthpiece.

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As Indonesian society had begun hating the Japanese, the Netherlands used it to attract the sympathy from Indonesian. The Dutch used propagandas to gain some support and assistance from Indonesian. One of the propaganda media is handbill/flier which was distributed in several regions in Indonesia. This research talks about propaganda techniques used in the flier. Based on the analysis result, it was found that not all the propaganda techniques are used in the flier. From five fliers that were analyzed there are only four propaganda techniques used out of 13 techniques exist. Those four techniques are wholesale condemnation, the use generalities applied to particulars, the doctoring of facts, and a reputable mouthpiece."

"Sejarah Indonesia bisa dikatakan bercorak androcentric, narasi tentang masa lalu di Indonesia hanya berpusat di sekitar kegiatan laki-laki. Sementara itu, studi tentang perempuan masih terbatas dan didominasi dengan tema pemberdayaan perempuan atau gender mainstreaming bukan women history yang lebih mengutamakan perspektif feminisnya daripada gender. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini akan membahas tentang pemberdayaan perempuan pada masa Pendudukan Jepang melalui Fujinkai.Masalah yang dibahas adalah bagaimana negara mengubah Fujinkai menjadi mesin politik dalam memobilisasi kekuatan rakyat selama masa perang dengan menggunakan ideologi negara pada feminis Jepang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan perspektif baru tentang Fujinkai yang berbeda dengan penelitian sebelumnya, yaitu cara otoritas selama pendudukan Jepang menggunakan ideologi. Dalam kasus ini, ideologi negara tentang feminisme Jepang diinternalisasi dan diimplementasikan ke Fujinkai untuk membangun kekuatan masyarakat di daerah pendudukan di Jawa untuk mendapatkan kemenangan dalam Perang Asia Timur Raya.Teori yang digunakan dalam memahami isu penelitian ini adalah teori ideologi dari Franz Schurmann. Sebagai ideologi praktis, penelitian ini juga menggunakan teori gender oleh Abbot, Moore, dan Suryakusuma. Bahkan, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan teori komparatif sebagai alat analisis dalam mengungkapkan permasalahan.

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Indonesia history can be considered as having androcentric pattern since it rsquo s past narrations in Indonesia occured and centered solely on the men activity. The women, both as an object and a discourse in history are one of the missing elements in Indonesia history. Therefore, this study will discuss about the empowerment of women during the Japanese Occupation through Fujinkai.The main issue discussed in this research is the way the state altered Fujinkai to political machine in mobilizing people power during war time by employing the state ideology on Japanese feminity. The objective of this research is to get a new perpective on Fujinkai which differed from previous researches, i.e.the way the authority during Japanese occupation used ideology. In this case, the state ideology on Japanese femininity internalized and implemented into Fujinkai to build people power in occupation area in Java to gain victory in Greater East Asia War.The theory used in understanding the issue of the research is the ideology theory by Franz Schurmann. As practical ideology, this research also used theory of gender by Abbot, Moore, and Suryakusuma. Moreover, this research used comparative theory approach as analysis tool in revealing the issue."