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Ety Parwati
"Segara Anakan dan sekitarnya, berada di Kabupaten Cilacap Propinsi Jawa Tengah merupakan daerah kajian yang dipilih. Wilayah tersebut memiliki ekosistem payau yang unik, yakni berupa estuari yang terlindung dan dikelilingi oleh hutan payau yang perkembangannya sangat dinamis. Wilayah ini terlindung dari Samudera Hindia karena adanya Pulau Nusakambangan. Meskipun demikian di daerah ini proses sedimentasi berlangsung sangat intensif pada dasawarsa terakhir ini. Pendangkalan Segara Anakan dipengaruhi erosi yang terjadi pada daerah aliran sungai di sebelah utara kawasan ini.
Perairan Segara Anakan berfungsi sebagai daerah asuhan (nursery ground) dan habitat berbagai spesies ikan dan udang. Bagi masyarakat yang bertempat tinggal di daerah ini, Segara Anakan merupakan tempat mencari ikan (fishing ground). Selain bermatapencaharian sebagai nelayan, sebagian masyarakat juga mengembangkan kegiatan pertanian (sawah, tegalan) dan pertambakan pada lahan-lahan yang memungkinkan.
Wilayah atas Segara Anakan merupakan lahan yang subur untuk pertanian. Banyak penduduk yang mengandalkan hidupnya dari bertani. Dalam rangka meningkatkan hasil pertanian, penduduk menggunakan pestisida yang sering kali tanpa perhitungan yang tepat. Akibatnya sisa pestisida sering terbuang ke sungai. Aliran sungai Citanduy yang cukup deras serta kondisi lahan atas yang berbukit-bukit akan membawa pesitisida dari lahan pertanian di bagian atas bermuara ke sekitar estuari di bagian bawah. Kondisi iklim dan curah hujan dapat mengakibatkan berkurangnya sifat pestisida yang dikandungnya, akan tetapi sisa pestisida dalam jumlah sekecil apapun akan menumpuk di sekitar estuari.
Perubahan yang terjadi pada dasawarsa terakhir, terutama laju sedimentasi yang cepat telah menimbulkan penurunan fungsi ekologi yang secara tidak langsung mengurangi hasil tangkapan nelayan setempat. Sedimentasi juga telah mengakibatkan terbentuknya tanah timbul yang menutupi sebagian perairan, sehingga semakin lama luas perairan Segara Anakan semakin berkurang.
Penerapan teknologi penginderaan jauh (inderaja) untuk pemantauan kondisi lingkungan memberikan hasil guna yang optimal, karena penginderaan jauh memberikan kemudahan dalam analisis spasial, berulang, kontinu, serta meliputi wilayah relatif luas dengan biaya yang relatif murah dan cepat bila dibandingkan dengan survei terestris. Artinya, data inderaja mampu menyediakan informasi obyektif, andal dan ekonomis dalam usaha inventarisasi, pemantauan maupun evaluasi sumberdaya.
Dari uraian latar belakang di atas, maka diperlukan penelitian untuk memecahkan permasalahan di Segara Anakan, yaitu: 1) Apakah telah terjadi penurunan kualitas lingkungan di kawasan perairan Segara Anakan ?, 2) Bagaimana caranya mengevaluasi kondisi kualitas lingkungan dengan biaya dan tenaga seminimal mungkin?, dan 3). Apakah data penginderaan jauh (inderaja) dapat digunakan untuk melakukan evaluasi kualitas lingkungan ?
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : 1) Mengkaji kondisi kualitas lingkungan kawasan perairan Segara Anakan dengan melihat apakah telah terjadi penurunan kualitas lingkungan dari tahun 1994 sampai dengan tahun 2000, 2) Mengkaji cara melakukan evaluasi kualitas lingkungan dengan biaya dan tenaga seminimal mungkin dan 3) Mengkaji kemampuan data inderaja dalam mengevaluasi kondisi lingkungan di kawasan perairan Segara Anakan.
Hasil penelitian diharapkan dapat menjadi masukan dalam menentukan cara yang efisien untuk mengevaluasi kondisi lingkungan. Cara dan metoda yang sama diharapkan dapat dimodifikasi dan diaplikasikan untuk kawasan perairan wilayah Indonesia lainnya.
Analisis inderaja yang dilakukan mencakup analisis mangrove, analisis perubahan penutup lahan dan analisis kualitas perairan. Penutup lahan di kawasan ini dibagi menjadi 9 (sembilan) kelas, yaitu : 1) Perairan, mencakup sungai, danau dan laut, 2) Rawa, 3) Tambak, 4) Hutan mangrove, 5) Sawah, 6) Tegalan, yang meliputi kebun dan lahan pekarangan, 7) Hutan, 8) Lahan kosong dan 9) Permukiman. Parameter kualitas perairan yang akan dideteksi menggunakan data inderaja adalah beberapa parameter yang merupakan parameter yang dapat digunakan dalam evaluasi kualitas lingkungan, yaitu Kekeruhan, TSS (Total Suspended Solid), Kandungan Pb , Kandungan minyak dan BOD (Biochemycal Oxygen Demand).
Penelitian yang dilakukan merupakan jenis penelitian laboratorium untuk analisis data inderaja dan survey lapangan untuk memperoleh kelengkapan data mengenai posisi dan lokasi obyek pengamatan, pengukuran parameter kualitas perairan, dan pengumpulan data sosial ekonomi. Kelengkapan data lapangan juga di peroleh dengan memanfaatkan data sekunder, baik berupa hasil-hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan maupun data hasil olahan dari Biro Pusat Statistik.
Analisis inderaja dilakukan dengan melalui beberapa tahap, yaitu; 1) Tahap pra pengolahan yang mencakup proses-proses koreksi data citra inderaja, meliputi koreksi geometri presisi dan koreksi atmosfer, 2) Proses pengolahan data citra itu sendiri yang dilakukan dengan menggabungkan data-data hasil pengukuran di lapangan sebagai acuan uji ketelitian.
Hasil analisis data citra inderaja menunjukkan tiga hal, yaitu: 1) Hutan mangrove di kawasan ini terus menerus mengalami penurunan luasan dan perubahan tingkat kerapatan selama enam tahun pengamatan, yaitu dari tahun 1994 sampai tahun 2000, 2) Konversi penggunaan lahan dari penutup lahan yang satu menjadi penutup lahan lainnya banyak terjadi di kawasan ini, akan tetapi konversi yang terjadi seringkali dilakukan tanpa perhitungan yang matang, dan 3)Kualitas perairan di kawasan ini menunjukkan kondisinya terus mengalami penurunan.
Dari hasil pengamatan dan analisis yang mendalam mengenai kondisi perairan Segara Anakan dan sekitarnya dapat disimpulkan dua hal, yaitu :
1) Telah terjadi penurunan kualitas lingkungan kawasan perairan Segara Anakan dan sekitarnya dari tahun 1994 sampai tahun 2000.
2) Data inderaja dengan cakupannya yang luas dan resolusi temporalnya yang tinggi serta karakteristik spektralnya yang baik mampu mengevaluasi kualitas lingkungan dengan melakukan analisis beberapa parameter, yaitu : 1) Analisisi perubahan luasan dan kerapatan mangrove, 2) Analisis perubahan penutup/penggunaan lahan dan 3) Analisis beberapa parameter kualitas perairan.
3) Jika dibandingkan dengan penelitian yang semata-mata mengandalkan hasil uji lapangan, biaya dari tenaga yang diperlukan dengan menggunakan data inderaja tidak terlalu besar.
Daftar kepustakaan : 43 (1982 - 2000)

Segara Anakan and its surrounding, located in Cilacap, Central Java, has been selected as study area. The area has a unique brackish ecosystem: an estuary which is protected and surrounded by brackish forest with very dynamic growth. The area is isolated from Indian Ocean as it covered by Nusakambangan island. However, sedimentation process in this estuary has been going very intensively during the last decade. The sedimentation of Segara Anakan is influenced by erosion that occurs in the watershed area in the north.
The function of Segara Anakan is nursery ground and habitat of various fish and shrimp species. Segara Anakan is also as fishing ground for local fishermen. Besides fishermen, people are also developing agriculture (rice field, mixed plants) and fish farming in possible areas.
Upper Segara Anakan area is fertile for agriculture. Many inhabitants rely their lives on farming. In improving agricultural production, people use pesticides. However, pesticides is often used excessively. As a result, the residue is often dumped into the rivers. The fast flow of Citanduy River and the hilly upland are bring the pesticides from farming area in the upper area down to lower area in the estuary. The condition of climate and rainfall may result in the decrease of pesticides concentration; however, any little amount will deposit around the estuary.
The changes in the last decade, especially the rapid sedimentation rate has resulted in the decrease of ecological function, which is indirectly reduce fish catch for local fishermen. Sedimentation has also resulted in the new land that covers some parts; consequently, Segara Anakan water area is reduced.
Application of Remote sensing technology to monitor the condition of the environment produces an optimal result, as remote sensing provides' capability in spatial analysis, repetitiveness, and covers relatively wide areas with relatively inexpensive and fast compared to terrestrial survey. This means that remote sensing is able to provide objective, reliable, and economical information in inventory, monitoring or assessment of resources.
The objectives of the study are : 1) to analyze the environmental condition of Segara Anakan waters by evaluating the condition of environmental quality from 1994 to 2000, 2) to analyze how to evaluate environment quality with minimum cost and effort, and 3)to assess the capability of remote sensing data in evaluation of environmental condition in Segara Anakan waters.
The result of the study is expected to be beneficial as inputs in determining the efficient method to evaluate environmental condition. Similar method is expected to be able to be modified and applied for other water areas in Indonesia.
Remote sensing analysis carried out consists of mangrove analysis, land cover changes analysis, and water quality analysis. Land cover in this area divided into nine classes, that is : 1) water, including river, lake and sea, 2) swamp, 3) ponds, 4) mangrove forest, 5) rice field, 6) mixed plant, 7) forest, 8) bare land, and 9) settlement. Parameters of water quality detected from remote sensing data are turbidity, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Plumbum (Pb), oil and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).
The study is a laboratory research for analysis of remote sensing data and field survey to gain and locate observation, measurement of water quality, and collecting social and economy data. Field data is also obtained from secondary data, that is the result of previous research and from Statistical Central Agency.
Remote sensing analysis is carried out in several steps, that is : 1) pre processing, including precision geometric correction and atmospheric correction, and 2) image processing by using field data as references of accuracy.
The result of remote sensing data analysis shows three points: 1) mangrove forest in this area has been continuously experiencing a decreasing acreage and change in density level during 6 years of observations, from 1994 to 2000, and 2) conversion of land use from one land cover into another has been continuously happened in this area, hence quality of the environment in the area shows a continuous decrease.
From the result of observations and analysis of condition of Segara Anakan and surrounding waters, two points can be concluded, that is :
1. Environmental quality in Segara Anakan and surrounding waters have declined from 1994 to 2000
2. Remote sensing data with wide coverage, high temporal resolution, and its good spectral characteristic is capable of evaluating environmental condition by using analysis of several parameters, that is: 1) Analysis of mangrove acreage and density changes, 2) Analysis of land use/cover changes, and 3) Analysis of water quality parameters.
3. Compared to research that relies only on terrestrial observation, cost and effort using remote sensing data are relatively small.
Number References : 43 (1982 - 2000)
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Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2001
T14628
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Campbell, James B., 1944-
New York : Guilford Press, 2011
621.3678 CAM i
Buku Teks  Universitas Indonesia Library
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"This textbook is one of the first to explain the fundamentals and applications of remote sensing at both undergraduate and graduate levels. Topics include definitions and a brief history of payloads and platforms, data acquisition and specifications, image processing techniques, data integration and spatial modeling, and a range of applications covering terrestrial, atmospheric, oceanographic and planetary disciplines. The policy and law issues of remote sensing and the future trends on the horizon are also covered. Remote sensing is an exciting, dynamic technology that is transforming the Earth sciences - terrestrial, atmospheric, and marine - as well as the practices of agriculture, disaster response, engineering, natural resources, providing evidence in legal cases and documented humanitarian crises, and many other fields. Increasingly, understanding of these techniques will be central to a number of disciplines, particularly as the technology advances."
Cham: Springer, 2016
910.285 PRI
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Grace Gabriella Binowo
"Skripsi ini membahas penerapan United Nations Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space 1986 (Prinsip 1986) dalam kegiatan satelit penginderaan jauh di berbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia, melalui kebijakan nasionalnya. Prinsip 1986 mengatur secara umum kegiatan penginderaan jauh agar tetap sejalan dengan prinsip kegiatan keantariksaan. Di era globalisasi, teknologi penginderaan jauh semakin maju dengan sektor swasta semakin aktif terlibat. Salah satu isu utama penerapannya adalah prinsip non-diskriminasi atas akses terhadap data. Indonesia, sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia, membutuhkan jasa satelit penginderaan jauh untuk memecahkan kompleksitas permasalahan terkait fakta geografisnya. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, dengan meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder yang bersifat hukum atau berupa norma hukum tertulis.

This thesis studies the implementation of United Nations Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space 1986 (Principles 1986) in satellite remote sensing activities at various States, including Indonesia, through their national policies. Principles 1986 is generally regulating remote sensing activities while preserving the principles of outer space. In the globalization era, the technology is getting more sophisticated, by private entities providing services more actively. One of the main issues in its implementation is the principle of non-discriminatory access to data. Indonesia, as the biggest archipelagic country in the world, requires such remote sensing services to unravel the complexity of problems related to its geographical facts. This thesis is conducted using a juridical-normative research, by reviewing legal references, national and also international legal norms.
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Depok: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, 2013
S47295
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Weng, Qihao
New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010
621.367 8 WEN r
Buku Teks  Universitas Indonesia Library
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"Indonesia's geographic expanse and urgent need monitoring natural resourches make it a potentially large user of satellite remote sensing products. After a brief presentation of major institutions, universities, and organizations dealing with this technique, the paper reviews and analyses major constraints, i.e. cloud cover, atmosphere, landscape, and equipment. It is followed by some examples of SPOT-derived local operational achievements. These are related to cartographic aspects, land cover mapping, agricultural-suburban interface, forestly, soils and geology. Finally, economic aspects and perspectives are considered. As confirmed by other independent works, the SPOT-derived examples stress that this type of data, especially the 10m resolution data, seem to offer a viable alternative to more expensive aerial photographs, particularly when repetive coverage is required."
GEOUGM 21:62 (1991)
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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"As satellite oceanography matures, there is an increasing demand for quantitative satellite data. Numerous scientific users are concerned by the determination of Sea Surface Temperatures (SST), dynamical oceanography, deep water convection, and pollution. Numerous physical and technological factors prevent to achieve accurate satellite measurements of SST. The main contamination due to the atmosphere (water vapor) and can lead to errors up to 10 Kelvin. The variability of sea surface emissivity and the sensor noise lead also to errors. The use of radiometric correction permits to get SST maps with more or less good accuracy according to the type of processing. In Indonesia the reception of the GMS and NOAA data must be used for a systematic analysis of the accuracy of the remote sensed SST in order to get n automatic routine mapping of these SST."
GEOUGM 13:46 (1983)
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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"Land use mapping can be defined as a mapping activity of land cover with cropping management and erosion control practice factors. The activity can be carried out by an application of remote sensing techniques, either air photos or Landsat images to gain land cover information. Cropping management and erosion control practice factors are derived from tables produced with cooperative activity in the field. Information on land cover resulting from remote sensing interpretation still needs to be checked in the field."
GEOUGM 18:55 (1988)
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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"Remote sensing is a very useful tool for geographic study. It is on the basis of the idea that t his subject has been offered for 3 decades in the UGM Faculty of Geography. This article briefly discusses the progress of remote sensing alumni in as viewed from the type of remote sensing system, which are studied, the method of interpretation used, and the fields of its application. Internal as well as external factor do affect this progress. The internal factor comprises the availability of teaching staff members and laboratory, while the external factor is mainly determined by the growing demand of the output.
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GEOUGM 30:75 (1998)
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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