It is an unfortunate evolutionary fact that women become fertile several years before what is, for mother and child, the safest time for birth; moreover, they usually remain fertile for ten to fifteen years beyond the period of lowest risk. While the onset of fertility ranges from age 10 to the mid-tens, pregnancy becomes safest from a biological point of view around the age of 20. The period of maximum safety lasts for about a decade; then, when a woman reaches the age of about 30, risks to mother and child begin to rise and they continue to escalate with each passing year.
The number of children a woman bears in her life affects her health significantly. Her first birth carries a slightly higher risk of complications or death for her and her child than second and third births do, primarily because the first birth reveals any physical weaknesses of genetic abnormalities in the mother or the father. A woman's second and third births are generally the safest but with the fourth birth, the incidences of maternal death, stillbirth, and infant and even childhood mortality begin to rise, jumping sharply with the birth of the fifth and every succeeding child. Beyond a certain point, then, practice does not make perfect in childbearing; quite the contrary, it entails escalating dangers. The actual level of risk involved in bearing large numbers of children depends, of course, on the mother's social milieu. But one pattern prevails in every country and in every social class: risks increase as the number of children passes 3. Contrary to the belief held by many people, including some doctors, that women with many children are apt to give birth easily and painlessly, such women are in fact particularly susceptible to the complications and diseases associated with pregnancy.
Some studies found that about 60 percent of all severely undernourished children were of the fourth or later birth order. It is calculated that even without any other improvements in income, food availability, or medical care, the "limitation of family size to 3 children would bring down the incidence of severe forms of protein calorie malnutrition by at least 60 percent". The ill effects of numerous births on both mothers and their children are more likely to occur when the intervals between these births are short. Studies have shown that infants born less than two years after the previous child are 50 percent more likely to die by age 1 than are infants born two to four years after the previous child. Considering the health of mother and children, the risks related to the reproductive process could be reduced to the lowest level possible if:
1. The birth of the first-born can be deferred until the mother is 20 years old 2. The space between children's births must be at least 2 years 3. No more than 2-3 children are to be born 4. No more births after the mother's age reaches 30 years or over should be expected. "Latar belakang: Stabilitas sekunder memiliki pengaruh besar terhadap oseointegrasi yang pada akhirnya akan mempengaruhi keberhasilan perawatan implan. Desain thread implan merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang mempengaruhi stabilitas implan. Namun belum banyak penelitian yang menganalisa pengaruhnya terhadap stabilitas sekunder. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuasi eksperimental yang mengevaluasi stabilitas sekunder 44 buah implan dengan jenis implan BL (Bone Level) dan BLT (Bone Level Tapered) masing-masing berjumlah 22 buah implan. Stabilitas implan diukur sebanyak 3 kali pada setiap implan menggunakan alat RFA (Resonance Frequency Analysis). Rerata nilai ISQ (Implant Stability Quotient) akan didapat pada saat pemasangan implan, 1 bulan, dan 2 bulan setelah pemasangan implan. Hasil: Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan nilai ISQ yang signifikan antara nilai saat pemasangan implan dibandingkan nilai saat kontrol 1 bulan serta kontrol 2 bulan setelah pemasangan baik pada kelompok BL maupun BLT dengan nilai p < 0,05. Namun, tidak ada perbedaan nilai ISQ yang signifikan antara implan berdiameter 4,1 mm dan 4,8 mm pada jenis implan BL maupun BLT naik pada saat pemasangan implan, saat kontrol 1 bulan, dan kontrol 2 bulan setelah pemasangan dengan nilai p = 0,21. Kesimpulan: Jenis desain thread implan bone level tidak mempengaruhi stabilitas sekunder. Faktor lain seperti diameter implan juga tidak mempengaruhi nilai stabilitas sekunder baik pada jenis implan BL maupun BLT.
Background: Secondary stability greatly influences osseointegration, which ultimately affects the success of implant treatment. Though implant thread design is one important factor influencing implant stability, not many studies have analyzed its impact on secondary stability. Methods: This quasi experimental study involving 44 implants evaluated the biological stability of threaded implants with cylindrical (bone-level; BL) and tapered (bone-level tapered; BLT) designs. Implant stability was evaluated for each implant at 3 time parameters using resonance frequency analysis. A mean implant stability quotient (ISQ) value was calculated for each measurement time. Results: A significant increase in the ISQ value was found at each time parameter consecutively in both implant design groups (P < 0.05). No significant difference was noted in ISQ value between the groups at all 3 time parameters (P = 0.05). There was also no significant difference in the ISQ value at all 3 time parameters between implants with diameters of 4.1 mm and 4.8 mm in the BL and BLT implant groups (P = 0.21). Conclusion: The implant thread designs of BL and BLT implants did not affect the secondary stability. Factors such as implant diameter also did not affect the secondary stability in either implant group.
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