Hasil Pencarian

Ditemukan 134965 dokumen yang sesuai dengan query

Nurhamlin

Persepsi petani terhadap alokasi waktu: Studi kasus dampak penyuluhan terhadap petani peserta Lokal PIR-Sus Sei Tapung di Kecamatan Tandun, Kampar Riau = Farmers perception on time allocation. A case study : the impact of information on local farmers special nucleus estate of Sei Tapung In The Tandun Sub--District, Kampar, Riau

"ABSTRAK

Pembangunan pertanian sub-sektor perkebunan di Indonesia telah dikembangkan dalam berbagai pola, di antaranya adalah pola Unit Pelaksana Proyek (UPP) dan pola Perusahaan Inti Rakyat Perkebunan (PIR-Bun). Pengembangan perkebunan dengan pola PIR bertujuan untuk membangun masyarakat pekebun yang berwiraswasta dan sejahtera dengan melibatkan pengusaha perkebunan dan petani, dalam suatu sistem hubungan kerjasama yang saling menguntungkan, utuh dan berkesinambungan. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, pengusaha perkebunan bersama-sama dengan instansi terkait membantu dan membimbing perkebunan rakyat di sekitarnya melalui pembinaan petani.

Di daerah Riau, pengembangan perkebunan dengan pola PIR telah dilaksanakan sejak tahun 1981. Salah satu di antaranya adalah PIR Khusus (PIR-Sus) Sei Tapung di Kecamatan Tandun, Kabupaten Daerah Tingkat II Kampar, Riau. Proyek PIR-Sus ini mengusahakan budidaya kelapa sawit seluas 7.670 ha, meliputi 5.000 ha kebun plasma dan 2.670 ha kebun inti. Bersamaan dengan itu telah dimukimkan pula 2.500 kepala keluarga (KR) petani peserta yang terdiri dari 2.000 KK petani asal transmigrasi dan 500 KK petani lokal.

Kegiatan proyek PIR-Sus sejak periode persiapan hingga periode pembayaran kembali, diduga telah menimbulkan dampak pada lingkungan hidup, khususnya terhadap Cara hidup petani lokal, terutama tentang persepsinya mengenai alokasi waktu. Kajian tentang alokasi waktu ini perlu dilakukan, karena di satu sisi perubahan jenis usaha tani dari tanaman pangan dan/ atau kebun karet ke usaha tani kebun kelapa sawit menuntut perubahan alokasi waktu. Sebab waktu yang diperlukan untuk usaha tani tanaman pangan hanya 144 hari kerja per ha per musim, sedangkan untuk mengelola dua ha kebun kelapa sawit yang telah menghasilkan diperlukan waktu 342 hari kerja per tahun. Di sisi lain ada kebiasaan yang berlaku bagi masyarakat local, bahwa dalam seminggu biasanya mereka bekerja lima hari. Hal ini berarti dalam setahun hanya ada 260 hari kerja. Atas dasar ini diduga bahwa perubahan jenis usahatani akan mempengaruhi pola alokasi waktu petani lokal memperoieh penyuluhan yang relatif intensif, terpadu dan berkesinambungan dari pihak PTP sebagai pengelola PIR-Sus Sei Tapung. Sebagai hasil penyuluhan itu diduga telah terjadi perubahan persepsi petani lokal yang menjadi peserta PIR terhadap arti pentingnya waktu. Perubahan persepsi terhadap waktu tersebut dapat diketahui dari tanggapan petani tentang jumlah alokasi waktu untuk berbagai kegiatan. Bagi pihak pembina petani (penyuluh), pola alokasi waktu petani merupakan informasi penting terutama dalam melaksanakan kegiatan penyuluhan yang tepat sasaran, tepat waktu, sangkil dan mangkus. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi dampak penyuluhan yang dilakukan terhadap persepsi petani mengenai alokasi waktu.

Mengetahui apakah ada perbedaan persepsi petani PIR dan non-PIR mengenai alokasi waktu ; dan untuk melihat apakah ada hubungan jenis usahatani dengan persepsi petani mengenai alokasi waktu.

Sebagai jawaban sementara terhadap masalah penelitian, diajukan hipotesis penelitian, yaitu persepsi petani mengenai jumlah alokasi waktu berhubungan dengan keikutsertaan petani dalam PIR, frekuensi kehadiran mengikuti penyuluhan dan jenis usahatani. Persepsi mengenai alokasi waktu diukur dengan tanggapan responden terhadap jumlah alokasi waktu, yang dibedakan atas tiga kategori tangga (RT) dan jumlah waktu yang dinikmati (K). Sedangkan keikutsertaan petani dalam PIR dibedakan atas dua kategori yaitu petani PIR dan petani non--PIR. Frekuensi mengikuti penyuluhan dibedakan atas tiga kategori yaitu kurang, sedang dan sering. Sedangkan jenis usahatani dibedakan atas usahatani tanaman pangan, tanaman kebun karet dan tanaman kebun kelapa sawit.

Perselitian terhadap petani PIR dilakukan di Desa Tapung Jaya, sedangkan terhadap petani non-PIR dilakukan di Ke1urahan Ujungbatu, dengan jumlah sampel 20 persen dari masing-masing sub-populasi . Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara dan pengamatan, sedangkan analisis data dilakukan dengan uji statistik kai kuadrat 2(X ).

Berdasarkan asumsi semula bahwa faktor produktifitas petani dianggap sama (diabaikan) maka dari hasil analisis yang dilakukan, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa:

1) Rata-rata alokasi waktu petani PIR untuk B adalah 8,0 jam per hari, untuk RT 1,0 jam per hari dan untuk K 10,4 jam per hari. Sedangkan rata-rata alokasi waktu petani non-PIR untuk B adalah 6,5 jam per hari, untuk RT 1,2 jam per hari dan untuk K 11,7 jam per hari. Berdasarkan alokasi waktu tersebut, maka waktu luang petani PIR dan non-PIR masing--masing adalah 4,6 jam per hari.

2) Ada perbedaan alokasi waktu petani PIR dengan petani non-PIR, di mana alokasi waktu B petani PIR lebih banyak dari petani non-PIR. Apabila dibandingkan dengan jam kerja baku (8,0 jam per hari) maka petani PIR lebih giat bekerja dari petani non-PIR. Sedangkan alokasi waktu untuk RT dan K petani PIR lebih sedikit dari petani non-PIR. Dengan demikian, dapat dikatakan bahwa dengan masuknya petani lokal menjadi peserta PIR cenderung bertambah besar jumlah jam bekerjanya, sebaliknya berkurang jumlah waktu untuk kegiatan rurnah tangga dan jumlah waktu yang dinikmati.

3) Berdasarkan asumsi semula bahwa faktor produktifitas petani dianggap sama, ternyata ada perbedaan rata-rata alokasi waktu untuk berbagai kegiatan antara petani tanaman pangan, petani kebun karet dan petani kebun kelapa sawit. Dilihat dari rata-rata alokasi waktu bekerja, petani kebun kelapa sawit lebih giat dari petani kebun karat maupun petani tanaman pangan.

4) Dengan mengasumsikan bahwa faktor umur, tingkat pendidikan dan tingkat pendapatan merupakan faktor yang diabaikan, maka ternyata ada hubungan antara frekuensi kehadiran petani mengikuti penyuluhan dengan rata-rata alokasi waktu B, RT dan K. Frekuensi penyuluhan yang dihadiri petani berkorelasi positif dengan rata-rata alokasi waktu B, sebaliknya berkorelasi negatif dengan rata-rata alokasi waktu RT.

5) Dilihat dari rata-rata alokasi waktu luang (L) petani PIR dan non-PIR, (4,6 jam per hari) maka bagi petani PIR akan lebih sangkil bila dialokasikan untuk kegiatan rumah tangga dan waktu yang dinikmati khususnya untuk kebutuhan sosial dan kebutuhan rekreasi. Sedangkan bagi petani non-PIR, jumlah waktu luang tersebut akan lebih sangkil bila dialokasikan untuk bekerja dan kegiatan rumah tangga.

Berdasarkan kesimpulan di atas, diajukan beberapa pertimbangan sebagai berikut:

1) Mengikutsertakan petani lokal yang menjadi peserta PIR, ternyata mampu merubah perilaku mereka dalam mengalokasikan waktu untuk kegiatan produktif. Oleh karena itu, diusulkan agar petani lokal yang akan menjadi peserta PIR ditingkatkan jumlahnya.

2) Dari rata-rata alokasi waktu B, petani PIR lebih giat dari petani non-PIR. Besarnya jumlah jam kerja petani PIR disebabkan oleh perubahan Jenis usahatani (sistem kerja) ke arah diversifikasi usaha. Oleh karena itu untuk membina petani non-PIR agar waktu bekerjanya meningkat maka perlu ada upaya ke arah diversifikasi usaha dari pemanfaatan waktu luang.

3) Keikutsertaan petani dalam kegiatan penyuluhan ternyata mempunyai dampak positif dalam merubah persepsi petani tentang arti pentingnya waktu, hal ini tereermin dari pernyataan petani dalam mengalokasikan waktunya. Untuk menirigkatkan jumlah jam kerja petani lokal, salah satu alternatif yang diusulkan adalah menyelenggarakan penyuluhan yang intensif, terpadu, dan berkesinambungan.

4) Karena pola alokasi waktu petani berhubungan dengan jenis usahatani tertentu, maka agar penyuluhan yang diberikan kepada petani tepat waktu dan tepat sasaran, maka pihak penyuluh perlu mempertimbangkan pola alokasi waktu yang berlaku bagi masing-masing petani menurut jenis usahataninya_ Dalam hal ini waktu luang merupakan waktu yang tepat untuk memberikan penyuluhan kepada petani.

The sub-sector farming of agricultural development in Indonesia is extended in some patterns, two of them are Project Implementation Unit (Unit Pelaksana Proyek (UPP)) and Nucleus Estate Plantation (Perusahaan Intl Rakyat Perkebunan (PIR-Bun)) patterns. The purpose of farming extension with PIR patterns is the development of farmers society entrepreneurship and wealth, involving the entrepreneurs and farmers, in mutuality symbiosis system, integration and continuation. To achieve this objective, farming entrepreneurs and related institutions should assist and guide the surrounding smallholders by developing the farmers.
In Riau Province, farming development of PIR patterns has been executed since 1981. One of these patterns is Special PIR (PI} Khusus or PIR-Sus) Sei Tapung in Tandun Sub-district, Kampar, Riau Province. This PIR-Sus project developed palm farming in 7.870 ha, included 5.000 ha plasma farm and 2.670 ha nucleus farm. At the same time, this area has been habitated by 2.500 families of PIR farmers, i . e 2.000 transmigrant families and 500 local inhabitant families.
It is expected that the activities of PIR-Sus project, since preliminary period up to the repayment period, have proceeded the environmental impact, especially to the local farmers perception on time allocation. A study on this time allocation of farmers is necessary, because of the changing type of agribusiness from food, plantation and r or rubber farming to palm farming, needs changing of time allocation. Agribusiness of food plantation requires 144 working days' per ha per year, as well as 342 working days per year to manage two ha of productive palm farming. Beside that, the local society traditionally works for five days per week and 260 days per year. It is expected that the changing type of agribusiness will influence the pattern of local farmers allocation of time.
PIR local farmers' get information intensively, integrated and continuously from PTP official, manager of PIR-Sus Sei Tapung. It is expected for the changing PIR member of local farmers' perception on the meaningful of time. Change of perception on time is indicated by the farmers? response on time allocation for a variety of activities. Patterns of farmers time allocation give an important information to the PIR informants, especially for the purpose of efficiency, effectiveness and on time of information activities. Getting data on this subject, it is necessary to perform research:
To evaluate the impact of information which is performed on farmers perception about time allocation; To know whether there is a different perception among PIR farmers' and non-PIR farmers' on time allocation; o note down whether there is relationship between types f agribusiness with farmers perception on time allocation.
As a temporary answer, it is necessary to develop research hypothesis, that there is a relationship between the farmers perception on the amount of time allocation with their participating in FIR, frequency of attending the information sessions and types of agribusiness. The perception on time allocation is indicated by the farmers response on time allocation for amount of time allocation is three categories of the amount of time allocation, i.e. the amount of time for working activities (bekeria (BY), the amount of time for housekeeping activities (rumah tng (RT)), and the amount of time for consumption (konsumsi (IC)). Two categories of farmers? position are PIR and non-PIR farmers'.
Frequencies of attending farming information are seldom, often, and very often. And types of agribusiness are agribusiness of food plantation, of rubber farming, and of palm farming.
Research on PIR farmers' was carried out in Tapung Jaya village and on non-PIR farmers' in Ujungbatu village, with 20 percent samples for each sub-population. Data collecting techniques are interview and observation. Analysis of data is 2 chi-square (X ) statistical test.
Conclusions of this analysis of data are:
The average time allocation of PIR farmers' for B is 8,0 hours per day, for RT is 1,0 hour per day, and for K is 10,4 hours per day. The average time allocation of non-FIR farmers' for B is 6,5 hours per day. The leisure time of FIR farmers' and non-PIR farmers' is only 4,6 hours per day.
Time allocation difference of PIR and non-PIR farmers' is that time allocation of PIR farmers' for B has more time than non-FIR farmers'. According to standard working time (8,0 hours per day), FIR farmers' are more active than non-FIR farmers'. Because time allocation of PIR farmers' for RT and K is less compared to that of non-PIR farmers', there is an inclination that farmers who become FIR members spend more time on FIR activities than on household activities and consumption of time.
Based on earlier assumption that each farmers has an equal productivity, it appears that there is a different of the average time allocation for a variety if' activities among food plantation farmers, rubber farming farmers, and palm farming farmers. For the average time allocation of B, palm-farming farmers are more active than food plantation farmers and rubber farming farmers.
Without including age, education and earning factors in this assumption, it seems there is a relationship between the frequency of farmers attending the information sessions with the average time allocation given to B, RT and K. Frequency of information activities of attended farmers has positive correlation with the average time allocation for B, but the negative correlation with the average time allocation for VT.
Regarding to the average amount of leisure time of .PIR and non-PIR farmers' which is 4,6 hours per day; it is more efficient if it is used for household activities and consumption of time, specifically for recreation and social activities. On the other hand it will be more efficient for to use that time for work and household activities.
Based on the above conclusion, there are some recommendations:
change their behavior of time allocation of productive activities. Therefore the members of PIR local farmers' should be pushed up.
According to the average time allocation for B, PIR farmers' are more active than non-PIR farmers'. The number of agribusiness diversification that positively influence the income level. To increase the working hour capacity of non-PIR farmers', we should enhance the diversification of business and the spending of leisure time.
Participation of farmers in the information activity has positive impact in changing farmers perception on the meaningful (important) of time; it is reflected from farmers behavior in allocating their time.
According to the correlation of farmers time allocation patterns and type of certain agribusiness, the information activities given to the farmers on time and on the right target, the informants should consider to the patterns of time allocation of farmers type of agribusiness. Leisure time is the right time to give information to farmers."

Jakarta: Program Pascasarjana Universitas Indonesia, 1990

T-Pdf

UI - Tesis Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Elvi Misjihadiah

Ekologi perkarangan : struktur, pola perkarangan, dan hubungan faktor sosial ekonomi masyarakat terhadap keanekaragaman jenis tanaman di sekitar Cagar Alam Lembah Harau, Sumatera Barat

"Homegarden Ecology : The Structure, Pattern of Homegarden and Correlation Between Economic - Social Factors of People Community Around Lembah Harau Nature Reserve West Sumatra and Plant Diversity. A research has been done on the structure and pattern of homegarden and correlation between economic - social factors of people community and plant diversity. The research was conducted in two villages around the Lembah Harau Nature Reserve (LHNR), Harau subdistrict, the regencies of Lima Puluh Kota, West Sumatra. The villages are Desa Harau, located in the north side of LHNR, and Desa Tarantang Lubuk Limpato, located in south side and the west side of LHNR. The data were collected from October 2000 up to January 2001.

The research was non experimental with a Stratified Random Sampling Method. Data of plant density, frequency, and dominance were used to calculate Important value index, Shannon diversity index (H), Jaccard similarity index (ISJ), and Shannon equitability index (E). The community economic - social factors data, as independent variables, and the plant diversity, as a dependent variable, were analyzed using the multiple regression analysis to produce the regression equality model.

This research found 270 species of plants from 76 family. The plants were grouped into 11 categories. There were 33 species of fruit plants, 23 species of industrial plants, 29 species of vegetable plants, 60 species of traditionally medicinal plants, 3 species of food plants, 21 species of flavor plants, 62 species of ornamental plants, 5 species of plants for spiritual events, 8 species of traditional cosmetic plants, 55 species of weeds, and the remaining 47 species grouped into miscellaneous plants. The patterns of homegarden usage were different in two villages. In Desa Tarantang Lubuk Limpato the tree level was dominated by industrial plants and the belta level was dominated by fruit plants.

On the other hand, in Desa Harau the tree level was dominated by fruit plants and the belta level was dominated by industrial plants. Artocarpus dadah, Artocarpus elasticus, Ficus ampelas, Ficus annulata, Ficus auranticea, Ficus benjamina, Ficus glandulifera, Ficus parietalis, Ficus caulocarpa, and Ficus aurata from Moraceae family were grown and spread surround the homegarden and their bennefit are still unknown by the local society. The pattern of plant stratification showed the stratification pattern was similar to a forest. Based on the formation of canopy coat, there were five strata, i.e. stratum A (>20m), stratum B (15-20m), stratum C (10-15m), stratum D (5-10m), dan stratum E (0-5m).

The diversity of plant species at homegarden for tree level were strongly correlated with size of homegarden and income of respondent (R2=0,601)_ At belta level, besides of size of homegarden and income of respondent, long period of resident also had a strong correlation (R2=0,721) with the diversity of plant. At seedling level and ground cover there were weak correlations of the plant diversity with size of house (R2=0,073).

Plant species which dominated homegarden was probably caused by the change of homegarden function. Increase of economic condition of people may cause decreasing in plant diversity at homegarden, especially indiginous plant species."

Depok: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia, 2001

T4569

UI - Tesis Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Nurul Fadhilah

Fluktuasi asimetri dan ekomorfologi pembagian relung (niche partitioning) pada komunitas kelelawar di Taman Nasional Lore Lindu Sulawesi Tengah

"Lore Lindu National Park covers 217,991 ha of Central Sulawesi. The elevation range from 200 m asl in Pakuli to 2,355 m asl at the top of Nokilalaki mountain on the north east of this national park. This wide range of the elevation has become the supporting factor of the high biodiversity in this national park. There were many Sulawesi endemic faunas which have been found in this national park. This national park have at least 5 species of squirrel, 31 of 38 of the rats species are endemic not to mention other big mammals and the species of shrews which are mostly endemic. Approximately there are 55 species of bats inhabit this national park. This group of animals plays important economic and ecological roles including producing fertilizer, pollinating fruit trees, and consuming vast numbers of insects. Bat’s morphology and anatomy are basically like that of any other mammal, the wings are the most obvious distinguishing characteristic. The fundamental similarity in structure of all bats has required the group to expand into new habitat or to partition their niche.

Ecomorphology is a study that relates the morphological structures that construct an organism with ecological and evolutionary consequences of that designs. Some previous study indicate the relationship between morphological characters such as cranial or wing characters with diet and niche partition in bats. Ecomorphological study of bats is very lack in Sulawesi particularly which correlates with its ecological function such as niche partition. The study on ecomorphology has not been comprise the whole area of this national park. There were no reports on this study at the South West Part of Lore Lindu National Park, near Tomado village.

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a pattern of variation in which asymmetry values are normally distributed around a mean of zero. FA has been considered as the product of random errors in development, and thus a measure of developmental stability. The level of FA in a trait may indicate genetic, developmental, or environmental stress. The study of FA can also predict the interspecies relationship between two or more species in one area. The study of FA in bats has never been conducted in Lore Lindu National Park. This study can explain the interspecies relationship among bats species and the level of environmental stress in the national park.

This study focused on two topics: (1) ecomorphological relationship between wing characters and niche partition in bat community, and (2) fluctuating asymmetry pattern in bat community. The study area was located at Lore Lindu National Park, Salupada Mountain, Tomado village, Central Sulawesi. The study was conducted between July to August 2002.

Bats were captured using mist nets and a harp trap. This study is testing the hypothesis that bat species are randomly dispersed in multivariate morphological space. In contrast, if they are organized (due to phylogeny, competitive interactions, etc), multivariate morphological space will be partitioned regularly. This study is also testing the significant difference of FA levels between species of bat in the community to see the interspecies relationship among them.

A total of 128 bat specimens from 16 species were collected. The wing morphology of each specimens were measured using digital caliper. The wing characters measured were the Metacarpal of the first to the fifth digit of the bat, the first and the second Phalanges of the third to the fifth digit of the bat, Forearms, and Tibiae. A total of 13 characters were measured. These characters was analysed using multivariate statistics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

Principal component analysis indicates that differences in size of the wing (PC-1) contribute 86% of niche partition, whereas wing width membrane differences (PC-2) contribute only about 8% of niche partition. The guild of bat community in Lore Lindu National Park was not distributed randomly in multivariate space. Instead we found that the morphological space is partitioned regularly, probably due to competitive interactions The pattern of fluctuating asymmetry between the two bat species showed no significant differences of FA level between the sexes within The study of ecomorphological attributes on bats in Lore Lindu National Park is still needed to be continued in order to find out the niche partition in the whole area of the park and also to see the level of disturbance in the area."

Depok: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia, 2005

T43297

UI - Tesis Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Selvi Lestari

Distribusi spasial nilai produktivitas varietas padi sawah di Kecamatan Cidahu, Kabupaten Sukabumi = spatial distribution of paddy rice productivity value varieties in Cidahu Sub-district, Sukabumi Regency

"Padi (Oryza Sativa, sp.) Merupakan komoditas pangan utama masyarakat Indonesia. Secara umum, Indonesia memiliki beberapa varietas tanaman padi yang ditanam secara selektif oleh petani untuk meningkatkan nilai produktivitas tanaman padi. Tercatat pada 2019, Cidahu memiliki nilai produksi padi relatif tinggi yakni 20.721 ton. Salah satu cara yang efektif untuk memantau tanaman padi adalah dengan memanfaatkan teknologi penginderaan jauh, baik citra radar maupun optik. Dataset radar dan optik sangat potensial untuk diterapkan di wilayah tropis dan sub tropis yang rawan tutupan awan sehingga kombinasi keduanya saling melengkapi dalam meningkatkan akurasi klasifikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis fenologi spasial tanaman padi, memetakan pola sebaran varietas padi, dan menganalisis pola spasial produktivitas tanaman padi menggunakan citra Sentinel-1 dan Sentinel-2 di Kecamatan Cidahu, Kabupaten Sukabumi. Kombinasi polarisasi SAR dan indeks vegetasi dari citra optik digunakan untuk menentukan tahapan tanam padi, yang selanjutnya menjadi pedoman dalam identifikasi varietas dan produktivitas padi. Tahapan padi dikategorikan menjadi persiapan lahan, vegetatif, generatif, dan maturatif. Hasil panen dari 3.443 hektar luas panen adalah 20.000-21.000 ton per hektar.

Paddy (Oryza Sativa, sp.) is the main food commodity of most Indonesian. Generally, Indonesia has several rice crop varieties, which selectively planted by farmers to increase the value of rice crop productivity. Recorded in 2019, Cidahu has a relatively high value of paddy rice production of 20,721 tons. One effective way of monitoring rice crops is by utilizing remote sensing technology, both radar and optical imagery. Radar and optical datasets are very potential to be applied in tropical and sub-tropical regions, which are prone to cloud-cover so that the combination of the two complement each other in increasing the accuracy of classification. This study aims to analyze the spatial phenology of paddy, map the distribution patterns of paddy rice varieties, and analyze the spatial patterns of rice crop productivity using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 imageries in Cidahu sub-district, Sukabumi Regency. The combination of polarization from SAR and vegetation index from optical images are used to determine the planting stages of paddy, which then serves as a guide for the identification of rice varieties and productivity. The paddy stages are categorized into land preparation, vegetative, generative, and maturative. The yield from the 3,443 hectares of harvested area is 20,000-21,000 tons per hectare."

Depok: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia, 2021

S-pdf

UI - Skripsi Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

I Gusti Ayu Rai Sawitri

Ekologi pekarangan di Desa Pakraman Kabupaten Buleleng Bali = Ecology homegardens in Pakraman Villages Buleleng Regency Bali

"Pola pekarangan masyarakat desa Pakraman di Bali, didasari atas konsep Tri Hita Karana. Konsep tersebut mengatur ruang pekarangan untuk menciptakan hubungan yang harmonis dengan sang pencipta (Parahyangan), manusia (Pawongan) dan lingkungan (Palemahan). Penelitian ekologi pekarangan dilakukan di desa Pakraman, Buleleng Bali bertujuan untuk mengetahui kekayaan dan keanekaragaman serta menggali informasi mengenai potensi pemanfaatan spesies tanaman pekarangan.

Penelitian ini mencakup keanekaragaman, persepsi dan pengetahuan pemanfaatan spesies tanaman pekarangan pada tiga lokasi altitude (h) yaitu daerah altitude rendah (h≤500 m dpl), altitude menengah (500

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jumlah spesies yang ditemukan sebanyak 304 spesies dari 229 genus dan termasuk dalam 95 famili. Kekayaan spesies di daerah rendah sebanyak 227 spesies, menengah 202 spesies dan tinggi 156 spesies. Hasil perhitungan indeks keanekaragaman spesies (H?) Shannon-Wiener pada 3 kategori altitude menunjukkan penurunan keanekaragaman seriring dengan peningkatan ketinggian. Hasil analisis dengan Local User's Value Index (LUVI) diperoleh 9 kategori guna dari keseluruhan lokasi penelitian yaitu bahan makanan, hiasan atau ornamen, ritual, peneduh atau perindang, obat-obatan, penulak bala (mitos), sumber penghasilan, menyama braya (sosial) dan pewarna, namun ditemukan perbedaan persepsi fungsi pekarangan bagi masyarakat pada tiap daerah ketinggian. Spesies tanaman dengan nilai kepentingan budaya (ICS-Index of Cultural Significance tertinggi adalah nyuh biasa (Cocos nucifera) sebesar 156 dengan 14 jumlah pemanfaatan.

Balinese homegarden at Pakraman villagers in Bali, is based on the concept of Tri Hita Karana (THK). The concept of managing the yard space to create a harmonious relationship with the creator (Parahyangan), human (Pawongan) and the environment (Palemahan). Ecological research conducted in the village Pakraman homegarden, Buleleng Bali aims to find and explore the richness and diversity of plants spescies and also to get information about the potential use of plants species.
This study includes diversity, perceptions and knowledge utilization homegarden plant species in three locations height (h) that is a low area (h ≤500 m asl), medium (500 < h <1000 m above sea level) and high (h ≥1000 m asl) to further grouped by extents (a) is a small yard (a ≤300 m2), medium (300

The results showed the number of species found as many as 304 species from 229 genera and included in 95 families. Lower species richness in the area as much as 227 species, 202 species of medium height and 156 species. Results of calculation of the index of species diversity (H ') Shannon-Wiener at 3 height categories showed a decline diversity with increased height. Results of the analysis by the Local User's Value Index (LUVI) gained 9 categories in order of overall research sites are foodstuffs, ornaments, ritual, shade, drugs, penulak bala (myth), source of income, menyama braya (social) and dyes, but found differences in the perception of the homegarden functions for society at every altitude. Plant species named nyuh biasa (Cocos nucifera) has highest Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) value of 156 in 14 types of utilization."

Depok: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia, 2015

T43640

UI - Tesis Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Touliatos, John

Research methods in human ecology: home economics

Iowa: Iowa State University Press , 1988

640.72 TOU r

Buku Teks Universitas Indonesia Library

Lewoleba, Gregorius Goran

Strategi adaptasi masyarakat petani terhadap ekosistem savana: studi kasus di Kecamatan Amarasi Kabupaten Kupang Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur = Strategic adaptation of peasant community in a savanna ecosystem ( A case study of the Sub District of Amarasi District of Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara)

"Interaksi antara manusia dengan lingkungan pada hakekatnya berkembang sebagai perwujudan tanggapan aktif manusia terhadap tantangan yang dihadapi dalam suatu ekosistem. Dengan pegetahuan kebudayaan yang dimilikinya, manusia berusaha melihat, memahami, memilah-milahkan gejala untuk kemudian merencanakan tindakan dan menentukan sikap dalam beradaptasi terhadap lingkungannya dengan mengembangkan strategi yang dianggap effektif.

Upaya pemenuhan kebutuhan manusia untuk mempertahankan hidupnya senantiasa ditempuh dengan berbagai macam cara antara lain melalui kegiatan pertanian. Aktivitas manusia dalam bidang pertanian tidak lain merupakan pencerminan interaksi antara lingkungan dengan kemampuan manusia untuk mengubah dan mentransfer energi yang diperlukan dalam hidupnya. Meskipun demikian, hal ini tergantung dari kondisi ekosistem yang memberi peluang bagi usaha manusia untuk mempertahankan hidupnya, di samping pemahaman penduduk tentang lingkungannya.

Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kecamatan Amarasi Kabupaten Kupang Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur dengan mengambil 120 Kepala Keluarga (KK) sebagai responden yang dipilih secara random pada 3 buah desa yang ditentukan secara purposive. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah Deskriptif Kualitatif, dengan teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara terpimpin, wawancara mendalam dan studi kepustakaan, serta pengamatan terlibat.

Dengan memperhatikan latar belakang lingkungan dan masyarakatnyat maka timbul pertanyaan bagaimana penduduk setempat bertahan hidup di lingkungan yang mempunyai kondisi fisik yang "kurang menguntungkan", apabila dilihat dari mata pencaharian mereka, khususnya dalam bercocok tanam. Lebih lanjut hal itu menunjukan bahwa betapapun "kerasnya" kondisi lingkungan penduduk setempat ternyata masyarakat dapat mengelola sumberdaya yang tersedia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya sebagai perwujudan adaptasi aktif mereka. Oleh karena itu timbul pertanyaan lebih lanjut bagaimana masyarakat petani memahami lingkungannya ? Bagaimana mereka sampai pada keputusan beradaptasi terhadap lingkungannya dan bertahan hidup dalam kondisi fisik yang kurang mengunungkan, dengan mengembangkan pencaharian utama bercocok tanam ?

Secara umum penelitian ini dimaksud untuk memperoleh pengertian bagaimana ekosistem dan kebudayaan mempengaruhi pilihan strategi adaptasi penduduk di lingkungan savana. Lebih lanjut penelitian ini secara khusus bertujuan :

1) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan teknologi terhadap kemampuan adaptasi masyarakat petani.

2) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat sosial petani terhadap kemampuan beradaptasi.

3) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat kebutuhan hidup masyarakat petani terhadap kemampuan beradaptasi.

4) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat pendidikan masyarakat petani terhadap kemampuan beradaptasi.

5) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh orientasi pasar masyarakat terhadap kemampuan beradaptasi

6) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh orientasi kerja masyarakat petani terhadap kemampuan beradaptasi.

7) Untuk mengetahui strategi adaptasi yang paling relevan agar dapat meningkatkan taraf hidup dengan tetap menjaga keseimbangan dan stabilitas ekosistem savana.

8) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh lingkungan dalam menentukan strategi adaptasi.

Sebagai implikasi dari keadaan lingkungan alam yang kurang menguntungkan, maka masyarakat petani di Kecamatan Amarasi menentukan strategi tindakan untuk beradaptasi dengan lingkungannya melalui kegiatan usaha tani terpadu di atas lahan kering. Bentuk kegiatan (dalam pengertian luas) yang dominan adalah perladangan berpindah dengan sistem tebas bakar dan penggembalaan ternak dengan sistem lepas liar.

Sebagai akibat dari bentuk kegiatan pertanian seperti tersebut di atas, maka semakin memperbesar areal lahan kritis dalam ekosistem savana yang pada gilirannya menjadi faktor menyebab proses perusakan lingkungan.

Akan tetapi berdasarkan hasil pengalaman yang diwarisi secara turun temurun dari para pendahulunya, masyarakat petani di Kecamatan Amarasi dapat bertahan hidup dalam ekosistem savana yang demikian itu. Hal ini disebabkan karena masyarakat petani memiliki "kearifan lingkungan" untuk menetapkan strategi beradaptasi, baik adaptasi secara ekonomis maupun adaptasi secara ekologis.

Adaptasi ekologis yang cukup efektif dan masih relevan dilakukan oleh masyarakat petani di Kecamatan Amarasi adalah sistem lamtoronisasi.

Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa kemampuan masyarakat petani beradaptasi terhadap ekosistem savana dipengaruhi oleh cultural core (inti kebudayaan) yang meliputi aspek sosial budaya, sosial ekonomi dan penguasaan teknologi yang dijabarkan ke dalam beberapa variabel yaitu orientasi kerja, kebutuhan hidup dan orientasi pasar. Sedangkan variabel yang tidak mempunyai hubungan pengaruh dengan kemampuan beradaptasi dari masyarakat petani adalah status sosial, tingkat pendidikan dan tingkat penguasaan teknologi.

Interaction among humans with their environment is basically progressing as a manifestation of active responses against challenges met in any ecosystem. With their cultural knowledge, humans try to see, understand and identify symptoms, plan their actions and determines attitudes in adapting to the environment by developing strategies, which are supposed to be effective.
Efforts to fulfill human necessities in order to survive are always achieved through various ways such as through agriculture represent reflection of interactions between environmental condition and human ability to modify natural resources and transferring them into energy they need yet; this depends on the ecosystem condition that gives opportunity for humans to survive, beside people is understanding about their environment.
This research is carried out in the Sub-District of Amarasi, District of Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara; using 120 heads of household (K<) as respondents, purposively selected by random sampling from villages.
Methodological approach used is descriptive qualitative, where data collection was conducted with the help of guided interviews and depth interview, supported by Library Studies, and participant observation.
Taking the background of environment into consideration, there is question as to how the local inhabitants in the ecosystem could survive in the ecosystem that has physical condition, which is less profitable seen from their way of living, especially in cultivation. It was also indicated how hard the local ecosystem condition might be. In reality the inhabitants are able to manage the available resources to fulfill their necessities as a manifestation of their active adaptation. Further questions are how the peasant community perceives their ecosystem and how they arrive on a decision to adapt to their ecosystem and survive in a natural condition, which is less profitable, by developing cultivation as the main economic activity. This research is meant to study how ecosystem and cultural affects community strategic adaptation alternative in a savanna ecosystem.
Further, this research is especially supposed
1) To know the influence of technology application on the adaptation ability of the peasant community.
2) To know the influence of life necessities standard of the peasant community on their adaptation ability.
3) To know the influence of education level of the peasant community on their adaptation ability.
4) To know the influence of social status of the peasant community on their adaptation ability.
5) To know the influence of market orientation of the peasant community on their adaptation ability.
6) To know the influence of work orientation of the peasant community on their adaptation ability.
7) To know the strategic adaptation which is most relevant in order to obtain living standard increase by keeping the harmony and stability of the savanna ecosystem.
8) To know the influence of environment in deciding strategic adaptation.
As implication of the condition of the natural ecosystem, which is less profitable, the peasant community in the Sub-District of Amarasi determine their strategic adaptation to their environment by way of integrated cultivation activity on the dry fields. The dominant cultivation activities (in broad meaning) are slash and burn shifting cultivation system and natural animal (wildlife) pastoral system.
As result from such kind of activities, critical areas are extending, causing environmental deteriorations.
But, based on experiences, which are inherited form, their ancestors, from generation to generation the peasant community in the Sub-District of Amarasi has been able to survive in the savanna ecosystem. This is due to the fact that the peasant community have "environmental wisdom" to determine strategic adaptation, either economic or ecologic. Ecologic adaptation, which is still effective and relevant that performed by the peasant community in .the Sub-District of Amarasi is "Lamtoro cultivation system". In this research it was found that the peasant community's ability in adapting themselves to the savanna ecosystem is being affected by their cultural core that cover their cultural, social, and economic aspects, and their technological mastery that are formulated in some variables i.e. work orientation, life necessities and market orientation. Whereas variables that have no influences on the adaptation ability of the peasant community are social status, educational level and technological mastery."

Jakarta: Program Pascasarjana Universitas Indonesia, 1991

T-Pdf

UI - Tesis Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Herdianti

Model Pengendalian Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) pada Lingkungan Rumah Toko Dan Squatter di Kota Batam (Tinjauan Relung Ekologi) = Model for Controlling Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) of Environment Shophouses and Squatters in Batam City (Niche Study)

"Kota Batam adalah penyumbang terbanyak kasus Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di Kepulauan Riau. Salah satu tantangan terbesar dalam penularan DBD di Kota Batam adalah keberadaan rumah toko (ruko) dan permukiman kumuh yang tidak pada peruntukkannya (squatter). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menyusun model pengendalian DBD pada lingkungan ruko dan squatter di Kota Batam. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif analitik dengan pendekatan studi ekologi. Populasi dan sampel untuk analisis spasial yakni 44 kelurahan dan populasi untuk uji statistik yaitu penderita DBD tahun 2022 sebanyak 767 kasus dengan 88 sampel. Data dianalisis dengan univariat, bivariat, pemetaan dan model. Hasil analisis menunjukkan variabel yang merupakan faktor risiko antara lain kepadatan vektor (ruko: OR=6,2, squatter: OR=11,2), mobilitas penduduk (ruko: OR=6,2, squatter: OR=6,5), suhu (ruko: OR=6,0, squatter: OR=7,3), curah hujan (ruko: OR=6,5, squatter: OR=8,4), kelembaban (ruko: OR=7,1, squatter: OR=5,7), dan konstruksi rumah (ruko: OR=5,0). Luaran penelitian ini adalah model GWR yang menunjukkan variabel Proporsi Perumahan Squatter, Suhu, Kepadatan Vektor dan Kepadatan Penduduk berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Jumlah Kasus DBD di Kota Batam (R2=77,13%). Model pengendalian yang dapat dilakukan adalah manajemen DBD berbasis relung ekologi antara lain peraturan daerah terkait penatalaksanaan lingkungan dengan mengatur barang bekas disekitar squatter serta memberdayakan anak sekolah dalam pemberantasan jentik.

Batam City is the largest contributor to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) cases in the Riau Islands. One of the biggest challenges in the transmission of dengue fever in Batam City is the existence of shophouses and slum areas that are not intended for use (squatters). The aim of this research was to develop a model for controlling dengue fever in shophouses and squatter environments in Batam City. This research was quantitative analytical research with an ecological study approach. The research period started from August 2022 - May 2023. The population and samples for spatial analysis were 44 sub-districts and for statistical tests were 767 dengue fever with 88 samples. The results of the analysis showed that variables which were risk factors include vector density (shophouses: OR=6,2, squatters: OR=11,2), population mobility (shophouses: OR=6,2, squatters: OR=6,5), temperature (shophouses: OR=6,0, squatters: OR=7,3), rainfall (shophouses: OR=6,5, squatters: OR=8,4), humidity (shophouses: OR=7,1, squatters: OR=5,7), and house construction (shophouses: OR=5,0). The output of this research was the GWR model which showed that the variables Squatters Proportion, Temperature, Vector Density and Population Density had a significant effect on the number of dengue fever cases in Batam City (R2=77.13%). The model for controlling dengue fever that can be implemented are dengue management based on niche, including regional regulations requiring arranging used goods around squatters and empowering school children in eradicating larvae."

Depok: Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia, 2024

D-pdf

UI - Disertasi Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

E. David Ford

Scientific method for ecological research

"Scientists tend to take the thought processes that drive their research for granted, often learning them indirectly by observing first their supervisors and then their colleagues. This book emphasises the advantages of being explicit about these thought processes and aims to help those undertaking ecological research to develop a critical attitude to approaching a scientific problem and constructing a procedure for assessment. The outcome is a text which provides a framework for understanding methodological issues and which assists with the effective definition and planning of research. As such it represents a unique resource for anyone embarking on their research career. It also provides a valuable source of information for those more experienced researchers who are seeking to strengthen the methodology underlying their studies or who have an interest in the analysis of research methods in ecology."

Australia: Cambridge University Press, 2000

e20528283

eBooks Universitas Indonesia Library

Yolanda Eka Saputri

Gambaran risiko ergonomi kegiatan menjahit pada penjahit sektor informal di Kecamatan Mandau Riau tahun 2013 = Overview of ergonomic risk of sewing activity at informal tailor in Kecamatan Mandau Riau 2013

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang gambaran risiko ergonomi pada penjahit sektor informal. Penilaian risiko ergonomi pada penjahit sektor informal dilakukan menggunakan software Ergoeaser. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan risiko ergonomi tertinggi berada pada bagian bahu, punggung dan pinggang. Pengendalian yang disarankan adalah engineering control seperti pengaturan desain tempat kerja, penyediaan lampu pada tiap meja dan perawatan pedal mesin jahit serta administrative control seperti, pengaturan jumlah jam kerja per hari, hari kerja per minggu dan waktu istirahat.

The focus of this study is overview of ergonomic risk at informal tailor. Ergonomic risk assessment at informal tailor is analyzed by Ergoeaser. The results showed that shoulder, back, and waist have highest ergonomic risk. This study suggest to conduct engineering control such as workspace design, provide sufficient illumination on each working table and maintain sewing machine pedal and administrative control such as controlling working hours a day, working days a week, and breaking time."

Depok: Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia, 2013

S47283

UI - Skripsi Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

<< 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >>

Hasil Pencarian :: Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Hasil Pencarian