Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"ABSTRAKRuang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Streptokok hemolitik beta grup A (SH-A) adalah kuman patogen pada manusia menyebabkan radang tenggorok dan kulit dengan sequelae demam rematik. SH-A mempunyai protein M pada dinding selnya yang menyebabkan kuman tersebut tahan terhadap fagositosis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh ampisilin subkadar hambat minimal (sub KHM) terhadap daya fagositosis makrofag. Kuman SH-A dicampur dengan ampisilin sub KHM (1/4 KHM dan 1/8 KHM) dengan makrofag dan diinkubasi selama 60 menit dan 120 menit. Penelitian ini menggunakan SH-A strain standar WHO (Ceko), dan ampisilin trihidrat diperoleh dari PT Kalbe Farma. Makrofag diambil dari peritoneal mencit strain CBR umur 4-8 minggu. Sebagai kontrol dilakukan terhadap kuman yang dibiakkan dalam kaldu Todd Hewitt yang mengandung ampisilin sub KHM tanpa dicampur makrofag.Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Terdapat penurunan populasi kuman pada perbenihan yang mengandung makrofag tanpa ampisilin setelah diinkubasi 120 menit karena penurunan pH pada media. Populasi kuman menurun setelah kuman dicampur ampisilin sub KHM pada inkubasi 60 menit dan 120 menit dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Prosentase fagositosis makrofag dan indeks fagositosis makrofag terhadap kuman yang dicampur ampisilin sub KHM pada inkubasi 60 menit dan 120 menit meningkat. Dengan demikian dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa secara in vitro daya fagositosis makrofag meningkat setelah dicampur ampisilin sub KHM pada inkubasi 60 menit dan 120 menit.

---

ABSTRACT

Effect Of Ampicillin At Sub Mic On The Phagocytosis By Macrophage Of Streptococcus Hemolytic Beta Group AScope and Method of Study: Streptococcus beta-hemolyticus group A (SH-A) is pathogenic for man, the most usual causative agent for acute streptococcal upper respiratory tract and skin diseases with sequelae namely rheumatic fever. The bacterial cell wall contains protein M, a virulence factor, which is responsible for the resistance to phagocytic activity of macrophage. The aim of this research was study the phagocytosis of streptococci grown in subminimum inhibitory concentration (sub MIC) of ampicillin by macrophage after incubation for 60 and 120 minutes. SH-A was obtained from Ceko Colaboratorium (standard strain of WHO), and ampicillin trihydrate was from Kalbe Farma. The mice were kindly supplied by Central Biomedical Research, Jakarta; age 4-8 weeks, were free from infections, and used as macrophage source.

Findings and Conclusions: The number of bacteria in the medium containing macrophage after incubation for 60 minutes increase, but after 120 minutes decreases, probably due to the low pH medium. The population of bacteria decreases in the medium treated with sub MIC of ampicillin after incubation for 60 and 120 minutes. Percentage of relative effect of phagocytosis and phagocytosis index of macrophage seem to be increasing after incubation of the whole component for 60 and 120 minutes. SH-A treated with sub MIC of ampicillin underwent rapid ingestion by macrophage after incubation for 60 and 120 minutes. The result showed that the hypothesis of the rapid ingestion of SH-A treated with sub MIC ampicilin by macrophage after incubation for 60 and 120 minutes could be accepted."

"Ekstrak daun sukun memiliki efek antibakteri. S. sanguinis diketahui sebagai bakteri yang berperan pada pembentukkan awal plak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi antibakteri ekstrak daun sukun terhadap viabilitas biofilm S. sanguinis secara in vitro. Bakteri S. sanguinis ATCC 10556 dikultur pada 96-well plate dan diinkubasi 370C selama 20 jam (fase akumulasi) dan 24 jam (fase maturasi) kemudian dipaparkan ekstrak daun sukun dengan konsentrasi 5; 10; 15; 20; 40; 80; dan 100%. Viabilitas biofilm S. sanguinis diuji menggunakan MTT assay dengan panjang gelombang 490 nm. Hasil dianalisis dengan one-way ANOVA. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat penurunan bermakna viabilitas S. sanguinis setelah pemaparan dengan ekstrak daun sukun pelbagai konsentrasi pada fase akumulasi dan fase maturasi dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (p<0.05). Viabilitas S. sanguinis setelah pemaparan ekstrak daun sukun konsentrasi 20; 80; dan 100% pada fase akumulasi lebih rendah dibandingkan fase maturasi.

---

Breadfruit leaf?s extract has a function as antibacterial. S. sanguinis is known as an early agent of formation of bacterial plaque.This research had purpose to analyze the antibacterial effect of breadfruit leaf?s extract against S. sanguinis growth. S. sanguinis ATCC 10556 were cultured in 96-well plate and incubated for 20 hours (accumulation phase) at 37 and 24 hours (maturation phase) then added breadfruit leaf?s extract concentrations 5; 10; 20; 40; 80; and 100%. Viability test was using MTT assay with wavelength of 490 nm. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The results showed that the viability of S. sanguinis after breadfruit leaf?s extract exposured in all concentrations on accumulation and maturation phase was lower than the control group (p<0.05). The viability of S. sanguinis after added breadfruit leaf?s extract concentration 20; 80; and 100% on accumulation phase was lower than maturation phase."

"Daun Sukun memiliki efek antibakteri. S.mutans berperan dalam pembentukan biofilm. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis potensi ekstrak daun Sukun terhadap viabilitas S.mutans secara in vitro. S.mutans ATCC 25175 dikultur, diinkubasi 20 jam (fase akumulasi) dan 24 jam (fase maturasi), kemudian dipaparkan ekstrak Daun Sukun 5;10;20;40;80;100%. Uji viabilitas menggunakan MTT assay, dianalisis dengan one-way ANOVA. Terdapat penurunan bermakna viabilitas S.mutans fase 20 jam setelah pemaparan ekstrak daun Sukun pada semua konsentrasi, dan fase 24 jam hanya konsentrasi 5% terjadi peningkatan bermakna dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p<0.05). Viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada kelompok perlakuan fase 20 jam lebih rendah dibandingkan fase 24 jam.

---

Breadfruit leaf's has an antibacterial property. S.mutans has a function to form biofilm. The purpose of this study was to analyze the potential of breadfruit leaf’s extract toward the viability of S.mutans in vitro. S.mutans ATCC 25175 were cultured and incubated for 20 hours (accumulation phase) and 24 hours (maturation phase). Then added with the following breadlfruit leaf’s concentration :5;10;20;40;80;100%. The viability test was using MTT assay and would be analyzed by one-way ANOVA. There was significant decreased of the viability biofilm S.mutans on 20 hours phase after had been added the various concentration of bread fruit leaf’s extract, and on 24 hours phase only concentration 5% viability had increased significantly compared to the control group (p <0.05). The Viability biofilm S.mutans on 20 hours phase for all treatment group was lower than 24 hours phase."

"ABSTRAKA laboratory experimental study conducted on antimicrobial effects of Coleus amboinicus. Lour concentrate towards Candida albicans on acrylic resin. Samples of this study are 10x10x1 mm heat cured acrylic plates immersed in 15%, 12.5%, 10%, 7.5% of Coleus amboinicus. Lour concentrate solution. Sterilized aquadest was used as control. 16 samples were used for each exercise. Statistical analyses used are One-way Anova and LSD with 5% significance degree. The results showed that increasing Coleus amboinicus. Lour concentrate solution i.c. 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15% will increased the antimicrobial effects towards Candida Albicans. The most effective concentrate solution in reducing Candida albicans colonies is 15%."

"Gangren kaki diabetik ialah salah satu bentuk komplikasi yang dialami oleh banyak pasien penderita diabetes melitus. Pemberian terapi antibiotik sudah menjadi hal yang umum untuk mengatasi infeksi gangren kaki diabetik. Terapi antibiotik yang rasional sangat diperlukan bagi penderita infeksi gangren kaki diabetik kerena diharapkan dapat mengurangi terjadinya resistensi bakteri dan mencegah dilakukannya tindakan amputasi, mengurangi biaya dan waktu lama perawatan pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran kerasionalan penggunaan antibiotika pada pasien penderita gangren kaki diabetik yang di RSAL Dr. Mintohardjo pada tahun 2012, melalui penilaian ketepatan indikasi, ketepatan obat, ketepatan dosis ketepatan pasien, dan tidak adanya interaksi obat. Peneliti melakukan pengambilan data melalui data sekunder berupa rekam medis pasien periode Januari–Desember 2012 dengan desain cross-sectional. Dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling, didapatkan 18 sampel yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi penelitian. Pada hasil penyajian data secara deskriptif, penilaian ketepatan berdasarkan pemberian antibiotik pada pasien terdapat tepat dosis sebesar 27,78%, tepat indikasi 38,89%, tidak adanya interaksi obat 72,22%, tepat pasien 8,33%, dan tepat obat 13,89%. Pada penilaian terhadap jumlah pasien gangren kaki diabetik, terdapat 16,67% pasien sudah mendapatkan dosis yang tepat, 16,67% pasien mendapatkan antibiotik sesuai indikasi, 55,56% pasien tidak mengalami interaksi obat, 11,11% pasien mendapatkan terapi antibiotik tepat dengan kondisi pasien, dan 0% pasien mendapatkan antibiotik tepat obat. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada pasien gangren kaki diabetik yang mendapatkan pengobatan antibiotik secara rasional.

---

Diabetic foot gangrene is one of complications happened in many patients with diabetes mellitus. Antibiotic therapy has become a common thing to overcome diabetic foot infection. Rational antibiotic therapy is necessary for patients with diabetic foot gangrene infection because it is expected to reduce the occurrence of bacterial resistance, prevent the amputation, reduce cost, and patient's length of stay time.

The purpose of this study was to obtain an overview rational usage of antibiotics in patients with diabetic foot gangrene in Naval Hospital Dr. Mintohardjo during 2012, through the appropriate indication, appropriate drug, appropiate dose, appropiate patient, no drugs interaction. Researcher collected secondary data from medical record during January-December 2012 and used cross-sectional design. By total sampling technique, there were 18 samples were obtained in accordance with inclusion criteria of study.

Appropriate assessment based on number of antibiotics given, showed 27,78% appropriate dose, 38,89% appropriate indication, 72,22% no drugs interaction, 8,33% appropriate patient, and 13,80% appropriate drug. Based on the number diabetic foot gangrene patients, there were 16,67% patients received appropriate dose, 16,67% received appropriate indication of antibiotics, 55,56% patients had no drugs interaction 11,11% patients received appropriate antibiotics as their own condition, and 0% patients received appropriate drug. Based on the result of, it was concluded that, there were no diabetic foot gangrene patients who received rational antibiotic treatment."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian pendahuluan pola kepekaan kuman terhadap antibiotika di ruang rawat intensif rumah sakit Fatmawati Jakarta, secara restrospektif terhadap data sekunder hasil uji kepekaan antinbiotika dan jenis kuman dari 205 pasien dalam kurun waktu 2001-2002. hasil menunjukkan jenis kuman patogen adaah Psedonoman sp. Klebsiella sp. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus haemolyticus. Staphylococcus aureus. Pola kepekaannya menunjukkn bahwa kuman patogen mempunyai resistensi tertinggi terhadap ampisilin, amoksisilin penisilin G, tetrasiklin dan kloramfenikol, Kepekaan tertinggi ditujunjkkan oleh fosmisin, amikasin, seftriakson pada Pseudomonas sp. netilmihn, amikasin, sefriakson pada Klebsiella sp seftriakson, amikasin, sferizoksim pada Eschericha coliThe Sensitivity Pattern of Microorganisms against Antibiotics at the Intensive Care Unit of Fatmawati HospitalJakarta 2001 – 2002. A preliminary study was conducted on the sensitivity pattern of microorganisms againstantibiotics at the intensive care unit of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta. Retrospective, secondary data were collected onresults of antibiotics sensitivity tests and kind of microorganisms of 205 patients during the years 2001 – 2002.Pathogenic species found were Pseudomonas sp. Klebsiella sp. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus β haemolyticus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The pattern of resistance showed that pathogenicmicroorganisms were most resistant agains ampicillin, amoxycillin, penicillin G, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Thehighest sensitivity levels were shown by fosmicin, amikacin, ceftriaxone to Pseudomonas sp. netilmicin, amikacin,ceftriaxone to Klebsiella sp. ceftriaxone, amikacin, ceftizoxime to Escherichia coli."

"Di Indonesia, antibiotik masih sangat mudah didapatkan di apotek-apotek tanpa resep dokter. Perilaku petugas apotek menjadi faktor penting yang berperan dalam maraknya swamedikasi antibiotik di apotek. Edukasi merupakan salah satu cara untuk memperbaiki perilaku petugas apotek dalam praktek swamedikasi antibiotik. Hingga saat ini belum ditemukan jenis media yang paling efektif untuk memperbaiki praktek swamedikasi antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas pemasangan media banner dalam memperbaiki praktek swamedikasi di apotek. Penelitian merupakan pre-eksperimental multicenter-one group pre-test post-test design. Sampel terdiri dari 79 apotek yang tersebar di wilayah Depok. Metode pseudopatient digunakan untuk mendapatkan data berdasarkan pelayanan oleh petugas apotek atas permintaan antibiotik tanpa resep untuk penyakit ISPA tanpa komplikasi. Data yang direkam dan didokumentasikan diambil pada sebelum dan 1 bulan sesudah pemasangan banner. Data dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan SPSS 18,0. Antibiotik yang paling sering diberikan adalah amoksisilin 500 mg generik. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada pemberian informasi obat oleh petugas apotek pada sebelum dan 1 bulan setelah pemasangan banner (p ≤ 0,05).Pemasangan media edukasi banner tidak terbukti efektif dalam memperbaiki praktek swamedikasi antibiotik di apotek. Informasi dalam media edukasi banner hanya mampu memperbaiki informasi obat yang disampaikan oleh petugas apotek dan tidak memperbaiki perilaku petugas dalam pelayanan swamedikasi antibiotik.

---

In Indonesia, antibiotics could easily be obtained without a prescription from community pharmacies. Pharmacy workers behavior can be a substantially factor impacting antibiotics self-medication practices in community pharmacies. Education is one of way to improve pharmacy workers behavior in antibiotics self-medication practices. Appropriate media used to improve antibiotics self-medication practices effectively has not provided yet. The aim of this study was to analyse the effectiveness of banner setting to improve antibiotics self-medication practices in community pharmacies. This study was pre-experimental multicenter-one group pre-test post-test design. Sample was 79 community pharmacies spread in Depok. Pseudopatient method was used to obtain data based on pharmacy worker’s behavior to dispense antibiotics without prescription for uncomplicated URTI. Data was recorded and documented before and after the 1 month intervention. Data was analysed with SPSS 18.0. Result showed that antibiotic that mostly given was generic amoxicillin 500 mg. Significant difference was seen in the type of information that provide by pharmacy worker before and after 1 month banner setting (p ≤ 0.05). Banner educational media setting were ineffective to improve antibiotics self-medication practices in community pharmacies. Information provided in banner could improve the drug information that given by pharmacy worker, but could not improve pharmacy worker’s behavior in antibiotics self-medication practices."

"Swamedikasi antibiotik dapat meningkatkan terjadinya resistensi antibiotik dan resiko penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat. Hal ini dikarenakan kurangnya pengetahuan pasien terhadap bahaya penggunaan antibiotik tanpa resep. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pemasangan banner terhadap pengetahuan pengunjung mengenai bahaya swamedikasi antibiotik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode eksperimen semu menggunakan rancangan separate sample pretest-posttest. Kuesioner yang telah tervalidasi digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data sosiodemografi, riwayat penggunaan antibiotik, pengetahuan pengunjung sebelum dan setelah 1 bulan pemasangan banner. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan November 2012-Mei 2013 di 22 apotek kota Depok. Sampel penelitian merupakan responden yang berkunjung ke apotek tersebut dan memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan dengan metode consecutive sampling. Jumlah responden yang diperoleh saat pretest dan posttest sebanyak 133 orang dan 44 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas pengunjung mempunyai tingkat pengetahuan yang sedang, baik pada saat pretest (nilai rata-rata 9,59) dan posttest (nilai rata-rata 10,09). Pemasangan banner antibiotik tidak memberikan berpengaruh terhadap pengetahuan pengunjung apotek (p>0,05).

---

Self-medication with antibiotics can increase the antibiotic resistance and the risk of inappropriate use. This practice is happened because the lack of patient knowledge about the danger of antibiotic use without prescription. Education providing with banner setting in the pharmacies could be undertaken to increase the patient knowledge. The aim of this study was to analysis the influence of banner setting in the pharmacies toward visitor knowledge about the danger of sel-medication with antibitics.

This study was quasi experiment with separate sample pretest-postest design. A validated questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic data, history of antibiotic use, visitor knowledge before and after 1 month banner setting. This study was conducted from November 2012 to february 2013 in 22 Depok pharmacies. The sample of this study was the respondent who visited to pharmacies and meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A consecutive sampling method was used in this study, which involved 133 respondents in the pre-test and 44 respondents in the post-test.

The result showed that the majority of visitors had a moderate level of knowledge, both in pre-test (mean= 9.59) and post-test (mean = 10.09 ). The banner setting of antibiotics weren’t given the influence to pharmacy visitors knowledge (p<0.05)."

"Kejadian infeksi luka operasi menjadi salah satu jenis infeksi nosokomial yang sering banyak terjadi di beberapa negara. Belum maksimalnya penggunaan antibiotik profilaksis ditandai dengan penggunaannya yang tidak sesuai dengan pedoman yang telah ditetapkan secara nasional maupun internasional mengakibatkan meningkatnya resiko kejadian infeksi luka operasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai dan mengevaluasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan antibiotik profilaksis bedah terhadap kejadian infeksi luka operasi yang dievaluasi selama 23 hari di RS Marzoeki Mahdi Bogor. Penelitian menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel secara total sampling dan retrospektif dengan menggunakan data sekunder (rekam medis). Sampel penelitian sebanyak 577 rekam medis pasien sejak Januari 2013-Desember 2013. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 6 kejadian infeksi luka operasi (1,04%) dengan penggunaan antibiotik profilaksis tidak sesuai dengan Kepmenkes no 2046 tahun 2011. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara jenis dan waktu penggunaan antibiotik terhadap kejadian infeksi luka operasi serta tidak terdapat hubungan antara faktor resiko dengan kejadian infeksi luka operasi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa kejadian infeksi luka operasi di RS Dr H Marzoeki Mahdi cukup rendah dibandingkan penelitian lain yang pernah dilakukan dan tidak terdapat pengaruh signifikan antibiotik profilaksis serta faktor resiko terhadap kejadian infeksi luka operasi.

---

Surgical site infection is one of nosocomial infection that frequently happened in some countries. Unappropriate used of prophylactic antibiotic signed by the used of antibiotic not accordance with local or international guidelines and it caused surgical site infection increase.

This study aim to assesed and evaluated factors that affect antibiotic prophylactic use to surgical site infection in Marzoeki Mahdi Hospital Bogor. The design of this study cross sectional with total sampling, and data collected retrospectively. Sample of this study are 577 patient from January 2013- December 2013.

The result showed surgical site infection occur in 6 patients (1,04%), the used od prophylactic antibiotic is not appropriate Kepmenkes No 2046. There is no relationship between types and duration of prophylactic antibiotic to surgical site infection cases and also there is no relation between risk factors and surgical site infection cases.

In this study we can conclude incidence of surgical site infection in Dr. H. Marzoeki Mahdi Hospital was low and there is no significant relation between prophylactic antibiotic used and risk factors with surgical site infection cases."