Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Since antiquity, representation (henceforth: RPT) has been a fundamental concept in aesthetics and semiotics. It has also been a crucial concept in political theory, forming the basics of representational theories of sovereignty, legislative authority and relations of individuals to the state (Lenthriccia, 1990, 11-13).In contemporary theories of RPT, both definitions have intersected. Relationship between language & politics is crucial to much contemporary works on RPT. Recent criticism also focuses on the links between texts and power. All RPTs have, either explicitly or implicitly, a political content. (Childers, 1995: 260-261).RPT has also been an issue of importance for post colonialists and feminists. RPT is an area of contestation between the dominant and the dominated (Ascroft, 1995: 85-87). Hall (1990: 222-237) problematises the concept and relates it to (cultural) identity and speaking position. According to Hall. (cultural) identity is a process, always constituted within RPT, which in turn, produced from a particular speaking position-a particular time and place. van Toorn (1995:1-12) distinguishes two kinds of speaking-position, those are fixed unitary-speaking position and postmodern speaking-position.RPT is a relevant issue in a multicultural and a settlers' community like Australia. The fact that Australia has over a hundred ethnic groups as its population and that since 1973, multiculturalism has been launched to manage migrants' population, does not automatically increase the participation of non-Anglo-Celtic (women) immigrants in political, economic or even in social and cultural arenas. Non-Anglo-Celtic women (henceforth: NAC women) immigrants are still doubly-marginalized. They are invisible and hardly represented in the dominant Anglo-Celtic discourse. They are marginalized in the dominant women's anthologies or also in their own ethnic's (male's) anthologies. When represented, they are -represented stereotypically as the Other, problem, victim or as a threat. And yet, they had contributed quite significantly in the development of (public) services and in manufacturing industry. They also have their own share in promoting Australia as a multicultural society through their cuisine, costume, dancing and other cultural artifacts.However, since the 1970s, the situation has changed gradually with the increasing quantity and quality of multicultural women writers articulating their own (migrant) experiences. In this study, I use the term 'multicultural women-texts' for all kinds of cultural expressions produce} by the NAC women. those are writers or cultural producers coming from outside British, Irish and indigenous backgrounds. The term `multicultural texts' has more positive connotation than migrants' atau ethnic (minority) writings. The term 'ethnic' or 'migrant' is problematic as it has always been associated with socio-historical writings which has no cultural capital and thus, classified as popular or marginal writings. Sneja Gunew is highly critical and suggests that the term should be deconstructed. Therefore, this study uses the term 'multicultural women-texts'.This study on "the politics of representations in multicultural women's discourse in Australia" is therefore based on the following reasons: (i) study about RPT has not iniated in Indonesia and yet, it is an important topic which has gained currency in Australia, (ii) the study on gender and ethnicity is relevant for our national context as Indonesia is multi-ethnic and is still in the process of developing gender-awareness across sectors.The questions formulated in my study are: (i) how are the stereotipic-RPTs on NAG women immigrants constructed through the dominant texts, popular novel They're a Weird Mob (henceforth:TWM), images from Immigrants in Focus (henceforth: IMF) and from For Love or Money (henceforth:FLM), Pauline Hanson's Maiden Speech(henceforth: PI-I) and through the multicultural women-texts, confession Give Me Strength(henceforth: GMS) and film Silver-City (henceforth: SC), (ii) how both experimental and transgressive multicultural women-texts Oh Lucky Country (henceforth:OLC) and Red Roses (henceforth: RR) re-construct alternative RPT which in turn, interrogate the previous stereotypic RPT of NAC women immigrants, constructed through the above six texts.Therefore, the purposes of the study are (i) to identify and to formulate the stereotypic RPTs of NAC women immigrants through the dominant Anglo-Celtic texts, TWM, IMF, FLM, PH and through multicultural women-texts, GMS and SC, (ii) to elaborate how transgressive multicultural women-texts, OLC and RR deconstruct the stereotipic RPT of NAC women and thus, re-construct the alternative RPTof an independent, assertive and sexually-liberated persona in OLC and of a feminin and cosmopolitan persona in RR.The fact that multicultural women-texts is still considered as marginal and the fact that this study uses different kinds of cultural products-popular novel, parliamentary speech, images, confession, film and highly experimental novels, it inevitably makes Cultural Studies (henceforth: CS) as the most-appropriate approach. Because (I) CS does not distinguish high culture from low culture, (ii) CS has developed interests in marginal groups; women, ethnic-minorities, black and so forth (During:1994, 2-20), which fits in with the topic of the study, (iii) CS regards all texts or discourses as politically and ideologically, rather than aesthetically, positioned (Storey, 1996:2) and hence, it would be instrumental for exposing the hegemonic practices of the Anglo-Celtic, discourse and consequently, for empowering the multicultural women-texts.Assuming that there are stereotipic RPT on NAC women immigrants, this study is designed as the following:(i) to identify and formulate the stereotipic RPT of NAC women through the dominant texts-TWM, Pt-I, IF - from which they are excluded and not represented and through FLM, in which they are represented as the Other, problem and victim. In short, they are either, silenced or represented stereotipically as a collective, anonimous, unskilled, domestic and proved to be victimised, in the dominant texts. Multicultural women-texts, GMS and SC, give them voices to `speak up' in the first-person account about their own migrant-experience. ironically both texts (re) represent NAC women immigrants as the Other, problem, victim and threat of their own (ethnic) patriarchy.The NAC women are represented as being doublymarginalisedlopressed. They are opressed by their own patriarchy which position them as as dependent (mother, wife, daughter, fiancee) and caught up in the domestic-sphere (cooking, washing, sewing, chlild-rearing). They are also represented as controlled and conditioned by the institutions of womanhood (virginity, respectability, innocence), marriage and motherhood (reproduction, child-birth, child-rearing).At the workplace, they are marginalized and work as domestic, seamstress, factory-worker, dress-maker, hairdresser. They are proned to be victimized and sexually abused as occurred to the leading character in SC. However, the NAC women in GMS and SC is finally represented as gaining material-success and stepping up the social-ladder and therefore, they express their gratitude?s for having migrated to Australia. The NAC woman in SC is even represented as having adopted the Australian :".'ay. In short, both texts reinforce the dominant Anglo-Celtic discourse.(ii) to deconstruct the stereotypic RPT and to re-construct the alternative RPT of the NAC women immigrants in both experimental and transgressive multicultural women-texts, OLC dan RR. This study uses two perspectives from CS- gender and ethnicity- to address the problems of stereotypic RPT and to empower the multicultural women-texts.To deconstruct the stereotypic RPT and to re-construct the alternative RPT, this study uses the intersection between feminists' discourse on the body and sexual politics and the discourse on loving ethnicity, adapted from bell hooks' loving blackness (1992: 2-20) to polities the private issues- womanhood, virginity, marriage, motherhood including the `myth' about the passivity of female sexuality-in the public sphere in order to deconstruct the male-chauvinistic Anglo-Celtic discourse and to reconstruct the NAG women in OLC as an independent, assertive, radical, sexually-liberated persona. The NAC women are not domesticated but represented as leading a public life and rejecting the concept of womanhood, virginity, marriage and motherhood.To deconstruct the stereotipic RPT in the previous texts and to reconstruct an alternative RPT on NAC women in RR, this study uses the feminists' discourse on female desire (Coward, 1984). This study examines how RR deconstructs the RPTs of NAC women as the Other, problem, victim, threat or as the authentic ethnic other (TWM, PH, 1F, FLM, GMS, SC) and also as a radical and sexually-liberated persona (OLC) in order to reconstruct the NAG woman subject as a feminin and cosmopolitan persona.Using female desire, this study analyses that the NAC woman subject in RR uses consumer culture to sustain themselves- with cosmetics, perfume, fashion, food, exercises and other consumer-products of lifestyles-and to reconstruct a multiple identities- as a pilot, doctor, cabaret-singer, ballerina and so forth. The NAC woman moves in both private and public spheres and celebrates `womanhood', 'motherhood', cooking, fashion and other activities previously condemned by feminists. The NAC woman subject is also not caught up in conflict with the dominant Anglo-Celtics.Summarizing the findings, this study identifies a couple of points to be raised. First, RPT is an important concept which could be politised for controlling/marginalizing or for empowering the represented object. Second, NAC women experiences are diverse, not unified. Third. 'gender and ethnicity' are instrumental for dismantling both the Angle and non-Anglo-celtic patriarchy and hence, for promoting the diversity of women-experiences.This study on gender and ethnicity is relevant for our national context as Indonesia is a multi-ethnic society which is in the process of developing gender-awareness across the board. Double-marginalization faced by the NAC women in Australia is parallel with the othering of ethnic-minority women in Indonesia from Arab, Chinese, Indo-Dutch descents and others). The mass rape of Indonesian-Chinese women in May 1998 and the sexual violence suffered by Acehnese women are all double-oppression against these ethnic-minority women.Monitoring the current public debate on gender (perspective) in our national context, this study wants to share perceptions and conclusion. First, difference amongst women's constituencies is as important as difference between women and men. It is a primary challenge for Indonesian feminists to manage and to capitalize on the diversity of its constituencies so as not to repeat the hegemonic practices of Western feminism and patriarchy which had homogenized or eliminated the Other. Second, RPT of Indonesian women (and its constituencies) are important to be empowered. Intervention should be made to reconstruct a new alternative RPT of Indonesian women. However, it is crucial to have media with gender-awareness to promote the new empowering RPT of Indonesian women."

"Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai peran perempuan dalam berpolitik di Kuwait. Keterlibatan perempuan dalam berpolitik sudah banyak menjadi perbincangan hangat di masa kini. Saat ini banyak perempuan yang berlomba-lomba untuk menduduki pemerintahan. Walaupun, perempuan di Kuwait telah mendapatkan hak politik mereka pada 2005, tetapi terdapat ketidakstabilan dalam keterlibatan mereka di dalam berpolitik dan menduduki jabatan parlemen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan bagaimana keterlibatan perempuan dalam politik di Kuwait serta mengetahui orientasi masyarakat terhadap kandidat politik. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kepustakaan dengan sumber data penelitian adalah berbagai literatur seperti buku, artikel, dan jurnal. Landasan teori dalam penelitian ini adalah peran perempuan dalam politik. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa pemerintahan Kuwait telah melibatkan kaum perempuan dalam bidang politik, tetapi keadaannya mereka masih kurang mewakili di parlemen. meskipun demikian perempuan Kuwait diberikan kebebasan untuk bersuara dan menyampaikan pendapatnya yang artinya mereka dapat memilih anggota perlemen. mereka juga diperbolehkan untuk mengambil alih posisi militer tertentu karena undang-undang kesetaraan gender yang menegaskan perlindungan hak-hak perempuan dalam berbagai situasi. Karena hal tersebut pandangan masyarakat Kuwait terhadap perempuan meningkat dengan baik. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi secara teoritis terhadap perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan budaya dan politik.

---

This research will discuss the role of women in politics in Kuwait. The involvement of women in politics has become a subject of debate, even today. Nowadays, many women are vying for government positions. Although women in Kuwait obtained their political rights in 2005, there is still instability in their involvement in politics and occupying parliamentary positions. The purpose of this study is to explain how women are involved in politics in Kuwait and to find out the orientation of society toward political candidates. The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach with the method being literature study and with the research data sources being various literature such as books, articles, and journals. The theoretical basis of this research is the role of women in politics. In this study, it was found that the government of Kuwait has involved women in politics, but their situation is unfortunately still underrepresented in parliament. Nevertheless, Kuwaiti women are given the freedom to speak and express their opinions, which means they can elect members of parliament. They are also allowed to take over certain military positions due to gender equality laws which affirm the protection of women's rights in various situations. Because of this, the views of the people of Kuwait towards women have improved greatly. This research is expected to contribute theoretically to the development of cultural and political science."

"Meningkatkan jumlah perempuan di panggung politik merupakan isu yang banyak diperdebatkan sepanjang masa Pemilu tahun 2004 ini terutama menjelang Pemilu 5 April 2004 yang lalu untuk memilih calon legislatif. Inti perdebatan terfokus pada masalah kemampuan perempuan dalam berpolitik dan tidak terpenuhinya kuota 30 %.Partisipasi perempuan dalam dunia politik masih kurang terwakili. Hal ini disebabkan bukan karena kecilnya represcntasi kaum wanita tetapi karena lambatnya proses perubahan. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya pendapat bahwa keikutsertakan kaum perempuan di kancah dunia politik akan membahwa dampak buruk yaitu ketidakstabilan dalam keluarga sehingga kaum pria enggan untuk memberikan tempat bagi wanita di dunia politikSebagai penelitian kualitatif dengan perspektif kritis, dalam tesis ini digunakan metode analisis wacana dengan paradigma kritis. Yaitu, model wacana critical discourse analysis (CDA) dari Norman Fairclough. Teori ini menggabungkan tiga dimensi dalam communicative events, yaitu teks, praktik wacana (discourse practice) dan praktik sosial budaya (sociocultural practise). Selanjutnya analisis teks yang digunakan berdasar teori Pan dan Konsicki.Hasilnya dari frame yang ditemukan bahwa Metro TV, stasiun televisi yang mengukuhkan diri sebagai Election Channel menonjolkan bahwa keterwakilan perempuan dalam politik perlu mendapatkan perhatian lebih. Sanyak caleg perempuan yang berkualitas dengan visi dan misi yang jelas harus terhadang dengan kendala-kendala yang disebabkan oleh budaya patriaki.Penelitian ini juga memakai paradigma kritis. Dalam ilmu komunikasi dan kajian media, paradigma kritis sering dipakai dalam penelitian terutama dalam mengungkapkan bagaimana suatu teks muncul di masyarakat. Di dalam paradigma kritis terdapat cultural study, the critical theory. feminism, reception theory dan semiotic. Data ideologi sendiri merupakan kata yang penting dalam teori kritis. Definisi ideologi adalah sekelompok ide yang menjadi struktur dasar sebuah grup, sebuah sistim representasi bagaiman suatu grup atau individual melihat keadaan di sekelilingnya. Produksi teks yang diteliti mencerminkan bagaimana ideologi pengelola Metro TV yang berfungsi sebagai perpanjagnan tangan dari sekelompok pemegang kckuasaan. Maka isi media itu tentu tidak bertentangan dengan kepentingan mereka.

---

The main issue in 2004 election, especially in the upcoming of the last . July 5th, 2004 legislative candidate election was how to increase the number of women in politics. The debates were focused on the women's performance in politics and unfulfilled quota of 30%.Women's participation in political world is still not well represented, not because of the small number of representation, but merely in view of the fact that changing the opinion that women's participation in politics will bring instability in their family's life. That is the reason why men are not eager to give place to women in political world.As a qualitative research with crisis perspective, this thesis will use critical discourse analysis (CDA) from Norman Fairclough. This theory combines three dimensions in communicative events which are text, discourse practice and sociocultural practice. Next, the text analysis that will be use is based on Pan and Konsicki theory.The result from the frame the has been discovered by Metro TV, TV station that proclaimed as the Election Channel, was women's representation in politics needs more attention, since many women candidates the have a quality vision and a clear mission stumbled by patriarchal culture.This research was also using a critical paradigm, in communication science and media presenting is use to discover how a text emerge in society. Inside critical' paradigm there are cultural study, the critical theory, feminism, reception theory and semiotic. The word ideology it self is an important word in critical theory. Definition of ideology is a group of ideas that become a base of a group, a representing system or how a group or individual see their surrounding. The researched on the text production reflects on how Metro TV ideology functions as the helping hand from the people in power, so they would not go against their interest."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran perempuan di dunia politik yang berdampak pada perubahan sosial budaya di Yordania. Perempuan di Yordania masih relatif sedikit dalam keterlibatan di dunia politik, padahal gerakan feminisme dan kesetaraan gender sudah ada sejak 1974. Pertanyaan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana peran perempuan di dunia politik berpengaruh dalam perubahan sosial Budaya di Yordania. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan studi pustaka dan teknik wawancara jarak jauh dengan seorang perempuan Yordania. Peneliti menggunakan Teori Feminisme Islam dan Teori Partisipasi Politik. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa, keterlibatan perempuan di dalam politik di Yordania memang masih relatif rendah, namun telah memberikan dampak signifikan di dalam perubahan sosial budaya. Hal tersebut nampak dari meningkatnya jumlah perempuan terdidik yang pada gilirannya semakin meningkatkan kesadaran perempuan untuk dilibatkan lebih lebih luas di dunia politik. Keterlibatan perempuan di dunia politik juga penting untuk membangun kesadaran perempuan-perempuan Yordania untuk lebih mandiri dan lebih percaya kepada kemampuan mereka sendiri, sehingga dapat turut serta dalam berbagai aktivitas di dunia publik. Namun, perjuangan untuk meningkatkan keterlibatan perempuan di dunia politik masih mendapat tantangan dari norma budaya dan masyarakat Yordania yang patriaki.

---

This study aims to analyze the role of women in the world of politics which has an impact on socio-cultural changes in Jordan. Women in Jordan are still relatively few involved in politics, even though the feminist movement and gender equality have existed since 1974. The question raised in this research is how the role of women in politics influences socio-cultural changes in Jordan. The method used is a qualitative method with literature study and remote interview techniques with a Jordanian woman. This study uses Islamic Feminist Theory and Political Participation Theory. The results of this study conclude that, women's involvement in politics in Jordan is still relatively low, but has had a significant impact on socio-cultural changes. This can be seen from the increasing number of educated women which in turn has increased women's awareness to be involved more broadly in the world of politics. The involvement of women in the world of politics is also important to build the awareness of Jordanian women to be more independent and have more confidence in their own abilities, so they can participate in various activities in the public world. However, the struggle to increase women's involvement in politics is still being challenged by cultural norms and Jordan's patriarchal society."

"Penafsiran tentang kepemimpinan perempuan dalam Islam masih menjadi wacana yang sering diperdebatkan karena termasuk wilayah khilafiyah dan ijtihadiyah. Penafsiran yang ada masih memperlihatkan bias gender. Pemahaman penafsiran ini berpengaruh pada etika sosial di kalangan umat Islam khususnya dan masyarakat luas umumnya sehingga berdampak pada peran dan kedudukan perempuan, Agar penafsiran tentang kepemimpinan tidak bias gender, perlu diadakan pemberdayaan perempuan melalui para mubaligah. Merekalah penyampai ajaran-ajaran Islam kepada umatnya. Oleh sebab itu, perlu diadakan penelitian tentang mubaligah untuk mengetahui pemahaman mereka tentang kepemimpinan perempuan dalam Islam Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berperspektif perempuan. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik wawancara mendalam, kemudian dianalisis dengan perspektif gender untuk memperlihatkan pemahaman mubaligah tentang relasi perempuan dan laki-laki. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman mubaligah tentang kepemimpinan perempuan bervariasi karena latar belakang pendidikan agama yang berbeda. Hanya sebagian menyetujui kepemimpinan perempuan dalam rumah tangga dan dalam negara (sebagai presiden). Namun seluruhnya menyetujui kepemimpinan perempuan dalam masyarakat pada tatanan yang lebih rendah (bukan sebagai presiden). Mereka yang mengikuti feminisme modern mengakui kesetaraan gender, sedangkan yang dipengaruhi mufasir tradisional tidak mengakuinya.

---

The interpretation of women's leadership in Islam often becomes a debate. It is regarded as a polemic and an exercise of judgment on the basis of the Qur'an and the sunnah. Today's interpretation tends to be gender biased. The understanding of the interpretation influences social ethics, especially for Moslems, and generally for the whole society. It gives an impact on the role and status of women. To decrease the gender bias, women empowerment via mubaligahs (women preachers) is badly needed. It is due to the fact that mubaligahs are persons in charge of transferring Islam teaching to their followers. Consequently, we need a research about the mubaligahs. The research was conducted by using qualitative approach with women's perspective. The data were collected with in-depth interview. Gender-based analysis was used to probe mubaligah's understanding into the relation of women and men. The result reveals that the understanding of mubaligahs is varied because their religious educational background is different. Only some of them acknowledged and the other disagreed with the women's leadership in the family as well as in the society (as president). On the contrary, all of them legitimized with the women's leadership in the society on the lower level (not as president). Some of them approved gender equality (following the concept of modern-Islamic feminism), and the other disapproved (being influenced by the traditional-Islamic interpreter)."

"Tesis ini mengenai pengalaman kandidat perempuan dalam Pemilu DPR RI Tahun 2009 yang rentan praktik korupsi. Penelitian akan mencari tahu praktik korupsi seperti apa yang terjadi dalam Pemilu 2009 dan bagaimana respon perempuan menghadapi praktik tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan pemetaan secara komprehensif mengenai dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh korupsi terhadap perempuan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian berperspektif perempuan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa praktik korupsi terjadi secara masif dalam Pemilu DPR RI Tahun 2009 dan dan adaptasi yang dilakukan oleh perempuan adalah terseret dalam arus korupsi tersebut. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah praktik korupsi berdampak mempengaruhi keterpilihan mereka serta konsep perempuan sebagai agen anti korupsi menambah beban mereka. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini merekomendasikan dilakukannya persiapan untuk Pemilu-pemilu berikutnya dengan strategi yang berbeda, mendorong proses pencalonan demokratis dalam partai politik, menekankan terjadinya makna demokrasi substansial ketimbang terlalu fokus pada demokrasi prosedural serta menghilangkan teori perempuan sebagai agen anti korupsi.

---

The focus of this thesis is about the experiences of women candidates during 2009 Indonesia parliamentary election which was vulnerable to corruption. This study attempts to look for various forms of corruption in 2009 election and how women respond to them. The objective of this study is to draw out a comprehensive mapping of the impacts of corruption towards women. The study took a woman?s perspective using qualitative method. The result of the study discovered that massive corruption practice took place during the 2009 Indonesian election and found how women participated as their adaptation mechanism to the system. In conclusion, corruption influences the process of women being elected and that the concept of women as an anti-corruption agent burden them. Hence, this study recommends for different strategies conduct for the upcoming elections, encourage political parties to have democratic candidacy process, to put more focus on the implementation of substantial democracy rather that procedural democracy and eliminate the concept of women as anti-corruption agents."