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"In this research a scattering technique employing f or war dscatter of a He-Ne C0,5328 pm, 30 mw) laser beam together with a 1024 x 1024 arrays CCD-V11 video camera as a detector was used for determining both particle size distribution and concentration. For determining the size distribution the "Differential Fourier Transform Technique" is chosen because it does not require matrix inversion or a priori knowledge of functional forms of size and it takes advantage of the Fast Fourier Transform.

Measurements have been performed using this technique on cigarette smoke and smoke coming out, from burning clothes. From the experimental results it is shown that the diameter of cigarette smoke particles is between 0.3 and 1 . 3 pm. similar to that from a previous research C0.O4 - 1.00 pm). The measured size of smoke particles from burning clothes is 0.5 - 1.5 pm. similar to standard data Cabout 1 pm). But the obtained size distribution curves are still rough because of the limited observation scattering angle. It is also shown that the minimum and maximum concentration which can be detected are 1.8 x 107 particles/mma Cor 12.8 ppm) and 12.7 x 100 particles/=O Cor 906 ppm). This means that this technique can be used for measuring air pollutant concentration, as especially from smoke."

"ABSTRACTA non-mechanical method of measuring temporally coherent light, which may be dominated by incoherent background radiation, has been developed. The measurement method is based on the modulated signal produced by the temporally coherent radiation through a LiTaO3 crystal. In the study, the coherent and incoherent lights are combined. To detect coherent light in the presence of incoherent radiation, the crystal is modulated with 2 KHz to 25 KHz sinusoidal signals. To obtain good modulation, the crystal is biased with 150-volt dc. By observing the detector output, it can be seen that only the crystal modulates the coherent light is modulated by crystal."

"This is the next volume in series of Light Scattering Reviews. Volumes 1-5 have already been printed by Springer. The volume is composed of several papers ( usually, 10) of leading researchers in the respective field. The main focus of this book is light scattering, radiative transfer and optics of snow."

"ABSTRACTThe molecular weight of Polymer material can be determined using optical system by measuring the intensity of scattered light at low angle light scattering and its the incident beam, based on Rayleigh scattering have developed by Debye has known as Static Light Scattering. To carry out this measurement, an optical system was constructed using a HeNe laser light with a certain intensity, and the light passed through a polymer solution and its scattered light were then detected using a photo multiplier. To obtain the experimental results, the set-up was tested using a polymer standard, which has been already known its average molecular weight. In this experiment were used the polymer standard with average molecular weight 35000, 110000 and 200000. Furthermore, this optical experiment set-up constant, were used for determining the average molecular weight of the polymer samples. In this experiment a linear curve relation between the optical Rayleigh polymer and the polymer concentrations was constructed, and by extrapolating this linear curve up to zero concentration the molecular weight of polymer can be determined. From the laboratory test we got that the experimental set up could be used for the measurement of polymer, which has the molecular weight larger than 35000 to 200000, with tolerance 4 percent."

"Sebagai salah satu komponen sistem transportasi, terminal merupakan titik simpul dalam jaringan transportasi. Terminal merupakan tempat dimana penumpang masuk dan meninggalkan lokasi serta mempunyai peran penting untuk pengendalian dan pengaturan sistem pelayanan angkutan umum. Permasalahan yang terjadi di terminal adalah terjadinya kondisi antrean bus yang sedang menunggu penumpang pada lajur bus terminal. Dampak yang diakibatkan oleh kondisi antrean tersebut adalah meningkatnya emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor. Salah satu emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor yang berbahaya dan sulit dikendalikan adalah polutan NOx yang terdiri dari polutan NO dan polutan NO2. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian terhadap konsentrasi NOx pada udara ambien di sekitar lajur bus terminal. Metode yang digunakan untuk pengukuran konsentrasi NOx adalah metode Griess Slatzman sesuai dengan SNI 19-7119.2-2005. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jenis kendaraan berbahan bakar gas memiliki kontribusi terkecil dalam mempengaruhi besarnya nilai konsentrasi NOx yang terukur di lajur bus terminal blok-m. Nilai korelasi hubungan antara volume bus terhadap konsentrasi NOx sebesar 0,055 – 0,856. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa korelasi antara volume bus dengan konsentrasi pencemar udara (NO dan NO2) bernilai sangat lemah hingga kuat. Nilai konsentrasi NOx yang terukur berada di bawah baku mutu 400 μg/m3. Nilai RQ hasil perhitungan menunjukkan para pemilik kios yang berada di lajur bus masih berada dalam tingkat risiko yang cukup aman.

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As one component of the transportation system, terminal represents a nodal point in transportation network. Terminal is a place where passengers enter and leave the site as well as having an important role for the control and regulation of public transport service system. The problems that occur in the terminal is the condition of the bus queue for waiting the passengers at the bus lanes. Impact caused by the condition of the queue is increasing exhaust emissions of motor vehicles. One of the exhaust emissions of motor vehicles which is dangerous and difficult to control is NOx pollutants, consisting of NO and NO2. Therefore, it is necessary to study the NOx concentration in the ambient air around the terminal bus lanes. The method used for measuring the concentration of NOx is Griess Slatzman method in accordance with SNI 19-7119.2-2005. The results showed the type of gas-fueled vehicles have the smallest contribution in influencing the value of the NOx concentration measured in bus lanes Terminal Blok M. Value of the correlation relationship between the volume of buses and NOx concentration is 0,055 – 0,856. The results showed that the correlation between the volume of buses with air pollutant concentrations (NO and NO2) is worth very weak to strong. NOx concentrations measured values were well below the standards 400 μg/m3. RQ value calculation results indicate that the stall owners were in the bus lane is still in a fairly safe level of risk."

"A study on the design and construction of measurement system of electric current of power line has been carried out. The electromagnetic induction on inductor placed near a power line was used as modulator signal of laser diode. The modulator signal in frequency signal form is obtained by converting the amplitude of induced voltage into frequency signal by voltage-to-frequency converter. The optical light of laser diode modulated by the frequency signal was transmitted by optical fiber. At the output of the fiber, the optical light was detected and converted by optical detector into electrical signal. The electrical signal was then demodulated and amplified by a receiver to be measured by a frequency counter. The experimental result shows a linear property of induced voltage as a function of current in the power line; the frequency as a function of voltage and current is also linear; the frequency on transmitter is the same with the frequency on receiver. It is concluded that the system designed and constructed in this study is applicable for remote measurement of electric current of power line."