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"Regional language spoken in the archipelago according to the nationallanguage policy serves as one of the elements of national culture andprotected by the state. One of the local languages in Indonesia is thelanguage of Minangkabau. The paper focuses on two issues: 1) how therealization of the original segment morphemes Minangkabau language?,2) how the processes and phonological rules Minangkabau language?Phonemic, Minangkabau language has five vowels segments, namely/a, i, u, e,o/. However, phonetic, Minangkabau language has nine vowels because vowels/a, i, u, e, and 0/ experience the relaxation process each has allophones [I, U, 3, .9].In phonemic consonant number of Minangkabau origin amounted to 18pieces /p, b, t, d, c, j, k, g, r, I, s, h, m, n, n, 71,, w, y /, but phoneticallyMinangkabau language has 19 consonants sound, example; p,b, t, a’, c, j. k, g, r, l, s, h, in, n, n, 172, P, w, y /. Thus, the number ofsegments in the Minangkabau language vowels and consonants bothphonemically is 23 pieces, while as many as 28 segments phonetically.To explain the changes that occur from the realization of phonemic to phonetic,phonology rules would require eight. Eighth phonology rules include : (1) vocalloosening rules, (2) rule ”pelesapan" consonant / h /, (3) rules "pelesapan"resonant sounds / p, t, k, s, c /, (4) additional rules semivokal / w / and / y /,(5) the addition rule consonants / l /, (6) the addition rule consonants / r /, (7)changes in the rules of the consonant/ h /, and (8) rule changes kosonan / k/"

"ABSTRAKMelalui kajian kuantitatif dan kualitatif dibuktikan bahwa bahasa Kahayan, Dohoi, Maanyan, Lawangan, Dusan Deyah, dan Tunjung di Kalimantan, merupakan satu kelompok bahasa. Dalam kajian ini kelompok itu disebut kelompok bahasa Barito dan induk bahasa yang direkonstruksi-dinamakan Protobahasa Barito.Kelompok Barito itu dibagi atas tiga subkelompok yaitu: Barito Barat, yang terdiri atas bahasa Kahayan dan Dohoi, Barito Timur yang terdiri atas bahasa Maanyan dan subkelompok Lawangan-Duson Deyah (yang berpisah menjadi bahasa Lawangan dan Duson Deyah), dan Barito-Mahakam, di sini diwakili bahasa Tunjung.Tiga subkelompok ini dipertalikan dalam persentase kata seasal secara leksikostatistik rata-rata 36, yang sangat signifikan jika dibandingkan dengan tingkat kekerabatan dengan bahasa sekitarnva yaitu kelompok bahasa Malayik (bahasa Banjar Hulu dan Iban) dan kelompok bahasa Kayan-Kenyah, dengan persentase kata seasal rata-rata 26. Proto-bahasa Barito memuliki delapan inovasi fonologi bersama secara eksklusif dan lima puluh empat inovasi leksikal. Dalam kajian ini, bukti kualitatif sejalan dan saling mendukung yang menghasilkan simpulan yang sama.Hasil rekonstruksi menunjukkan bahwa Protobahasa Barito memiliki empat vokal, delapan belas konsonan, empat diftong, dan delapan gugus konsonan. Juga telah direkonstruksi tiga ratus lima puluh dua etimon Protobahasa Barito.Di samping itu, sistem fonologi protobahasa setiap subkelompok telah direkonstruksi juga sehingga perubahanperubahan dapat ditelusuri setapak demi setapak untuk memungkinkan perumusan kaidah perubahan fonem di dalam kelompok secara cermat dan sistematik.

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ABSTRACT

The languages of Kahayan, Dohoi, Maanyan, Lawangan, Duson Deyah and Tunjung, spoken in Kalimantan, are shown trough quantitative and qualitative studies to constitute a single group of languages. In this study they are called the Barito group and their reconstructed parent language is called Proto-Barito.

The Barito group divides into three subgroup: West Barito, which contains Kahayan and Dohoi, East Barito, which contains Maanyan and the Lawangan-Duson Deyah subgroup (which breaks up into Lawangan and Duson Deyah) and the Barito-Mahakam subgroup, represented here by the Tunjung language.

These three subgroup have found to share an average lexicostatistical cognate percentage of 36, which is very significant if compared with their degree of relatedness with nearby languages, that is, the Malayic group (Banjar Hulu and Iban ) and the Kayan-Kenyah group, with which they share an average cognate percentage of 26. Proto-Barito is found to have eight exclusive phonological innovations and to date 54 lexical innovations have discovered. In this study the quantitative and qualitative evidence has been found to be mutually supporting and to result in the same conclusions.

Reconstruction reveals that Proto-Barito had a phoneme inventory of 4 vowels, 18 consonants, 4 diphthongs and 8 consonant clusters. Also 342 Proto Barito lexical items have so far been reconstructed."

"Penelitian ini menangani sembilan bahasa daerah dan dialek yang wilayah pakainya terletak di sepanjang semenanjung Sulawesi Utara (kecuali Minahasa), yaitu Buol (Bwl), Gorantalo (Gtl), Suwawa (Sww), Kaidipang (Kdp), Bintauna (Btn), Bolango (Blg), Lolak (Llk), Mongondow (Mdw), dan Ponosakan (Psk); dengan tujuan merekonstruksi bahasa asal atau protobahasanya (yang disebut protobahasa Gorontalo-Mongondow), khusus bidang fonologi untuk mendapatkan protofonem termasuk sistem dan refleksnya pada bahasa-bahasa turunannya dewasa ini. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan berdasarkan kenyataan bahua penelitian linguistik hiatoris komparatif, khususnya rekonstruksl protobahasa di bidang fonologi terhadap bahasa-bahasa tersebut diatas, belum pernah dilaksanakan.Melalui bukti-bukti pengelompokan bahasa, yaitu bukti kuantitatif (perhitungan kesamaan kata seasal) den bukti kualitatif (inovasi bersama), dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahasa-bahasa yang diteliti ini berkerabat dan membentuk satu kelompok bahasa yang disebut kolouapok bahasa Gorantalo-Mongondow.Berdasarkan bukti kualitatif khususnya bukti pemisah kelompok, bahasa-bahasa ini masih dapat dikelampokkan lagi menjadi dua (sub) kelompok, yaitu kelompok bahasa Gorontalo (Bul, Gtl, Sw, Kdp, Btn, dan Blg), dan kelompok bahasa Mongondow (Llk, Mdw, dan Pak); sementara di dalam kelompok bahasa Gorontalo, berdasarkan bukti pengelompokan kualitatif (inovasi bersama) bidang fonologis dan leksikal, masih terdapat dua bahasa, yaitu Bwl dan Gtl, yang memperlihatkan kelebihdekatan satu sama lain; dan kedua bahasa ini disebut kelompok bahasa Buol-Gorontalo.Adanya satu kelompok bahasa, menunjukkan bahwa bahasa-bahasa berkerabat yang membentuk kelompok itu, berasal dari satu bahasa anal yang sama (protobahasa). Protobahasa inilah yang kemudian berkembang dan menurunkan bahasa-bahasa berkerabat dewasa ini. Melalui pengamatan yang saksama terhadap bahasa-bahasa yang berkerabat ini, ternyata terdapat sekian banyak perangkat kata seasal (perangkat kata kognat, kata-kata yang berasal dari sumber atau anal yang sama). Perangkat kata seasal ini mengandung fonem-fonem yang berkesepadanan atau berkorespondensi satu eama lain, dan kesepadanan yang teratur itu, jika diamati lebih teliti akan menghasilkan kaidah perubahan fonem atau bunyi, karena berasal dari satu protofonem yang sama.Perangkat kata seasal, kesepadanan fonem yang teratur, dan kaidah perubahan fonem atau bunyi di kalangan bahasa-bahasa berkerabat akan memungkinkan terlaksananya rekontruksi protobahasa, khususnya rekonstruksi protofonem den sistem fonologinya. Sementara itu, jika rekonstruksi fonologi terlaksana dengan baik, sekaligus dapat dilaksanakan pula rekonstruksi leksikal untuk memperoleh bentuk kata di dalam protobahasa atau etimon Gtl-MdW2 sebagai hasil rekonstruksi dari leksem atau perangkat kata seasal.Bertitik tolak dari pengelonmpokan bahasa di kalangan kelompok bahasa Gorontalo-Mongondow, di dalam kaitannya dengan tujuan penelitian ini, yaitu rekonstruksi protobahasa, maka tahap-tahap peiaksanaan rekonstruksi fonologi bahasa-bahasa dan dialek yang diteliti terdiri atas empat tahap kegiatan: (1) rekonstruksi protobahasa Buol-Gorontalo (PBG), untuk Bul den Gtl, (2) rekonstruksi protobahasa Gorontalo (PG), untuk PBG Owl, Gtl, Sww, xdp, Btn, dan Blg, (3) rekonstruksi fonologi protobahasa Mongondow (PM), untuk Ilk, Mdw, dan Psk, dan akhirnya (4) rekonstruksi protobahasa Gorontalo--Mongondow (PGM), untuk semua bahasa yang diteliti.

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This research deals with nine vernaculars spoken in the areas situated along the peninsula of North Sulawesi (except Minahasa), namely Buol (Bwl), Gorontalo (Gtl), Suwaua (Sww), Kaidipang (Kdp), Bintauna (Btn), Bolango (Blg), Lolek (Llk), Mongondow (Mdw), and Ponosakan (Pak); the purpose of this study is to reconstruct their protolanguage, particularly in the field of phonology (the reconstructed parent language is called Proto-Gorontalo-Mongondow), that is to obtain the protophonemes including their systems and reflexes in the descendant languages at the present time. This research is motivated by the fact that research in historical comparative linguistics, specifically in the reconstruct-ion of phonological systems of the vernaculars mentioned above, has never been carried out.After having examined the subgrouping evidence, quantitative evidence (the number of cognate percentage) and qualitative evidence (shared innovation), it can be concluded that those vernaculars are closely related and therefore from a family group, known as the Gorontalo.-Mongondow group, The present vernaculars comprising the group came into existence as the result of historical development.On the basis of separating subgrouping evidence, those vernaculars can be grouped into two main subgroups, that is Gorontalo-group (Bwl, Gtl, Sue, Kdp, Btn, and B1g), and Mongondow-group (Llk, Mdw, and Psk). It should be noted, however, that Berl and Gtl of the Gorontalo-group exhibit, on the basis of phonological and lexical subgrouping, a closer relationship compared to the others. This two vernaculars can be refer-red to as Buol-Gorontalo (sub) group.Language subgrouping, as described above, indicates that these closely related languages have descended from one ancestral language (that is protolanguage). This protolanguage has grown in different directions in the past and later on gradually became the present closely related languages. A careful observation of languages of the same family group shows that these languages have many sets of cognate-words (words which are related and which derive from the same source language). These cognate-sets contain phonemes which correspond systematically in those vernaculars. These regular correspondences, if accurately observed, will then become the rules of phoneme- or sound-change. Corresponding phonemes of the same set are from one protophoneme. Thus, the purpose of this study is to find out the protophonomes of those related vernaculars.The existence of cognate-sets, the regular phoneme correspondences, and the formulation of the rules of phoneme- or sound-change in those closely related languages, make the reconstruction of the phonological system of the protolanguage possible. Meanwhile, if the reconstruction of protophonomes can satisfactorily be done, then the cognate-words or lexemes can also be reconstructed to yield the protoforms (protowords) or etymons of Gtl-Mdw (lexical reconstruction).On the basis of the subgrouping of the Gorontalo-Mongondow languages, and in connection with the main purpose of this study, the reconstruction of phonology, the reconstruction-procedure of this research, is carried out in four phases: (1) the reconstruction of Preto-Buol-Gorontalo (PEG), for Bwl and Gtl, (2) the reconstruction of Preto-Gorontalo.(PG), for PBG (IIvl, Gt1), Sw, Kdp, Btn, and Blg, (3) the re-construction of Proto-Mongondow (PM), for Llk, Mdv, and Psk, and finally, (4) the reconstruction of Proto-Gorontalo-Mo."

"Penelitian linguistik historis komparatif ini mencakupi tiga bahasa di Nusa Tenggara, yaitu bahasa Bali, bahasa Sasak, dan bahasa Sumbawa. Ketiga bahasa itu dihipotesiskan memiliki keeratan hubungan kekerabatan. Melalui penelitian ini diperoleh bukti-bukti keeratan hubungan ketiga bahasa itu. Bukti kuantitatif yang ditemukan adalah kesamaan persentase rata-rata ketiga bahasa, berdasarkan 200 kata kosa kata dasar Daftar Swadesh, mencapai 50%. Persentase ini lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan bahasa Jawa dan bahasa Madura yaitu 41%, juga dengan bahasa Bima dan bahasa Manggarai yaitu 31%. Pada jenjang bawah, persentase kesamaan antara bahasa Sasak dan bahasa Sumabwa mencapai 64%. Selanjutnya, bukti-bukti kualitatif ditemukan pula yaitu inovasi fonologis dan leksikal. Inovasi fonologis penguat kelompok berupa metatesis bersama, sedangkan inovasi leksikal mencakup 41 kata. Inovasi fonologis pemisah kelompok berupa hilangnya konsonan pertama (K1) pada deret konsonan di tengah kata; asimilasi nasal; dan perubahan =R > r dalam Bahasa Sasak dan bahasa Sumbawa. Dalam bahasa Bali *R > 0/4-, =R > O/V-V, dan =R > hi- #. Selain itu ditemukan pula 31 kata yang inovatif dalam bahasa Sasak dan bahasa Sumbawa. Berdasarkan bukti-bukti kuantitatif dan kualitatif yang saling menunjang itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahasa Bali, Sasak, dan Sumbawa merupakan satu kelompok tersendiri yang erat. Kelompok bahasa Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa beranggotakan bahasa Bali dan subkelompok Sasak-Sumbawa. Subkelompok Sasak-Sumbawa terdiri atas bahasa Sasak dan bahasa Sumbawa sebagai anggotaanggotanya. Setelah direkonstruksi, ditemukan sistem fonem Protobahasa Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa (PBSS.). Fonem segemental PBSS terdiri atas enam vokal yaitu: *i 'u 'e *@ *o `a dan sembilan belas konsonan yaitu : *p *b in *t =d *n =r *R =s =1 *c "j `n `k g q n w y, konsonan-konsonan palatal hanya berdistribusi awal dan tengah; semi vokal' =w dan =y hanya berdistribusi tengah; glotalstop hanya berdistribusi akhir. Konsonan-konsonan lainnya berdistribusi lengkap. Selain itu ditemukan pula deret-deret vokal dan deret-deret konsonan. Kemudian, rekonstruksi leksikal menghasilkan 706 etimon. Selain itu, diperikan pula pantulan fonem Proto-Austronesia (PAN) dalam PBSS.

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This historical comparative study is concerned with a group of three languages in Nusa Tenggara (Southeast Lesser Sunda islands), Indonesia, namely Balinese, Sasak, and Sumbawa. These three languages are-hypothesized to have a close genetic relationship. The result of the present study shows that the precentage of,similarity among the three languages, based on Swadesh 200-Wordlist is qualitatively 50%. This level of similarity is higher than the similarity to Javanese and Madurese, that is 36%, or to Bima and Manggarai which 31%. On the lower level, the similarity between Sasak and Sumbawa is 64%.

By the qualitative approach it was also found the lexical and phonological innovation were found. The phonological innovation that supports the grouping is the presence of mutual metathesis, while lexical innovation comprises 41 words. Phonological innovations that separate the group are the loss of the first consonant (C1) in consonant clusters in word medial position; nasal assimilation and the change of =R r are found in Sasak and Sumbawa. In Balinese 'R > 0/*-, *R > p (V-V), and *R > h/-#. 31 lexical innovation were found in Sasak and Sumbawa.

Based on the quantitative and qualitative approaches that are supporting each other, it is concluded that the three languages namely Balinese, Sasak, and Sumbawa belong to one exclusive group, that they are closely genetically related. Balinese-Sasak-Sumbawa is a group with Balinese and Sasak-Sumbawa subgroup as its members. The Sasak-Sumbawa subgroup consists of Sasak and Sumbawa.

As the recontruction of the family tree of the three languages is made, the phonemic. system of Proto Balinese-Sasak-Sumbawa (PBSS) can be found. The segmental phonemes of PBSS consist of six vowels, namely: *i 'u *e '@ *o *a and eighteen consonants namely: *p *b in *t d "n r R "s J. c *j n *k #g `q `n `w *y. Palatal consonants only occured initially and medially; the two semivowels =w *y only occured medially; and glotalstop 'q, only occured finally. Other consonants could occur elsewhere. Besides those consonants and vowel, there were vowel clusters and consonants clusters. Lexical recontruction produced 706 etyma which are listed, and finally the reflection of PAN phonemis in PBSS is also described."