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"ABSTRACTMost poverty prevalence in developing countries is found among people living in rural areas, which depend on agricultural activities as their main source of livelihood (Suryana, 1992, Kuhonta, 1986). This study assessed the overall condition of the rural community in Pasaman (Jambak and Sarik village) and Sawahlunto/Sijunjung (SP I and SP IV village) district regarding to the poverty and nutritional situation by using an adapted Rapid Rural assessment method which was called RAPID: Rapid Nutritional Assessment for Community Based Poverty Alleviation Projects in Developing Countries, developed by GTZ. The method consists of interviewing key persons, focus group discussion, observation and height measurement of school children (6-9 years old). Other method to diagnose and analyze the nutritional situation of risk group is a nutritional survey. Interview and anthropometrics measurement of fewer than five children and the mother were done in this method. A poor state of nutrition and health also leads to lower productivity and reduces the availability of food at the household level, which now forms a vicious cycle. The availability of food can describe the food security status of the household. This study also attempted to look into the main problems of food security on rural community by using food security questionnaire developed by SEARCA (South East Asian Regional Center for Agriculture). The result of interviewing the mothers by this method revealed that current food security status in Jambak and Sarik was better than SP I and SP IV while SP IV was worse than SP I. The similar result was found by other two methods. RAPID method described the overall condition of the study area in a short time. This method also collected preliminary information on the nature and importance of poverty and nutritional problem, and supply of the resources of the study area. However this method insufficient to describe the relationship between nutritional problem and its determinant factor. Baseline survey gave the extent of the nutritional problem in the area, nevertheless this method needed some resources; fund, personnel, equipments and time. Food security method assessed the extent of food security problems in the area, however in this study, it was proved that the questionnaire was not fully applicable, therefore further analyses based on SEARCA method could not be completely applied."

"The purpose of the study was to compare the nutritional status of children receiving supplementary food from the high and low performing health centers in East Sumba District, Indonesia.

Assessment of all 15 health centers was the first stage to determine the performance level using input output process approach, and 568 selected households from two performance categories was the second stage to investigate nutritional status. A Scoring system was used to determine the performance level, and anthropometry was used to assess nutritional status. SPSS 10.0 and Epilnfo 6.04b were used for data analyses. The study was conducted from February to March 2001.

All input-process-output and personnel capability variables between the two performance levels were significantly different. The supplementary feeding package fulfilled optimally the standard requirement, but the method and frequency of distribution did not The prevalence of malnutrition was significantly different between the two performance levels.

Lack of transportation and small number of personnel might have influenced the improper nutrition service management."

"A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the problem of nutritional status and intestinal helminthiasis among underfive children in three selected refugee centers in Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara and to identify possible relationship between intestinal helminthiasis and nutritional status. A number of 188 children 12-59 months of age were involved in this study. All three refugee centers showed that Ascaris lumbricoides was most common (29.0% in Naibonat, 28.8% in Noelbaki and 23.4% in Tuapukan), followed by hookworm (25.8% in Naibonat, 10.0% in Noelbaki and 3.9% in Tuapukan) and the least common was Trichuris trichiura (6.3% in Noelbaki, 3.2% in Noelbaki and 0% in Tuapukan). Based on the WHO?s criteria the intensity of intestinalhelminthiasis in all three refugee centers were low. Nutritional status was characterized by high of prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting in all three refugee centers. The prevalence of underweight was 28.6% in Tuapukan, 25.8% in Naibonat, and 18.8% in Noelbaki. The prevalence of stunting was 29.0% in Naibonat, 20% in Noelbaki and23.4% in Tuapukan. While the prevalence of wasting was 8.8% in Noelbaki, 6.5% in Naibonat and 3.9% in Tuapukan. For anemia, 75% of children in Noelbaki, 71.4% in Tuapukan and 45.2% in Naibonat had haemoglobin level less than 11 g/dl. There was no significant association between the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides and nutritional status of children also between the intensity of Ascaris Iumbricoides and nutritional status."

"There were 37.3 million people or 17.42% people out of the total population in Indonesia who lived under the poverty line in year 2003 which constitute 20.23% of people in rural and 13.57% of the people in urban area (BPS, 2003). Poverty has a negative impact to the health and nutrient status of the population who lived under the poverty line. Poor people are more exposed to environmental risk (poor sanitation, unhealthy food, violence and natural disaster) and have less access to quality health care (WHO, 2000). Various approaches have been conducted to determine the poverty line. Badan Pusat Statistics/Central Bureau for Statistics (BPS/CBS) is one of the institutions that have developed the poverty line, which has been used nationally in Indonesia. The poverty line was defined as the expenditure value of the minimum food, so called food poverty line, and non-food commodities per capita per month (BPS, 1998). The food poverty line was derived by calculating the rupiah value of minimum standard for food adequately required by an individual, which was set at 2,100 calories per person per day. The rupiah value of 2,100 calories was derived from 52 selected food commodities mostly consumed by the reference population from the Susenas/National Health Survey data. Reference population is a group of people living just above the poverty line, and hence, their pattern of consumption can be used as a standard of minimum consumption. The selected food commodities were taking into account the difference among provinces but it did not distinguished between rural and urban areas. Therefore, the difference in values of expenditure spent for purchasing these food commodities refers to the differences in volume and price of each selected food item in both areas. However, some aspects were not considered in the calculation of this food poverty line. First, the estimation of the calorie content from the selected food commodities was not based on the quantities of food actually consumed by household member. It was only concerned on the amount of food used by the household. However, food used is not equivalent to the food consumed. Therefore, the calories content derived from the food used would overestimate the calories intake derived from the food actually consumed by the household member (Hasan, 1997). Secondly, the food poverty line developed by BPS was not measured independently. It was based on the consumption of the reference population. The consumption of the reference population was not necessarily adequate in terms of quantity and quality of the food because the reference population was determined by their non-food expenditure. It did not guarantee that people with higher non-food expenditure would consume adequate food. Third, nutrient or food consumption pattern of the population was correlated by the range of foods, which was locally produced or imported, available in an area and in a given season (Gopalan, 1984 in Hatma 2001)."

"The study was carried out among 40 low-income households in East Jakarta. It generally aimed at examining the contribution of intra-household food distribution practices to the differences in nutritional status of individual members within and between urban poor households with underfive year old children. Two groups represented the study households. One group with malnourished (<-2 Z-scores for weight for age indicator) 18-60 months old children and the other group with well-nourished (>:-2 Z-scores) of the same age. A three day household and individual food intake were collected through the use of a combined food weighing and 24-hour food recall method. Results revealed that.malnourished underfive year old children were given less adequate diets in terms of nutrient requirement while parents? diet were sufficiently adequate. In contrast, the well-nourished children were adequately fed while their parents got less. The children's intake were found to have a marginal relationship with their nutritional status while significant associations were seen with parent's energy intake and household's total income. On the whole, findings indicated inequality in the food distribution patterns among urban poor households and these patterns somehow influences the nutritional status of household members particularly the pre-school age children"

"ABSTRAKThe present study investigated the relationship of nutritional status and work productivity of Indonesian female industrial workers who engaged in light activity. Anthropometrics, hemoglobin (Hb), work productivity, physical activity and several socioeconomic data were collected from 230 female cigarette industrial workers. Nutritional assessment of studied population showed that the average body mass index of studied population was 19.55 ± 2.33 kg/mz, which 41.3% of the workers were under nutrition which indicated by BMI below 18.5 kg/m2 and 40.4% were anemic while 13.9% of them were under nutrition and anemic. BMI showed a significant quadratic regression with work productivity (p<0.05). A classification for chronic energy deficiency (CED) using BMI of 18.5 as a cutoff point was related to the functional parameter of work productivity. Workers whose BMI below 18.5 kg/m2 had work productivity about four percent lower than those whose BMI above 18.5. Female workers whose BMI ranged of 18.5 --22.5 kg/re had the highest work productivity among others. Analysis of variance showed that anemic workers had significantly lower work productivity than the non-anemic workers (p<0.01). The anemic workers produced about five percent less output than the non-anemic workers. There was a linear regression between work productivity and hemoglobin level. Multiple regression analysis showed that increases in Hb levels, lean body mass and experience were significantly associated with increased work productivity (p<0.01). This study concluded that Hb, BMI and LBM were significantly related with work productivity. The better nourished workers as determined by BMI, LBM, and Hb levels were more productive than under-nourished workers also the more experienced workers had higher work productivity than the less-experienced workers."

"Data riskesdas (2007) Kabupaten Ngada-NTT mempunyai prevalensi sangat pendek dan pendek 46.8%, prevalensi gizi buruk 8.4%, prevalensi sangat kurus dan kurus 13.4%. pada lokasi ini belum terdapat informasi tentang status gizi,sehingga peneliti ingin melakukan penelitian di lokasi ini. Tujuan Penelitian untuk mengetahui gambaran status gizi pada baduta serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan di tiga kecamatan di kabupaten Ngada. Desain penelitian cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel 250 baduta (7-24 bulan). Hasil penelitian menunjukan prevalensi status gizi gizi kurang dan gizi buruk 24.8% pendek dan sangat pendek 48% dan kurus dan sangat kurus 8.8%. Asupan energi kurang 44.8%, asupan protein kurang 62.6%, asupan lemak kurang 28.8%, asupan KH kurang 60.8%. riwayat BBLR 18.0%, PBL <48 cm 37.2%, tidak menyusui ASI ekslusif 66.8%, imunisasi tidak lengkap16.8%, yang menderita penyakit infeksi 71.6%. Hasil bivariat menunjukan ada hubungan bermakna antara BB/U dengan asupan energi, protein, karbohidrat, berat badan lahir, panjang badan lahir, penyakit infeksi, penghasilan keluarga dan pengetahuan ibu tentang gizi. TB/U ada hubungan bermakna dengan dengan asupan energi, protein, lemak, berat badan lahir, ASI ekslusif, penyakit infeksi, penghasilan keluarga dan pengetahuan ibu tentang gizi. Sedangkan BB/TB mempunyai hubungan bermakna dengan asupan protein.

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Riskesdas (2007) showed district Ngada- NTT had prevalence of stunting was 46%, wasting 13.4%, and severe undeweight 8.4%. In Ngada there was no information about nutrition status, so the study conducted in this place. The aim of the study was to describe the nutritional status under two children in district Riung West, Golewa and district Bajawa Ngada NTT province, as well as the factors that related it . It was cross-sectional study on 250 under two children.

The result showed prevalence of underweight 24.8%, stunting 48% and wasting 8.8%. Low energy intake was 44.8%, low protein intake of 62.6%, low fat intake 28.8%, low KH intake 60.8%. LBW 18.0%, Length birth <48 cm 37.2%, not exclusive breastfeeding 66.8%, immunization incomplete 16.8%, infectious diseases 71.6%.

The results showed there was significant relationship between underweight with energy intake, protein intake, carbohydrate intake, birth weight, length birth , infectious diseases, family income and mothers' knowledge of nutrition. There was significant relationship between stunting and energy intake, protein intake, fat intake, birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, infectious diseases, family income and mothers' knowledge of nutrition. Wasting had a significant with the intake of protein."

"Salah satu masalah kekurangan gizi pada balita yang menjadi prioritas utama adalahstunting. Stunting pada balita diakibatkan oleh kekurangan gizi kronis mulai dari awalperkembangan dimana konsekuensinya bersifat permanen. Permasalahan stunting dapat menimbulkan efek jangka panjang pada individu dan masyarakat, termasuk berkurangnya perkembangan kognitif, fisik, kemampuan produktif dan kesehatan yang buruk, serta peningkatan risiko penyakit degeneratif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting pada balita di Provinsi Sumatera Barat tahun 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder Pemantauan Status Gizi Provinsi Sumatera Barat dengan desain penelitian cross sectional dan jumlah sampel 6421 balita. Pengolahan dan analisis data menggunakan uji chi-square bivariat dan uji regresi logistik ganda model prediksi multivariat. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara umur balita, jenis kelamin, tinggi badan ibu, pendidikan ibu, jumlah anggota rumah tangga dan wilayah tempat tinggal dengan stunting pada balita. Umur balita merupakan faktor yang paling dominan dengan kejadian stunting pada balita. Disarankan adanya dukungan kebijakan peningkatan anggaran program perbaikan gizi masyarakat dalam upaya penanggulangan masalah stunting dan menyusun kegiatan program sesuai dengan kebutuhan di lapangan serta memperhatikan kebutuhan gizi anak sesuai dengan tahapan umur.

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One of the nutritional problems in children under five is the main priority is stunting.Stunting in toddlers is caused by chronic malnutrition from the beginning ofdevelopment where the consequences are permanent. Stunting problems can have longtermeffects on individuals and communities, including reduced cognitive, physical, productive and poor health, and an increased risk of degenerative diseases.

The purpose of this study was to determine factors related to stunting incidence in toddlers in West Sumatera Province in 2017. This study uses secondary data Monitoring Nutrition Statusof West Sumatera Province with cross sectional study design and 6421 children underfive years old. Processing and data analysis using chi square test bivariate andmultiple logistic regression test prediction model multivariate.

The result of statistical test shows that there is a significant relationship between toddler age, sex, mother 39 sheight, mother education, number of household member and residence area withstunting in children. Toddler age is the most dominant factor with stunting incidence intoddlers.

It is recommended to support the improvement of public nutrition improvement program budget in the effort to overcome the problem of stunting andarrange the program activity according to the need in the field and pay attention to the nutritional requirement of children according to the age stage."

"Status gizi berperan dalam menentukan sukses tidaknya upaya peningkatan sumberdaya manusia. Prevalensi gizi kurang BB/U di Kabupaten Tangerang meningkat dari tahun 2007 sampai 2010 yaitu 7,2% menjadi 9,12%. Tujuan penelitian adalah dianalisisnya hubungan antara perilaku KADARZI, karakteristik keluarga dan balita dengan status gizi balita (12-59 bulan) di Kabupaten Tangerang tahun 2011. Penilitian kuantitatif ini menggunakan desain cross sectional. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekuder hasil survey PSG KADARZI Kabupaten Tangerang tahun 2011. Prevalensi balita gizi kurang (termasuk gizi buruk) 17,9%, pendek (termasuk sangat pendek) 32,9%, kurus (termasuk sangat kurus) 11,8%. Variabel yang berhubungan secara bermakna dengan status gizi balita BB/U adalah menimbang balita secara teratur, riwayat ASI Eksklusif, menggunakan garam beryodium, pendidikan ayah, pendidikan ibu, usia ibu, besar keluarga, dan umur balita. Variabel yang berhubungan bermakna dengan status gizi PB/U atau TB/U sama dengan BB/U ditambah variabel konsumsi kapsul vitamin A. Berdasarkan indeks BB/PB atau BB/TB adalah riwayat ASI Eksklusif, dan pendidikan ibu. Hasil uji multivariat menunjukkan faktor dominan BB/U adalah pendidikan ibu, PB/U atau TB/U adalah pendidikan ayah. Sedangkan BB/PB atau BB/TB adalah riwayat ASI Eksklusif. Perlu adanya pendidikan gizi bagi keluarga.

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Nutritional status is one of the important indicator for human resources. From 2007 to 2010, prevalence of undernutrition increased from 7,2% to 9,12%. General objective of this study was to determine the relationship between family nutrition awareness (KADARZI), family and children under five characteristics with nutritional status of children under five (12-59 months) at Tangerang District in 2011. This quantitative study using cross sectional study design. The data were result from family nutrition awareness and nutritional status survey at Tangerang district in 2011. The analysis showed that the prevalence of underweight was found at 17,9%. stunted was found at 32,9%, wasted was found at 11,8%. Chi square test result showed that there was a significant association (p≤0.05) between growth monitoring, exclusive breastfeeding history, the use of iodized salt, father?s level of education, mother?s level of education, mother?s age, number of family members, and child?s age with nutritional status based on BB/U index. PB/U or TB/U index were the same as BB/U but added by vitamin A capsule intake. BB/PB or BB/TB Index were exclusive breastfeeding history and mother's level of education. Multivariate test results showed that mother's level of education is the most dominant factor associated with nutritional status (BB/U). PB/U or TB/U index was father?s level of education. BB/PB or BB/TB index was exclusive breastfeeding history. The following need famiy nutritional education."

"Program PMT telah dilakukan di kecamatan Bogor Selatan pada tahun 1999 bagi balita gizi buruk dan kurang agar dapat meningkatkan status gizinya. Namun hingga saat ini belum pernah dilakukan evaluasi atau penelitian, khususnya mengenai waktu peningkatan status gizi balita selama mengikuti program PMT tersebut.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang peluang balita dan waktu peningkatan status gizi selama dua belas minggu intervensi PMT serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.Desain penelitian ini longitudinal selama dua belas minggu dengan melibatkan 194 balita. Analisis Kaplan Meier dilakukan untuk menentukan probabilitas status gizi tidak meningkat selama dua belas minggu. Analisis multivariat regresi cox dilakukan untuk menentukan besarnya nilai probabilitas peningkatan status gizi berdasarkan kecurigaan ada faktor lain secara bersama-sama.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa probabilitas status gizi tidak meningkat sampai dua belas minggu sebesar 67,01%. Median waktu peningkatan status gizi tidak diketahui, artinya sampai dua belas minggu intervensi PMT belum ada 50% balita yang mengalami peningkatan status gizi.Secara bivariat diketahui ada perbedaan antara umur ibu, konsumsi energi dan umur balita dengan waktu peningkatan status gizi. Hasil analisis ini tidak melihat perbedaan antara pendidikan, pengeluaran, pengetahuan, pola asuh, besar keluarga, konsumsi protein, penyakit infeksi, status gizi awal, jenis kelamin, partisipasi dengan waktu peningkatan status gizi. Probabilitas status gizi tidak meningkat sampai minggu kedua belas pada balita yang mempunyai ibu berumur antara 20 - 30 tahun sebesar 76,24%. Balita yang ibunya berumur kurang dari 20 atau lebih dari 30 tahun probabilitas status gizi tidak meningkat sebesar 55,29%. Peningkatan status gizi balita yang mempunyai ibu berumur antara 20 - 30 tahun sebesar 0,480 kali (95% CI : 1,100 - 3,038) dibanding balita yang ibunya berumur kurang dari 20 atau lebih dan 30 tahun. Balita yang konsumsi energinya baik memiliki probabilitas status gizi tidak meningkat sebesar 62,30% dan 74,58% bagi balita yang konsumsi energinya kurang. Peningkatan status gizi pada balita dengan konsumsi energi baik 1,828 (95% CI ; 1,100 - 3,038) kali dibanding balita yang konsumsi energinya kurang. Probabilitas status gizi tidak meningkat pada balita yang berumur ≤ 2 tahun sebesar 72,73% dan > 2 tahun sebesar 54,84%. Peningkatan status gizi balita yang berumur > 2 tahun sebesar 1,798 (95% CI : 1,096 - 2,948) kali dibanding balita yang berumur ≤ 2 tahun. Secara multivariat faktor yang berhubungan dengan waktu peningkatan status gizi balita selama dua belas minggu intervensi PMT adalah umur ibu, pengetahuan, konsumsi protein dan umur Balita, Peningkatan Status gizi pada balita yang memiliki ibu berumur antara 20 - 30 tahun sebesar 0,471 (95% CI : 0,279 - 0,795) dibanding balita yang umur ibunya < 20 atau > 30 tahun dengan mengendalikan pengetahuan ibu, konsumsi protein dan umur balita. Berdasarkan pengetahuan gizi ibu, peningkatan status gizi balita yang ibunya berpengetahuan baik sebesar 1,694 (95% CI : 1,061 - 2,969) kali dibanding balita yang pengetahuan gizi ibunya kurang dengan umur ibu, konsumsi protein dan umur balita yang sama. Balita yang konsumsi proteinnya baik peningkatan status gizinya 1,659 (95% CI : 0,911 - 3,023) kali dibanding balita lain yang konsumsi proteinnya kurang pada kondisi umur ibu, pengetahuan dan umur balita yang sama. Dilihat dari umur balita, balita yang berumur > 2 tahun peningkatan status gizinya sebesar 1,775 (95% CI : 0,984 - 2,914) kali dibanding balita yang berumur ≤ 2 tahun dengan umur ibu, pengetahuan gizi ibu dan konsumsi protein yang sama.

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Supplemental Food Giving Program for Balita with bad and less nutrient had done in South Bogor Sub-district in 1999. But, there isn't evaluation/research about it yet, specialties the time of Balita?s nutrient status increasing during follow this program.

This research goal is to obtain information regarding the opportunities and the time of Balita's nutrient status increasing within twelve weeks supplemental food giving intervention, also factors which influenced them.

This research design is longitudinal within twelve weeks involved 194 Balita. Kaplan Meier Analysis was done to determine probability of Balita with nutrient status not increase within twelve weeks. While Multivariate Regression Cox Analysis was done to determine probability value of Balita's nutrient status increase, based on suspicious there's another factor coinciding.

The result of this research showed that Balita's nutrient status not increase within twelve weeks probability 67,01 %. Median time of Balita's nutrient status increasing is unknown, it means within twelve weeks intervention the program less than 50 % Balita increasing their nutrient status.

From the outcomes of bivariate analysis known, there's difference between mother's age, energy consumption and Balita's age with the time of nutrient status increasing. But, there's no difference between mother's educational background, expenses, knowledge, bring-up pattern, sum of family's member, protein consumption, infection disease, early nutrient status, gender, participation with the time of Balita's nutrient status increasing, Balita's nutrient status not increase within twelve weeks if their mother's between 20 - 30 years old probability 76,24 %. While their mother's <20 or >30 years old probability 55,29 %. Balita's nutrient status increasing if their mother between 20 - 30 years old 0,480 time ( 95 °.b CI : 1,100 - 3,038 ) compare with Balita's mother < 20 or > 30 years old. Balita with good energy consumption but their nutrient status not increase probability 62,30 % and 74,58 % for the Balita with less energy consumption. Balita < 2 years old with nutrient status not increase probability 72,73 % and > 2 years old nutrient status increasing 1,798 times (95 % CI : 1,096 - 2,948 ) comparing with Balita = 2 years old.

From the outcomes of multivariate analysis, factors related to the time of Balita's nutrient status increasing within twelve weeks intervention of the Supplemental Food Giving Program are mother's age, knowledge, protein consumption and Balita's age. Balita's nutrient status increasing with their mother's age between 20 - 30 years old 0,471 times ( 95 % CI : 0,279 - 0,795 ) compare with Balita's mother < 20 or > 30 years old, under control of mother's knowledge, protein consumption and Balita of the same age. Based on mother's nutrient knowledge's good, so Balita's nutrient status increasing 1,694 times (95 % CI: 1,061 - 2,969) compare with Mother's knowledge deficit with mother's age, protein consumption and Balita's with the same age. Balita with good protein consumption have nutrient status increasing 1,659 times (95 % CI: 0,911 - 3,023) compare with another Balita with less protein consumption and the same condition of mother's age, knowledge and Balita's age. Balita > 2 years old have nutrient status 1,775 times (95 % CI: 0,984 - 2,914) compare with Balita = 2 years old with the same mother's age, mother's nutrient knowledge and Balita's protein consumption."