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"Penderita penyakit diabetes mellitus (DM) terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Pada tahun 2001 secara nasional jumlah penderta DM mencapai 2,5 %. Diperlukan peran pelayanan laboratorium klinik yang handal, agar dapat melakukan pemeriksaan dan pemantauan dari penyakit DM. Beberapa parameter penunjang diagnosis DM yang biasa digunakan adalah kadar glukosa darah dan trigliserida.Dalam memberikan pelayanan kesehatan, laboratorium wajib menjaga mutu dari hasil pemeriksaan yang dikeluarkannya. Salah satu upaya dalam menjaga mutu adalah dengan menggunakan bahan kontrol sebagai pembanding hasil pemeriksaan. Penggunaan bahan kontrol komersial relatif mahal untuk digunakan secara rutin. Perlu diupayakan penggunaan bahan kontrol alternatif. Bahan alternatif yang dapat digunakan adalah bahan kontrol dari spesimen pasien dan bahan kontrol rata-rata harian pasien. Pada penelitian ini dibandingkan sisi akurasi (validitas, reliabilitas, presisi) dan biaya yang digunakan dari bahan kontrol alternatif dengan bahan kontrol komersial. Penelitian dilakukan dengan studi potong lintang di Laboratorium Kesehatan Banda Aceh selama bulan Oktober 2002.Untuk kedua parameter (glukosa dan trigliserida darah) bahan kontrol spesimen pasien mempunyai validitas baik (nilai koefisien korelasi 0,5), reliabilitas baik (koefisien Kappa > 0,5), presisi cukup baik (selang kepercayaan 95 % yang sempit). Sedangkan untuk bahan kontrol rata-rata harian validitas kurang baik (nilai koefisien korelasi < 0,5), reliabilitas kurang baik (koefisien Kappa < 0,5), presisi kurang baik (selang kepercayaan 95 % yang lebar) dibandingkan dengan bahan kontrol komersial.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa bahan kontrol spesimen pasien cukup baik digunakan sebagai bahan kontrol alternatif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis biaya diketahui bahwa penggunaan bahan kontrol alternatif tersebut lebih efisien. Kepada praktisi laboratorium disarankan untuk menggunakan bahan kontrol spesimen pasien sebagai bahan kontrol alternatif komersial.Daftar Pustaka 38 (1976 - 2002)

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Quality Test of Control Material as Supporting Examination of Diabetes Mellitus in Provincial Health Laboratory of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam in 2002Data show that diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are mounting year by year, In 2001, the number of DM patients reached the level of 2.5% nationally. Therefore, it is necessary to have a reliable clinical laboratory service in examining and monitoring DM. Several supporting parameters that can be used for DM diagnosis are blood glucose and blood triglicerides.

In providing health service, health laboratory has to control the quality of issued result. One of the efforts to keep the quality is to use material control as a comparison of result examination. The use of commercial control material is relatively expensive for routine purpose. Therefore, it is necessary to strive for alternative control material. In this case, the alternative control materials that can be used are from patient's specimen and the average of daily patients material control. In this research, accuracy, which consists of validity, reliability and precision, and cost, are used in comparison with commercial control material. The research was conducted by using cross sectional design in Health Laboratory of Banda Aceh in October 2002.

The result of the study shows that the validity of patients specimen material control is good with correlation coeffecient value is 0.5, however the average of daily patients material control are worse compared to that of commercial material control. This is shown by correlation coefficient value which is smaller than 0.5. Reliability of material control specimen and the average material control are good. This is shown by Kappa coefficient value, which are more than 0.5 for glucose and trigliserida parameters and Cochran test, which is smaller than 0.05 for each. Precision of patient's specimen material is very good, shown by narrower 95% confidence interval, while the average of daily material control is worse, shown by wider 95% confidence interval than that of commercial control material.

The above results show that patient's specimen control material and the average of daily material can be used as control materials, with condition of the availability of actual value determination. Besides, in terms of cost analysis, it is known that the use of both alternative control materials are more efficient in cost, which is lower than the use of commercial control material. From the result of this research, it is suggested to laboratory practitioners to use patients control material as an alterative of commercial material control.

References 38 (1976 - 2002)"

"ABSTRAKDiabetes merupakan penyakit progresif yang tidak hanya membutuhkan perawatan kuratif dan rehabilitatif tetapi juga perawatan paliatif.. Kepuasaan merupakan salah satu indikator penting tercapainya perawatan paliatif yang efektif sehingga pengukuran kepuasan pasien terhadap perawatan menjadi hal yang penting dilakukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran tingkat kepuasan pasien diabetes yang mendapatkan perawatan paliatif. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah desain penelitian cross sectional menggunakan sampel pasien diabetes di balai asuhan keperawatan Jabodetabek sebanyak 43 responden yang dipilih dengan teknik purposive sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah Home Care Client Satisfaction Instrument-Revised (HCCSI-R), Clien Satisfaction Inventory (CSI), dan Long-form Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-III). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan sebanyak 14% responden merasa cukup puas, 60,5% merasa puas, dan 25,6% merasa sangat puas. Pada penelitian ini juga ditemukan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara karateristik responden dengan tingkat kepuasan (p>0,05). Penelitian ini merekomendasikan kepada praktisi kesehatan untuk memperdalam pengetahuan mengenai perawatan paliatif dan mengaplikasikannya pada pelayanan kesehatan.

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ABSTRACTDiabetes is a progressive disease that needs palliative care aside from curative and rehabilitative. Satisfaction play as one of the most important indicator to get effective achievement of palliative care, so the measurement of patient satisfaction with treatment is necessary. This study was conducted to describe the level of satisfaction of diabetes patients who receive palliative care. This study used cross sectional approach with 43 respondents of diabetic patients accommodate under nursing care centers in Jabodetabek selected with purposive sampling technique. This study used Home Care Client Satisfaction Instrument-Revised (HCCSI-R), Clien Satisfaction Inventory (CSI), and the Long-Form Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-III) to measure satisfaction level. The results showed that 14% of respondents felt quite satisfied, 60.5% were satisfied, and 25.6% felt very satisfied. This research also found that there is no significant differences between the characteristics of the respondents with the level of satisfaction (p> 0.05). The study recommend healthcare practitioners to deepen their knowledge about palliative care and apply it to health services."

"Diabetes mellitus adalah penyakit sistemik kronik yang bersifat genetik dan dapat menimbulkan berbagai komplikasi pada berbagai organ tubuh termasuk kaki, yang diawali oleh gejala yang ringan seperti rasa baal hingga gejala yang serius seperti timbulnya gangren. Kejadien ini memberikan kerugian terutamabagi pasien dan keluarga, tenaga kesehatan maupun rumah sakit Selain hari rawat akan bertambah, perawatan di rumah sakit membutuhkan biaya yang tidak sedikit, dan tidak jarang pasien akan mengalami gangguan fungsi tubuh. Guna mengantisipasi masalah tersebut, skink tahun 1993 telah dilakukan penyuluhan kesehatan oleh tim edukasi dari Sentral Informasi Diabetus dan Lipid di poliklinik Metabalilk Endokrin RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta Kegiatan mencakup penyuluhan kesehatan khususnya tentang cara perawatan kaki bagi semua pasien baru diabetes minimal satu kali dalam sebulan. Kegiatan merawat kaki merupakan suatu tindakan yang efisien dan efektif apabila dilakukan secara teratur. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut diatas maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor-hktor yang ada didalam Model Keyakinan Kesehatan yang terdiri dari persepsi pasien ( kerentanan, keseriusan, manfaat, rintangan dan pendarong) tentang kaki diabetik dengan kepatuhan melakukan perawatan kaki. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan disain cross sectional survei dengan responden pasien diabetes yang datang kontrol dan berobat ke polikinik Metabolik Endokrin. Sampel sebanyak 104 orang, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan jalan wawancara dengan menggunakan pertanyaan terstruktur yang ada pada kuesioner serta observasi tanda- tanda fisik, untuk melihat tingkatan kepatuhan seseorang. Analisie statistik dilakukan dengan univariat, Kai Kuadrat untuk melihat hubungan variabel dependen dengan satu set variabel independen. Untuk mengetahui variabel independen yang paling berpengaruh serta variabel kontrol yang berperan sebagai confounder maka dilakukan uji multivariat regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara persepsi terhadap rintangan sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa responden yang merasa mendapat sedikit rintangan dalam merawat kaki, 2,63 kali lebih patuh dari pada pasien yang menganggap akan menemui banyak rintangan dalam merawat kaki setelah dikontrol oleh variabel pengetahuan dan pekerjaan. Sesuai dengan hasil penelitian ini, untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan pasien diabetes dalam merawat kaki, maka petugas kesehatan perlu untuk melakukan upaya-upaya untuk mengurangi rintangan yang dihadapi pasien dalam merawat kaki, antara lain menyusun jadual perawatan kaki sesuai dengan kegiatan pasien dan penambahan media audiovisual dalam ruang penyuluhan untuk mempermudah pemahaman pasien terhadap objek yang dilihat dan didengar oleh pasien.

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Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic systemic disease which has a genetical character and can generate many complication at a few part of the body, including feet, that begin by simple symptom like parassthesia until a serious symptom like gangrene. This situation canted a loss especially to the patient and their family, health practitioner and also the hospital. On top of the treatment's day will increase in the hospital and unsparsely, patient will suffer body disfunction.

To overcome this problem, since 1993 health counseling has been performed by education team from Sentral Informasi Diabetes & Lipid at Metabolic Endocrine clinic of RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta The activity cover counseling education, specially the procedure of legs nursing to all new diabetic patients, minimal once a month Legs nursing activity is an efficient and effective action if applicated regularly.

Based on the legs nursing activity, this research is aimed to know the correlation between factors in Health Belief Model with patient perception ( susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers and support) about the diabetic foot with their compliance to conduct legs nursing.

The research was conducted by cross sectional survey's design through participation of diabetic patient who came to have treatment at metabolic endocrine's clinic. The amount of the sample is 104 patients, the data is collected through interview based on questionnaire and observation of physical sign to measure the level of compliance."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Hiperglikemia kronik pada pasien Diabetes melitus tipe 1 (DMT1) dihubungkan dengan kerusakan jangka panjang, gangguan fungsi dan kerusakan berbagai organ tubuh lain seperti mata, ginjal, saraf, jantung dan pembuluh kapiler. Salah satu gangguan fungsi organ yang sering diabaikan sebagai akibat hiperglikemia adalah faal paru. Uji fungsi paru dapat membedakan kelainan paru obstruktif, restriktif atau campuran antara obstruktif dn restriktif. Uji fungsi paru dengan spirometri tidak dapat dilakukan dengan baik pada anak dibawah usia 7 atau 8 tahun karena memerlukan koordinasi yang cukup sulit. Penelitian tentang dampak DMT1 terhadap paru di Indonesia belum ada sampai saat ini.Tujuan : Mengetahui gambaran uji fungsi paru pada pasien DMT1 usia 8-18 tahun.Metode : Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di Poliklinik Endokrinologi dan Respirologi Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), serta Laboratorium Prodia Salemba pada bulan Januari 2015. Wawancara orangtua dilakukan dan data kadar HbA1c dalam rentang satu tahun terakhir diambil dari rekam medis subjek atau berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan sebelumnya. Uji fungsi paru dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali dan diambil salah satu hasil yang terbaik. Kemudian subjek menjalani pengambilan darah untuk pemeriksaan kadar HbA1c dengan metode cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) di Laboratorium Prodia.Hasil : Tiga puluh lima subjek berpartisipasi dalam penelitian, terdiri dari 68,6% perempuan. Rerata usia 14 ± 2,7 tahun dan median durasi DM adalah 4 tahun (1,3-10,2 tahun). Rerata parameter FEV1 adalah 86,8 ± 14%, FVC 82,7 ± 12% dan V25 83,1 ± 26,2%. Median FEV1/FVC adalah 92,4 % (77,6-100) dan V50 91,5 % (41,1-204). Fungsi paru normal didapatkan pada 19 subjek (54,3%) dan fungsi paru terganggu sebanyak 16 subjek (45,7%), terdiri dari 10 subjek (28,6%) gangguan restriktif, 2 subjek (5,7%) gangguan obstruktif dan 4 subjek (11,4%) gangguan campuran. Rerata HbA1c dalam 1 tahun terakhir pada subjek dengan gangguan restriktif adalah 10,3%. Simpulan : Nilai parameter uji fungsi paru pasien DMT1 usia 8-18 tahun masih dalam batas normal. Gangguan fungsi paru didapatkan pada 16 subjek (45,7%) dengan gangguan restriksi terbanyak yaitu 10 subjek (28,6%).

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ABSTRACTBackground: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia.Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old.Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory.Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%.Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder.;Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia. Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old. Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory. Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%. Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder., Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia. Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old. Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory. Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%. Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder.]"

"ABSTRAKPrevalensi Diabetes Mellitus di Provinsi DKI Jakarta mengalami peningkatan danKepulauan Seribu menempati peringkat ke 3 tertinggi setelah Jakarta Selatan danJakarta Timur dengan proporsi 2,7% dengan jumlah kasus yang meningkat daritahun 2012 - 2015 di Kecamatan Kepulauan Seribu Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuanuntuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor pengetahuan, riwayat diabetes mellituskeluarga, pola kebiasaan makan, aktivitas fisik dan perilaku merokok dengankejadian diabetes mellitus tipe 2 dan faktor mana yang paling dominan yangberhubungan dengan kejadian diabetes mellitus tipe 2. Penelitian dilaksanakan padabulan Februari 2016. Desain penelitian menggunakan case control dengan jumlahsampel penelitian sebanyak 80 kasus dan 80 kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa riwayat diabetes mellitus keluarga, faktor pengetahuan tentang diabetesmellitus, pola kebiasaan makan berisiko dan pola kebiasaan makan seratberhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian diabetes mellitus tipe 2. Hasil multivariatmenunjukkan bahwa penduduk dengan riwayat diabetes keluarga berisiko 6,2 kalilebih besar menderita diabetes mellitus dibandingkan dengan penduduk yang tidakmemiliki riwayat diabetes mellitus keluarga setelah dikontrol variabel pengetahuan,pola kebiasaan makan berisiko dan pola kebiasaan makan serat, aktifitas fisik, danperilaku merokok (95% CI: 2,810 ? 13,553). Dari penelitian ini disarankan untukmelakukan upaya preventif dan promotif yaitu dengan upaya perubahan perilakuuntuk menjadi lebih sehat dengan meningkatkan asupan serat, mengurangikebiasaan makan berisiko, dan meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang DM.

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ABSTRACTPrevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Jakarta increased and prevalence in ThousandIslands District Administration was ranked the third highest after South Jakarta andEast Jakarta with a proportion of 2.7%. The number of cases increased from year2012 to 2015 in the SubDistrict of Kepulauan Seribu Utara. This study aims todetermine the relationship between knowledge, family history of diabetes mellitus,the pattern of eating habits, physical activity and smoking behavior with diabetesmellitus type 2 and the most dominant factors that associated with the occurrenceof diabetes mellitus type 2. The research was conducted in February 2016. Thestudy design using the case control study with a sample size of 80 cases and 80controls. Results showed that a family history of diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitusknowledge, the pattern of risky eating habits and patterns of fiber eating habitssignificantly associated with diabetes mellitus type 2. Multivariate results showedthat the population with a family history of diabetes 6.2 times greater risk ofsuffering from diabetes mellitus compared with people who do not have a familyhistory of diabetes mellitus after controlled variable of knowledge, the pattern ofrisky eating habits and patterns of fiber eating habits (95% CI: 2.810 ? 13.553).From this research, it is advisable to carry out preventive and promotive efforts toattempt behavioral changes become healthier by increasing fiber intake, reducingthe risk of eating habits, and increase knowledge about diabetes."

"Diabetes mellitus merupakan penyakit yang mempengaruhi kehidupan dan kesejahteraab orang di seluruh dunia. Ada kurang lebih 463 juta orang dewasa di seluruh dunia tahun 2019 yang menderita diabetes mellitus, serta mengakibatkan 4,2 juta orang meninggal (IDF, 2020). Prevalensi diabetes mellitus di Indonesia selalu mengalami kenaikan setiap tahunnya. Provinsi DKI Jakarta merupakan daerah dengan prevalensi tertingi yaitu sekitar 3,4%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian diabetes mellitus pada penduduk usia >25 tahun di Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari Riskesdas tahun 2018 dengan desain penelitian potong lintang (cross sectional). Hasil penelitian berdasarkan analisis bivariat didapatkan umur (p-value=0,000), pola konsumsi makanan manis (p-value=0,010), pola konsumsi mie instan/makanan instan (p-value=0,022), dan stres (p-value=0,006), memiliki hubungan secara statistik dengan kejadian diabetes mellitus. Sedangkan jenis kelamin (p-value=0,671), obesitas (p-value=0,987), aktivitas fisik (p-value=1), merokok (p-value=0,407), dan hipertensi (p-value=0,986), tidak memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian diabetes mellitus. Peneliti menyarankan untuk memberikan edukasi mengenai faktor risiko diabetes mellitus, mempromosikan gaya hidup sehat, dan memfokuskan program pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit diabetes mellitus pada kelompok umur 50-74 tahun. 

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Diabetes mellitus is a disease that affects the lives and well-being of people around the world. There were approximately 463 million adults worldwide in 2019 who suffered from diabetes mellitus, and 4,2 million people died (IDF, 2020). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia always increases every year. DKI Jakarta Province is the area with the higest prevalence, which is around 3,4%. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the incidence of diabetes mellitus in the population aged 25 years in DKI Jakarta Province. The study uses secondary data from Riskesdas in 2018 with a cross-sectional research design. The results of the study based on bivariate analysis obtained age (p-value=0,000), consumption patterns of sweet food (p-value=0,010), consumption patterns of instan noodles/instant food (p-value=0,022), and stress (p-value=0,006), has a statistical relationship with the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Meanwhile, gender (p-value=0,671), obesity (p-value=0,987), physical activity (p-value=1), smoking (p-value=0,407), and hypertension (p-value=0,986), has no relationship with the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Researchers suggest providing education about risk factors for diabetes mellitus, promoting a healthy lifestyle, and focusing on diabetes mellitus prevention and control programs in the 50-74 years age group."

"ABSTRAKFaktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan dengan Penerapan GayaHidup Sehat Diabetes Pada Penderita DM tipe 2 di KotaPematangsiantar Tahun 2017Penyakit Diabetes Mellitus DM menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan yangbesar di dunia, termasuk di Indonesia. Prevalensi DM tipe 2 mengalamipeningkatan di Kota Pematangsiantar akibat dari perubahan gaya hidup. Tujuanpenelitian ini untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan denganpenerapan gaya hidup sehat penderita DM tipe 2. Desain penelitian yangdigunakan adalah Cross Sectional, jumlah sampel 124 responden diambil denganmenggunakan Cluster Sampling. Analisis data menggunakan Uji Chi Square danregresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antarapersepsi hambatan, efikasi diri, pengetahuan, dukungan keluarga, dan jeniskelamin dengan penerapan gaya hidup sehat DM Faktor-faktor yang palingdominan berhubungan dengan penerapan gaya hidup sehat adalah efikasi diri OR=8,378 dan dukungan keluarga OR=2,626 . Responden yang memilikiefikasi diri yang tinggi akan berpeluang 8 kali lebih besar melakukan penerapangaya hidup sehat, dan responden yang mendapat dukungan keluarga yang tinggiberpeluang 3 kali lebih besar melakukan penerapan gaya hidup sehat.Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini agar dilakukan upaya peningkatan efikasi diridengan pemberian edukasi pada penderita DM dengan melibatkan peran sertakeluarga penderita.Kata kunci : Diabetes melitus, Penerapan gaya hidup sehat, Persepsi Individu,Efikasi Diri, Pengetahuan, Dukungan Keluarga.

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ABSTRACTFactors Related to Application of Healthy Lifestyle of Type 2Diabetes Mellitus in Pematangsiantar 2017Diabetes Mellitus DM has become one of the major health problems inIndonesia as well as in many other countries. The prevalence of Type 2 DiabetesMellitus T2DM has increased in Pematangsiantar as result of lyfestyle change.This research aimed to analyze the factors related to application of healthylyfestyle of T2DM patient. This research rsquo s design used was Cross Sectional, thesample of 124 respondents was taken by Cluster Sampling. Data analysis usingChi Square Test and multiple logistic regression. The results show there is arelationship between perception of barriers, self efficacy, knowledge, familysupport, and gender with the application of healthy lifestyle. The most dominantfactors related to the application of healthy lifestyle are self efficacy OR 8,378 and family support OR 2,626 . Respondents who have high self efficacywill have 8 times greater chance of implementing a healthy lifestyle, andrespondents who have high family support have 3 times greater chance ofimplementing a healthy lifestyle. The recommendation of this research is to makeefforts to increase self efficacy by giving education to T2DM patient by involvingpatient 39 s family participation.Key Word T2DM application of healthy lifestyle Individual perceptions knowledge cues to action"

"Thalassemia b mayor adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kelainan sintesis rantai polipeptida b yang diturunkan secara otosom resesif. Penanganan kasus dengan thalassemia b mayor berupa pemberian transfusi berulang yang akan mengakibatkan hemokromatosis. Hemokromatosis dapat terjadi pada beberapa organ tubuh termasuk pankreas. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan kadar gula darah dan angka kejadian hemokromatosis pada penderita thalassemia b mayor. Telah diperiksa kadar gula darah puasa dan kadar ferritin serum pada 115 penderita thalassemia b mayor yang berumur 10-23 tahun dari Pusat Thalassemia Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia-Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Kadar gula darah diperiksa dengan metode enzimatik sesuai dengan kriteria American Diabetes Association (ADA), kadar ferritin serum diperiksa dengan metode microparticle enzyme immuno assay (MEIA). Pada penelitian didapatkan semua kasus yang diperiksa menunjukkan hemokromatosis, 14,8% dari pada kasus disertai dengan kadar gula darah puasa terganggu dan 2,6% menujukkan adanya diabetes melitus. Penderita thalassemia b mayor yang mendapat transfusi berulang menyebabkan terjadinya hemokromatosis yang dapat mengganggu fungsi pankreas. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 87-93)

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b-thalassemia major is a disease caused by b polypeptide chain synthesis disorder which is inherited as an autosomal recessive from both parents which is marked by little or no b globin chain synthesis. Medication for b thalassemia major patients is by repeated blood transfusions, which causes hemochromatosis. Hemochromatosis can occur in various organs including the pancreas. The aim of the study was to assess the alteration of plasma glucose concentration and the hemochromatosis prevalence. Fasting plasma glucose concentration and serum ferritin examination were measured in 115 b thalassemia major patients with ages between 10-23 years who were out-patients in the Thalassemia Centre, Department of Child Health, Medical School, University of Indonesia / Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta. The plasma glucose concentration examination was conducted by the GDH enzymatic method, with American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria in the evaluation, while the serum ferritin examination was conducted with the microparticle enzyme immuno assay (MEIA) method. All patients had hemochromatosis, 14.8% of the patients had impaired fasting glucose level and 2.6% of the patients showed indications of diabetes mellitus. b thalassemia major patients who receive frequent transfusions will develop hemochromatosis that will in turn impair the pancreatic function. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 87-93)"

"Tesis ini membahas bagaimana klien Diabetes Melitus memberikan makna kehidupan dalam kondisi sakitnya. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini menguraikan persepsi, respon psikososial, kebutuhan penatalaksanaan, harapan dan makna kehidupan klien. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menemukan tujuh tema besar yang sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian dan satu tema tambahan yaitu beban yang dihadapi klien. Kesimpulannya makna kehidupan klien didapatkan dalam kondisi penderitaan dan pendalaman nilai spiritual. Penelitian ini menyarankan penggunaan model Adaptasi Roy dalam pengembangan teori keperawatan khususnya masalah psikososial; tersusunnya format pengkajian psikososial sebagai panduan mengidentifikasi masalah psikososial di keluarga, rumah sakit maupun masyarakat.

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This thesis discussed how the client Diabetes Mellitus give life meaning in the pain condition. The purpose of this study described the perceptions, psychosocial responses, needs management, client expectations and the meaning of life. This study is a descriptive qualitative research design. The study found seven broad themes consistent with the purpose of research and one additional theme is the burden faced by the client.

In conclusion the meaning of the life of the client obtained under conditions of suffering and deepening of spiritual values. This study suggests the use of Roy's adaptation model in nursing theory development in particular psychosocial problems; compilation format psychosocial assessment as a guide to identify psychosocial problems in families, hospitals and the community."

"Dimasa lalu pembangunan nasional yang telah dilaksanakan di Indonesia dalam semua aspek kehidupan telah meningkatkan taraf hidup dan kualitas hidup masyarakat didaerah perkotaan maupun pedesaan. Hal ini berdampak meningkatnya perilaku kehidupan modern antara lain diet tinggi kalori, tinggi lemak dan rendah serat serta kurangnya aktivitas fisik sehingga berakibat pada meningkatnya prevalensi gizi lebih. Seiring dengan meningkatnya gizi lebih meningkat pula prevalensi penyakit degeneratif, seperti penyakit diabetes melitus khususnya Diabetes Melitus Tidak Tergantung Insulin (DMTTI). Penyakit tersebut sangat merugikan, karena disamping menimbulkan banyak penderitaan dapat juga menurunkan kualitas sumber daya manusia mengingat penyakit tersebut banyak menyerang pada usia produktif. Sementara perawatan dan pengobatannya membutuhkan biaya yang tinggi. Untuk itu maka diperlukan usaha untuk pengelolaan penyakit tersebut termasuk usaha pencegahannya.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang faktor-faktor yang mungkin berhubungan dengan kejadian penyakit tersebut. Dikatakan status gizi obesitas mempengaruhi kejadian DMTTI. Beberapa faktor yang diduga berpengaruh antara lain status gizi atau Indek MassaTubuh (IMT), tingkat pendapatan, tingkat pendidikan, tingkat aktivitas dan ada tidaknya riwayat penyakit dalam keluarga. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan kasus kontrol dengan matching golongan umur dan jenis kelamin dengan jumlah responden 240 orang dimana masing-masing kasus dan kontrol sebanyak 120 responden. Pengolahan data menggunakan progam SPSS 6 dan stata 4, dimana analisis yang dilakukan meliputi analisis univariat, bivariat, dan stratifikasi.Hasil penelitian rnenunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara IMT dengan terjadinya DMTTI , dengan OR sebesar 2 yang artinya pada EMT tinggi mempunyai resiko 2 kali lebih besar untuk terkena DMTTI dibandingkan dengan pada EMT rendah. Variabel aktivitas dan riwayat mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna terhadap kejadian DMTTI. Variabel aktivitas mempengaruhi hubungan antara IMT dengan DMTTI atau disebut sebagai konfounder. Demikian juga variabel riwayat mempengaruhi hubungan antara EMT dengan DMTTI atau disebut sabagai konfounder.DMTTI dapat terjadi di semua golongan ekonomi dan tingkat pendidikan. Oleh karenanya sebagai tindakan pencegahan perlu adanya informasi tentang DMTTI secara luas kepada masyarakat agar mereka dapat hidup sehat dan terhindar dari penyakit DMTTI. Konsultasi genetik dapat dilakukan pada pasangan yang akan menikah tentang riwayat penyakit pada keluarga dan usaha untuk mengurangi resiko. Pola makan penderita sebelum sakit, dapat menjadi lanjutan penelitian yang sudah dilakukan.

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A long time ago the national development has begun in Indonesia generally for all living aspects to improve the standard living and quality of human resources on the community in the urban and rural area. Because of that it can be improving of impact for changing of behavior to modern living among other high calorie diet high fat and low fiber also it can decrease physical activities so it makes an increase in over nutrition prevalence. During with improving of over nutrition can also increase the degenerative disease prevalence such as diabetes mellitus disease especially NIDDM. NIDDM is very detrimental because it can be making more suffering also it can decrease the quality of human resources. Considering that NIDDM mostly attack the productive age. Mean while its care and treatment need high cost. That is why we need an effort to manage including how to prevent the disease. The aim of this research is to get a lot of information about factors which could be related to NIDDM. It is said that obesity influence NIDDM. Some factors as assumed can influence NIDDM among other nutrition status or BMI, income, education, activity and family history. The research design is matched case control study by using age and sex matching. With 240 respondents, each case and control is 120 respondents. Data analysis uses program of SPSS-6 and strata 4 where analysis conducted including univariate, bivariate and stratification analysis. The result shows that there is a significant relationship between BMI and NIDDM with DR-2 which means that the high BMI has risk two times greater to be exposed NIDDM than the low BMI. The variable of activity and family history has a significant relationship to NIDDM. Activity influences the relationship between BMI and NIDDM or it's called as a confounder. Also family history influences the relationship between BMI and NIDDM or it is called as a confounder. NIDDM can attack every economic and education level. Because of that to prevent NIDDM it is necessary information about NIDDM spread out to the community. So that they can lived healthy and prevent NIDDM. Genetic consultation can be done to the couple going to the married, about family history and effort to lessen the risk. A further research about eating behavior before ill can be done."