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"Sejalan dengan diberlakukannya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 63 tahun 2000 perihal Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Terhadap Pemanfaat Radiasi Pengion serta untuk memenuhi persyaratan lulus Contractor Safety Management System, maka sistem manajemen keselamatan radiasi menjadi penting bagi perusahaan yang memanfaatkan radiasi pengion.Tuntutan implementasi sistem keselamatan menjadi tinggi karena resiko dampak radiasi selain ada yang mempunyai efek langsung ada juga yang mempunyai efek tunda hingga 15 - 25 tahun. Oleh karenanya sistem pantauan pajanan radiasi dan dokumentasinya menjadi sangat penting dan peraturan mensyaratkan dokumentasi wajib disimpang hingga 30 tahun setelah pekerja radiasi berhenti bekerja.Masalah yang terjadi adalah adanya gap yang melebihi toleransi antara hasil bacaan pajanan radiasi alat pantau radiasi individu pendosimeter yang dibaca oleh pekerja radiasi dengan alat pantau radiasi individu filmbadge yang besar pajanannya dievaluasi oleh BATAN sebagai badan yang terakreditasi.Oleh karenanya dilakukan studi evaluasi untuk mengetahui hubungan faktor-faktor human error yaitu rule-based, knowledge-based dan skill-based serta audit sistem manajemen keselamatan radiasi sebagai penyebab terjadinya gap bacaan pajanan radiasi analisa dilakukan di PT RUI terhadap 40 orang pekerja radiasi yang bekerja dengan radiasi selama atau diantara bulan Desember 2002 hingga Pebruari 2003.Hasil analisa diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan kajian dalam program peningkatan keselamatan kerja pada umumnya dan pekerjaan yang berhubungan dengan radiasi khususnva.Daftar Bacaan : 37 (1976 - 2003)

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In line with Government Regulation Number 63 year 2000 Concerning Safety and Health on User of Ion Radiation and to meet the requirement of Contractor Safety Management System. Radiation Management system become an essential thing to company who take an advantage from the radiation.

The requirement of implementing safety management increase due to radiation impact beside direct effect it has also delay effect may take 15 to 25 years. That is why the regulation require have to keep the personal radiation exposure data until 30 years after the employee resign.

Problem arise while the gap is happen between gamma dosimeter evaluated by the employee and filmbadge evaluated by BATAN as authorized body, the reading gap of radiation exposure is more than tolerable value

The aim of applied research is to know the correlation of human error factors thru item rule-based, knowledge-based and skill-based, included the implementation of radiation management system audit as cause factors human error to arise radiation reading gap.

The analysis is conducted at PT RUI for 40 employees who work with radiation during or within December 2002 until February 2003.

The result expected to be used as information to set up or to update safety program for continual improvement. especially on occupation radiation sector.

Bibliography: 37 (1976-2003)"

"Radiografer secara umum mempunyai tugas dan tanggung jawab untuk melakukan pemeriksaan pasien secara radiografi meliputi pemeriksaan untuk radiodiagnostik termasuk kedokteran nuklir dan ultrasonografi (USG) dan melakukan tindakan proteksi radiasi dalam mengoperasikan peralatan radiologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan memprakirakan risiko pajanan radiasi sinar-X pada pekerja radiasi di Departemen Radiologi RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Dalam perhitungan prakiraan risiko pajanan radiasi sinar-X, dosis pajanan radiasi sianr-X radiografer diperoleh dari hasil pengukuran film badge. Data pola aktifitas (lama kerja, frekuensi pajanan dan masa kerja) diperoleh berdasarkan hasil wawancara pada 35 radiografer di Departemen Radiologi RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Berdasarkan perhitungan yang dilakukan, nilai rata-rata Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) lifetime (4,8E-2) dan realtime (1,9E-2). Karena secara teoretis karsinogenisitas tidak mempunyai nilai ambang atau non threshold, maka prakiraan risiko dinyatakan unacceptable (dosis tidak dapat diterima) bila ECR < E4. Kisaran angka E-4 diperoleh dari nilai default karsinogenistas yang digunakan oleh US-EPA (1990). Berdasarkan perhitungan ECR lifetime dan ECR realtime diperoleh gambaran prakiraan risiko efek karsinogenik yang terjadi pada radiografer di Departemen Radiologi RSUPN CM, dinyatakan aceptable pada risiko kanker baik pada ECR lifetime maupun realtime.

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Radiographer in general have a duty and responsibility to audit includes examined patients for radiodiagnostic including nuclear medicine and ultrasonography (USG), and radiation protection in radiology and operating equipment. This study aims to estimated the risk of X-ray radiation exposure to radiographer in the Department of Radiology RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo using Environmental Health Risk Analysis (ARKL). In calculating the estimated risk forecasts ARKL, risk of X-ray radiation exposure dose radiographer obtained from measurements of the film badge. Data patterns of activity (duration of work, frequency of exposure and years of work) obtained based on the results of a survey of 35 radiographers in the Department of Radiology RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo.

Based on the calculations performed, the average value of Excess Cancer lifetime Risk (ELCR) is 4,8E-2 and the value of Excess Real-time Cancer Risk (ERRC) the average is 1,9E-2. Because theoretically carcinogenicity has non-threshold value, then the forecast is declared unacceptable when ECR < E-4. Range of numbers obtained from the E-4, carcinogenicity default values used by the US-EPA (1990). Based on the calculation of the ELCR and ERCR forecasts illustrate the risk of carcinogenic effects that occur in the radiographers in the Department of Radiology RSUPN CM, acceptable on cancer risk both in the ELCR and ERRC."

"Latar Belakang: Tingginya pertumbuhan kasus keganasan ginekologi dan organ panggul menyebabkan penggunaan terapi radiasi meningkat. Akan tetapi, terapi radiasi juga cukup banyak menimbulkan proktitis radiasi sebesar 30%. Tatalaksana menggunakan agen topikal seperti SCFA, sukralfat, steroid, formalin, dan 5-ASA diketahui memiliki hasil yang baik, namun belum banyak studi yang membandingkan terapi mana yang lebih superior. Tujuan: Menilai efektivitas beberapa terapi topikal terhadap perbaikan gejala klinis dan gambaran endoskopi pasien proktitis radiasi. Sumber Data: Pencarian utama dilakukan secara elektronik pada basis data PubMed, Cochrane/CENTRAL, Scopus, dan Science Direct antara September hingga November 2020. Pencarian sekunder dilakukan secara snowballing pada referensi studi yang terkait, dan melalui register uji klinis yang tersertifikasi lainnya seperti Global Index Medicus, Garba Rujukan Digital (GARUDA), ClinicalTrial.gov, dan International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) WHO. Seleksi Studi: Studi uji klinis acak terkontrol dengan intervensi terapi topikal dibandingkan plasebo atau terapi topikal lainnya atau kombinasi terapi medikamentosa, yang menilai luaran berupa respon gejala klinis dan gambaran endoskopi, serta dapat disertai luaran lain, ataupun tidak. Tidak ada batasan terhadap tahun publikasi dan bahasa. Penilaian judul, abstrak, dan studi dilakukan oleh dua orang peninjau independen. Dari total 1786 studi, didapatkan 9 studi memenuhi kriteria eligibilitas.Ekstraksi Data: Ekstraksi data dilakukan oleh dua peninjau independen dan dikonfirmasi pada peninjau ketiga. Konfirmasi data dilakukan dengan menghubungi peneliti dari studi terkait. Tidak didapatkan data tambahan. Hasil: Studi yang melaporkan efektivitas terapi berupa banyaknya jumlah subjek yang mengalami perbaikan atau penurunan skor klinis dan endoskopi dirangkum secara kualitatif. Masing-masing studi saling membahas antar terapi, dan memiliki heterogenitas yang tinggi. Dua studi mengenai formalin dapat dilakukan meta-analisis dengan hasil perbaikan klinis dan endoskopi, namun tidak bermakna terhadap dua studi tersebut (RR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.82-1.15) dan tidak terdapat terapi yang lebih superior dibanding terapi lain dalam meta-analisis tersebut. Empat studi yang membahas formalin 4% memiliki kualitas hasil studi menengah dengan risiko bias rendah. Terdapat 3 dari 9 studi yang membandingkan terapi SCFA dengan plasebo sehingga sulit untuk menyimpulkan terapi mana yang berefek lebih baik, dan memiliki risiko bias tidak jelas, namun dengan jumlah pasien yang sedikitsehingga kualitas studi rendah. Satu studi mengenai efektivitas sukralfat menunjukkan hasil bermakna dengan estimasi risiko rendah (RR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35-0.92, P = 0.02). Akan tetapi studi mengenai 5-ASA topikal tidak ditemukan dalam inklusi telaah sistematis ini. Secara umum, kualitas hasil studi berdasarkan GRADE dapat dimasukkan ke dalam kategori sedang.Kesimpulan: Penggunaan terapi SCFA enema, formalin topikal, steroid topikal, dan sukralfat enema efektif dalam memperbaiki gejala klinis dan gambaran endoskopi proktitis radiasi. Namun, hingga saat ini belum ada studi klinis berkualitas baik sehingga sulit untuk menilai terapi yang terbaik. Sedangkan dari 2 studi formalin 4% yang dapat dilakukan meta-analisis, menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada terapi yang lebih superior dibandingkan lainnya. Selain itu, tidak ditemukan tidak ditemukan efek samping berat pada penggunaan terapi SCFA enema, formalin topikal, steroid topikal, dan sukralfat enema dalam mengobati proktitis radiasi.

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Background: The high incidence of gynecological and pelvic malignancies has led to the usage of radiation therapy. Nonetheless, radiation therapy also causes a significant complication, about 30% of radiation proctitis. Treatments using topical agents such as SCFA, sucralfate, steroids, formalin, and 5-ASA are known to have good results. However, there are only a few studies comparing the superiority of those therapies.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of topical therapies in the clinical and endoscopic improvement of radiation proctitis patients.

Data Sources: Primary searching was conducted on electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane/CENTRAL, Scopus, and Science Direct between September and November 2020. Secondary searching was done by snowballing method on the relevant study references and through other certified clinical trial registries (Global Index Medicus, Garba Digital Reference (GARUDA), ClinicalTrial.gov, and WHO's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP).

Study Selection: A randomized controlled trial comparing topical therapies versus placebo or other topical therapies or combination with medical therapies that evaluating the clinical response and endoscopic response. There is no restriction regarding the year of publication and language. Each study were assessed by two independent reviewers. From a total of 1,786 studies identified, 9 studies met the eligibility criteria.

Data Extraction: Data extraction was performed by two independent reviewers and confirmed by a third reviewer. Data confirmation was made by contacting the first researchers from related studies. No additional information was obtained.

Results: Studies reporting the effectiveness of therapy in the form of a large number of subjects experiencing improvement or reduction in clinical symptoms and endoscopy were summarized qualitatively. Each study discussed the therapies and the heterogeneity that could not be calculated due to the different outcomes. Two studies on formalin were subject to meta-analysis with clinical and endoscopy improvement. However, they were not significant in the two studies (RR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.82-1.15), and no better treatment compared with others in those studies. Further, four studies discussing 4% formalin had medium study quality results with a low risk of bias. There are 3 out of 9 studies that compared SCFA therapy with placebo so it is difficult to conclude which therapy has a better effect, and has an unclear risk of bias, but with a small number of patients so that the quality of the study is low. One study using sucralfate showed significant results with a low-risk estimate (RR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35-0.92, P = 0.02). However, the study of topical 5-ASA was not found in the inclusion of this systematic review. The level of evidence for the majority of outcomes was downgraded using GRADE to a moderate level, due to imprecision and study limitation.

Conclusion: The usage of SCFA enema, topical formalin, topical steroid and sucralfate enema are effective in improving the clinical and endoscopic response in radiation proctitis patient. However, until now, there are no good quality studies, making it difficult to prove the best therapy. A meta-analysis from 2 studies using 4% formalin versus irrigation and antibiotics, shows no therapy is superior to another. Otherwise, no serious side effects were found in the usage of these topical therapies"

"The characterization of shield panel of X-ray radiation was carried out. Aim of the characterization is to find the panel in that qualities comply with the reference, so the panel can be used for the folding door of nuclear medical...."

"ABSTRAKIn vivo apoptosis of fibroblast pulp cells by ionizing radiation from radiotherapy of the head and neck area has not yet been demonstrated. The study aimed to show in vivo the effect of a single dose of ionizing radiation on apoptosis of fibroblast pulp cells. The sample group consisted of 24 healthy male Wistar rats that were 3-4 months old and 150- 200 g in weight. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats that were subjected to Cobalt 60 radiation to the head at the levels of 0, 100, 200 or 400 rad. The rats were sacrificed 24 hours after radiation exposure, and the lower incivus were taken for histopatological processing. Apoptosis was detected by using the TUNEL Assay method. The apoptotic fibroblast pulp cells were counted under light microscope by multiple observers using the blind test approach. The fraction of apoptotic cells was counted as mean of labial and palatal sides of the teeth below odontogenic and free-cell zone. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way anova. The results showed the percentage of apoptotic of fibroblast pulp cells was 6.4, 23.7, 34.5 and 17.8% after 0, 100, 200 and 400 rad doses, respectively. There were significant differences in the apoptotic percentages between the four groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, the highest fraction of apoptotic fibroblast pulp cells was found after a single 200 rad dose, and this fraction decreased after a single dose of 400 rad."

"ABSTRAKSweet sorghum is a kind of sorghum that contains high content of sugar in its stem. Sweet sorghum has a big potential to be developed in Indonesia owing to its wide adaptation and the fact that it can be used as raw material for liquid sugar, syrup, ethanol, and also as animal feed. Sweet sorghum has not been developed in Indonesia because of lack of a sweet sorghum variety. Improvement of available sweet sorghum genotype can be done among others through plant breeding program. First step on the plant breeding program is to increase the plant genetic variability. This might be done by introduction of varieties or by breeding to create new varieties. Induced mutation using Gamma irradiation can be used to increase the genetic variability of sweet sorghum. Mutation breeding using Gamma irradiation in sweet sorghum was aimed at improving the yield and quality of sweet sorghum. This research was conducted to study the effect of Gamma irradiation on sweet sorghum growth in the M1 generation, and to estimate the optimal dose range suitably for the breeding program. Beside, the objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic variability for the purpose of plant selection in the M2 generation. Plant materials consisted of 2 sweet sorghum lines introduced from ICRISAT namely line No. 79 and No. 83. Non-saccharin sorghum of local variety Higari was used as a control. The doses of Gamma irradiation treatment were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 Gy. The M1 plants were sown in greenhouse at PATIR-BATAN Jakarta, and then were transplanted in the experimental field at Balitbiogen, Bogor. The M2 plants were grown in the experimental field at Lubang Buaya, Jakarta. Important agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike were observed. The results indicated that sorghum lines gave different response to Gamma irradiation, and all measured variables were significantly affected. Irradiation gave morphology and physiology damages on sorghum like abnormality, sterility, and lethality in the M1 generation. The increase of irradiation doses increased physiological damage. Effective doses of Gamma irradiation for sweet sorghum was to be around 400?500 Gy, and the lethal doses 50% of sweet sorghum was around 800?1000 Gy. Putative mutation sometimes could be observed in the M2 generation. The treatment of Gamma increased genetic variability of plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike. The highest genetic variability was found in the dose treatment of 200?300 Gy. Within this interval dose, there might be high probability to find desirable mutants for further breeding purpose. A number of 38 plants had been selected from the M2 population as putative mutants.

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"Energi merupakan unsur yang selalu berhadapan dengan manusia dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, yang terdiri dari beberapa jenis, seperti energi potensial, energi mekanik, energi kinetik dan lainya. Kalor juga merupakan energi yang sangat dibutuhkan kemampuan untuk memanfaatkan energi ini. Kalor juga memiliki sifat dapat berpindah dari suatu tempat ke tempat lainya, salah satunya adalah radiasi. Radiasi kalor merupakan sumber energi yang sangat baik untuk dimanfaatkan karena sifatnya yang mampu berpindah tanpa adanya perantara. Namun radiasi juga dapat membahayakan jika fluks kalor yang dipaparkan sangat besar yang mampu memicu penyalaan api pada objek yang terpapar.untuk menghindari hal tersebut maka perlu diantisipasi dengan salah satu cara melakukan pemetaan radiasi kalor pada suatu area tersebut. Pemetaan yang dilakukan terdiri dari beberapa faktor seperti jarak, offset, elevasi dan sudut pandang. Tentu saja jika sumber panas berada pada area fluida menyebabkan adanya pengaruh konveksi pada fluks kalor yang terukur. Kalor yang dihasilkan akan mengubah karakteristik udara disekitar objek yang dipaparkan dan akan membentuk sebuah lapisan batas yang memiliki ketebalan sesuai dengan karakteristik aliran kalor.

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Energy is always connected with human life in every day, which is like potential energy, mechanical energy, kinetic energy and others. Heat is also a kind of energy, that rsquo s needed skill and capabilites to use this energy. Heat also has properties that can devolve to others place, one of that is radiation. Heat radiation is a very good energy to be exploited because of the nature characteristics of radiation is being able to move without a medium. However, radiation can also be dangerous if the heat flux is very large which can be triggered ignition fire of the object. To keep those things it is necessary to anticipate, one of them is to make a mapping of radiation in the area. Mapping consists of several factors such as distance, offset, elevation and view factor. Of course, if there is heat in the fluid region it will cause influence of convection in measurable heat flux. The heat produced of the heater will change the properties of air around exposed object and will form a layer that has a thickness according to the heat flow."

"Tujuan: Membandingkan distribusi dosis respon akhir RE dan efek samping akut RE teknik konvensional dan teknik konformal pada kasus kanker serviks lokal lanjut Metode Dilakukan studi kohort retrospektif terhadap pasien kanker serviks II B dan III B yang mendapat RE pra brakiterapi di Dept Radioterapi RSCM. Hasil: Didapat 51 pasien menjalani RE teknik konvensional 25 dengan Cobalt 60 26 dengan Linac dan 29 pasien menjalani teknik konformal Sesuai ketentuan ICRU 50 dan 62 prescribed dose dan cakupan volume target teknik konvensional Cobalt lebih kecil p 0 001 dan 1 kasus dari 25 pasien mendapatkan PTV 95 Prescribed dose dan cakupan volume target teknik konvensional Linac lebih besar p 0 001 dibanding teknik konformal Rerata conformity index teknik konvensional sebesar 2 dan teknik konformal 1 02 p 0 001 Dosis dan volume pada buli rektosigmoid dan bowel teknik konvensional lebih besar p 0 001 Respon komplit akhir RE teknik konvensional adalah 42 dan teknik konformal adalah 58 p 0 001 Faktor independen respon akhir RE yaitu stadium FIGO dini dan ukuran tumor sebelum RE kecil le 4cm Pada semua kasus tidak didapatkan efek samping akut lokal yang berat RTOG grade 3 4 Proporsi efek samping ringan RTOG grade 1 2 pada gastrointestinal vesikourinaria dan kulit lebih banyak pada teknik konvensional secara berurutan 72 Vs 28 p 0 002 78 Vs 22 p 0 003 dan 78 Vs 22 p 0 01. Kesimpulan: RE teknik konformal lebih unggul dibanding teknik konvensional dalam distribusi prescribed dose dan cakupan volume target atau organ kritis yang berdampak pada respon tumor akhir RE dan efek samping.

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Purpose: To compare the dose distribution acute tumor response and acute side effects between conventional and conformal techniques EBRT in locally advanced uterine cervical cancerMethods and materials Retrospective cohort study was done in stage II B and III B uterine cervical cancer underwent EBRT before brachytherapy in Dept Radioterapi RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo.

Results: Fifety one patients underwent conventional technique EBRT and 29 patients of conformal technique EBRT The average of target prescribed dose and volume coverage of 2 techniques EBRTwas in accordance with criteria of ICRU 50 and 62 smaller p 0 001 only 1 case of Cobalt conventional technique EBRT showed PTV 95 Conformity index of conventional technique EBRT was 2 and conformal technique EBRT was 1 02 p 0 001 Dose and volume of vesicourinary rectosigmoid and distal large bowel of conventional technique EBRT was greater p 0 001 Complete response of conventional technique was 42 and conformal technique was 58 p 0 001 Independent factors were early FIGO stage and tumor size before EBRT le 4cm There were no severe acute side effects RTOG grade 3 4 in both groups Acute side effects RTOG grade 1 2 of conventional techniques was more than conformal gastrointestinal vesikourinaria and skin respectively 72 vs 28 p 0 002 78 vs 22 p 0 003 and 78 vs 22 p 0 01.

Conclusion: Conformal technique EBRT was superior to conventional technique EBRT in prescribed dose distribution target volume coverage and organ at risk dose that impact on acute tumor response and side effects "