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"Among twenty one isolates, obtained from "aren" (Aretga Rinnata) vinegar, 10 isolates were identified as acetic acid bacteria, belong to genus Acetobacter. Isolates no. 12 was used as inoculum for vinegar fermentation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Y-17) was provided by University of Indonesia Culture Collection.Two hundred fifty grams of pineapple (Ananas comosus) peel was boiled for 1.5 hours and then filtered to obtain the extract. Aquadest was added into substrate to obtain 1 litre of extract and then added with 15% or 20% castor sugar. Substrate was sterilised at 121°C for 10 minutes.Fermentation was carried out in syrup bottle containing 540 ml substrate. Approximately 60 ml of starter containing mix-culture with diffrent ratio of 1 day old S. cer visiae (106 cfu/ml) and 5 days old Acetobacter sp. no.12 {10 cfu/ml) was inoculated into the substrate. The ratio of yeast cells to bacteria were follow: (1:1); (2:1); (3:1} or (4:1). Fermentation was set up in room temperature (3O -- 32°C for 1 month. The concentration of acetic acid was titrated with standarised NaOH.Result of this study showed that substrate with 15% sugar yielded (1.1 - 1.4)% acetic acid. The average acetic acid concentration from substrate with 20% sugar were (0.44 - 0.89%). It was concluded that substrate with 15% sugar gave higher concentration and the best ratio of starter was (1 : 1)."

"Asam suksinat dapat diproduksi dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) melalui proses fermentasi. Pada penelitian ini, produksi asam suksinat dilakukan menggunakan isolat bakteri dari rumen sapi melalui metode Semi Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSSF). Isolat bakteri dari cairan rumen sapi diperoleh dengan melakukan tahap isolasi terlebih dahulu. Tahapan isolasi dilakukan dengan melakukan enrichment, subkultur, isolasi, dan fermentasi bakteri. TKKS sebagai sumber karbon, juga dilakukan tahap pretreatment terlebih dahulu menggunakan larutan peracetic acid dan alkaline peroxide serta tahap prehidrolisis menggunakan enzim selulase untuk menghasilkan glukosa. Tahap SSSF dilakukan dengan konsentrasi awal glukosa yang berbeda, yaitu 0,45; 0,48; dan 0,61 g/L. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, konsentrasi, yield, dan produktivitas asam suksinat tertinggi sebesar 3,12 g/L, 0,312 g/g TKKS, dan 0,13 g/L/jam, secara berurutan, diperoleh pada konsentrasi awal glukosa sebesar 0,61 g/L. Selain itu, berat kering bakteri dan konversi glukosa tertinggi sebesar 0,0775 gr dan 73,61 %, secara berurutan, juga diperoleh pada konsentrasi awal glukosa sebesar 0,61 g/L. Estimasi parameter kinetika pertumbuhan bakteri juga dilakukan dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan perhitungan, laju pertumbuhan spesifik tertinggi sebesar 0,051 jam^-1 diperoleh pada konsentrasi awal glukosa sebesar 0,61 g/L.

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Succinic acid can be produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) through a fermentation process. In this study, succinic acid production was carried out using bacteria isolated from cattle rumen through the Semi Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSSF) method. Bacteria were isolated from cattle rumen fluid by doing the isolation stage first. The stages of isolation were carried out by doing enrichment, subculture, isolation, and fermentation of bacteria originated. OPEFB as a carbon source, were pretreated through pretreatment stage using peracetic acid and alkaline peroxide solution and then continue to the prehydrolysis stage using cellulase enzymes in order to produce glucose. The SSSF stage was carried out with different initial glucose concentrations, which are 0.45; 0.48; and 0.61 g/L.

Based on the results obtained, the highest concentration, yield, and productivity of succinic acid of 3.12 g/L, 0,312 g/g EFB, and 0.13 g/L/h, respectively, were obtained at the initial glucose concentration of 0.61 g/L. In addition, the highest dry weight of bacteria and glucose conversion were 0.0775 gr and 73.61 %, respectively, were also obtained at the initial glucose concentration of 0.61 g/L. Estimation of bacterial growth kinetics parameters was also carried out in this study. Based on calculations, the highest specific growth rate of 0.051 h^-1 was obtained at the initial glucose concentration of 0.61 g/L."

"Fermentasi asam suksinat dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) menggunakan bakteri amobil dari rumen sapi saat ini sedand diteliti. TKKS adalah salah satu bahan baku yang dapat digunakan untuk produksi asam suksinat karena memiliki kandungan glukosa, harga rendah, serta tersedia banyak di alam. Asam suksinat dapat diproduksi dengan beberapa metode seperti fermentasi yang dianggap lebih ramah lingkungan karena mengkonsumsi CO₂ selama prosesnya sehingga berkontribusi pada pengurangan emisi CO₂. Bakteri yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini diisolasi dari rumen sapi dan akan diimobilisasi sebelum masuk ke proses produksi asam suksinat. Fermentasi dilakukan dengan teknik Semi Simurrentous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSSF). Hidrolisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan enzim selulase selama 2 - 6 jam sebelum fermentasi terjadi. Yeast extract sebagai sumber nitrogen dan MgCO₃ sebagai zat pengatur pH divariasikan kemudian akan hasil fermentasi berupa konsentrasi asam suksinat, yield, dan produktivitas akan dibandingkan. Fermentasi dilakukan selama 48 jam dalam water bath shaker dan suhunya dijaga pada suhu 37^oC. Produk fermentasi akan dianalisis menggunakan HPLC untuk mengetahui kandungan asam suksinat. Kondisi fermentasi optimal untuk produksi asam suksinat didapatkan saat: waktu hidrolisis - 6 jam, sumber pH awal - 20 g/L, konsentrasi agen pengatur pH awal - 20 g/L. Pada kondisi yang dioptimalkan ini, produksi maksimum asam suksinat ditemukan menjadi 1,43 g/L dengan hasil asam suksinat dengan konsentrasi glukosa awal dan 0,0297 g/L. produktivitas.

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The fermentation of succinic acid from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) using immobilized bacteria from cow rumen were investigated. EFB is one of raw material that can be used for succinic acid production due to its cellulose content, low prices, and availability. Succinic acid can be produced effectively by several methods, one of them is fermentation which considered more environmentally friendly due to CO₂ consumed during the process, thereby potentially contributing to reduction of CO₂ emission. Bacteria used in this experiment were isolated from cow rumen which must be immobilized before getting into succinic acid production process.

Fermentation is done by Semi Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSSF) technique. Saccharification was carried out using cellulase enzyme for 2 – 6 hours before fermentation occurs. Yeast extract as nitrogen sources and MgCO₃ as pH regulating agent were varied and compared in terms of product concentration, yield, and productivity. Fermentation was carried out for 48 hours in shaker water bath and the temperature maintained at 37^oC. Fermentation product was then examined using HPLC to find out the succinic acid content.

The optimum fermentation conditions for succinic acid production were found to be: saccharification time – 2 hours, initial nitrogen sources concentration – 20 g/L, initial pH regulating agent concentration – 20 g/L. At these optimized condition, the maximum production of succinic acid was found to be 1.47 g/L with 19.64 g/g yield of succinic acid to initial glucose concentration and 0.03 g/L.h productivity."

"Fruit waste is a part of municipal solid waste which is typically disposed of directly to a landfill site. In order to utilize this valuable renewable resource, anaerobic biological processes can be employed to convert fruit waste to biogas. This usable gas is then used to generate electricity. This paper describes a comprehensive study to set up technology for converting fruit waste to electricity via biogas production. First, the fruit waste characteristics (type and composition) were systematically evaluated, and then laboratory experiments for biogas conversion to explore gas production from the waste were carried out. The biogas plant was then designed, based on the information obtained. Finally, a comparison of biogas plant with landfill was performed using life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine environmental impacts, and economic evaluation to assess daily processing costs. The results from waste characterization in one of the biggest fruit markets in Indonesia showed that the three main component fruit types were orange (64%), mango (25%), and apple (5%). Rotten fruit contributes up to 80% of the total waste in the fruit market. Based on the experimental work, the potential gas production in the biogas plant was calculated to be approximately 1075 Nm3/day, comprising 54% methane, based on 10 tons per day of fruit waste. The comparison demonstrates that it is a better option to utilize fruit waste in a biogas plant, in terms of LCA and daily operational costs, than to dispose of it in landfill."

"PT. X mengembangkan sistem powderisasi timah (timah putih, Sn) melalui metode atomisasi gas. Sisa output yang off-spec masih memiliki kandungan timah sekitar 98%. Terdapat peluang yang cukup besar dalam pengolahan limbah powderisasi timah ini menjadi senyawa turunan timah bernilai tambah tinggi, salah satunya katalis. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengolahan limbah powderisasi timah menjadi prekursor katalis sulfated tin oxide. Limbah powderisasi timah berupa powder timah yang off-spec dilakukan pretreatment leaching untuk mendapatkan senyawa SnCl2. SnCl2 yang dihasilkan diproses lebih lanjut menjadi SnSO4. Katalis sulfated tin oxide disintesis dari SnSO4 menggunakan metode kalsinasi. Uji aplikasi katalis dilakukan pada reaksi esterifikasi asam asetat. Senyawa turunan timah yang dihasilkan dianalisis menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray, dan Optical Microscopy untuk mendapatkan struktur morfologi kristal dan komposisi senyawanya. Analisis gugus fungsi dilakukan pada uji Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy sementara sifat termal dianalisis menggunakan Differential Thermal Analysis. Hasilnya diperoleh SnCl2 dengan yield 95%, SnSO4 berbentuk kristal dengan penambahan plasticizer PEG 6000 dengan ukuran 187-329 μm, serta katalis sulfated tin oxide dengan ukuran 27-72 nm. Aplikasi katalis pada reaksi esterifikasi asam asetat dengan etanol menghasilkan konversi sebesar 35,7 % dan 41,5%.

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X company developed a tin powderization system through the gas atomization method. The remaining off-spec output still has a tin content of around 98%. There is considerable opportunity in processing this tin powder waste into a high value-added tin derivative, one of which is a catalyst. Therefore, this research carried out the processing of tin powder waste into precursor sulfated tin oxide catalysts. The tin powder waste in the form of off-spec tin powder was carried out pretreatment leaching to obtain SnCl2 compounds. The SnCl2 produced is further processed into SnSO4. The sulfated tin oxide catalyst was synthesized from SnSO4 using a calcination method. The catalyst application test is carried out on the reaction of esterification of acetic acid. The resulting tin derivative was analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray, and Optical Microscopy to obtain the crystal morphological structure and composition of its compounds. Functional group analysis was performed in the Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy test while thermal properties were analyzed using Differential Thermal Analysis. The results obtained are SnCl2 with a yield of 95%, SnSO4 is crystalline with the addition of PEG 6000 plasticizer with a size of 187-329 μm, and sulfated tin oxide catalyst with a size of 27-72 nm. The application of the catalyst in the esterification reaction of acetic acid with ethanol resulted in conversions of 35.7% and 41.5%, respectively."

"Sarkono, Faturrahman, Sofyan Y. 2010. Isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria from abalone (Haliotis asinina) as a potential candidate of probiotic. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 38-42. The purpose of this study was to isolate, select and characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from abalone as a potential candidate probiotic in abalone cultivation system. Selective isolation of LAB performed using de Man Rogosa Sharpe medium. LAB isolate that potential as probiotics was screened. Selection was based on its ability to suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria, bacterial resistance to acidic conditions and bacterial resistance to bile salts (bile). Furthercharacterization and identification conducted to determine the species. The results showed that two of the ten isolates potential to bedeveloped as probiotic bacteria that have the ability to inhibit several pathogenic bacteria such as Eschericia coli, Bacillus cereus danStaphylococus aureus, able to grow at acidic condition and bile tolerance during the incubation for 24 hour. Based on the API test kit,the both of isolate identified as members of the species Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei. "

"Bakteriosin dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri terutama yang memiliki hubungan kekerabatan yang dekat dengan bakteri penghasil. Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) telah diketahui dapat menghasilkan bakteriosin yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba. Bakteriosin berpotensi digunakan sebagai komplemen antibiotika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi serta mengkarakterisasi aktivitas bakteriosin dari BAL galur Leuconostoc dengan optimasi pH dan suhu inkubasi. Penelitian dilakukan melalui penentuan zona hambatan menggunakan metode difusi agar cara sumuran dan penentuan potensinya berdasarkan metode Konsentrasi Hambat Minimal (KHM). Bakteri indikator yang digunakan adalah Leu. mesenteroides TISTR 120 dan JCM 6124, Staphylococcus aureus FNCC 0047, Listeria monocytogenes FNCC 0156, Escherichia coli FNCC 0183, Pseudomonas aeruginosa FNCC 0063, Salmonella typhi FNCC 0165 dan Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0061. Katalase, Tripsin dan Protease K digunakan sebagai uji konfirmasi berdasarkan hasil skrining pengujian aktivitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Leu. mesenteroides MBF7-17 dan MBF2-5 menghasilkan bakteriosin yang hanya dapat menghambat Leu. mesenteroides TISTR 120 dan JCM 6124. Hasil penentuan potensi bakteriosin berdasarkan KHM dari BAL penghasil bakteriosin pada pH dan suhu inkubasi optimum yaitu pH 6 dan 32°C adalah 90% untuk Leu. mesenteroides MBF2- 5 dan 80% untuk Leu. mesenteroides MBF7-17.

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Bacteriocin can inhibit bacteria mostly those which have close relationship to the producer bacteria. Lactid Acid Bacteria (BAL) are known to produce bacteriocins which have function as antimicrobial activity. Bacteriocin has potentially been used as antibiotic complement.

This research aimed to isolate and characterize bacteriocins activity from Leuconostoc strains. Optimization of pH and incubation temperature have also been carried out.

This research used well diffusion agar method and bacteriocin potency assay by performing MIC. Bacterial indicators that used in this research are Leu. mesenteroides TISTR 120, and JCM 6124, Staphylococcus aureus FNCC 0047, Listeria monocytogenes FNCC 0156, Escherichia coli FNCC 0183, Pseudomonas aeruginosa FNCC 0063, Salmonella typhi FNCC 0165 and Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0061. Catalase, Trypsin and Protease K were also used following the screening assay for confirmation test.

Results showed that both Leu. mesenteroides MBF2-5 and MBF7-17 possessed bacteriocin activity although against both Leu. mesenteroides only, the TISTR 120 and JCM 6124 indicators strains. Result for bacteriocin potency assay of bacteriocin producer LAB i.e. Leu. mesenteroides MBF2-5 and MBF7-17 by performing MIC done at optimation pH incubation temperature, i.e. pH 6 and 32°C, showed value of 90% and 80%, respectively."

"Sludge oil contains 30%?50% hydrocarbon fractions that comprise saturated fractions, aromatics, resins, andasphaltene. Asphaltene fraction is the most persistent fraction. In this research, the indigenous bacteria that can degradeasphaltene fractions from a sludge oil sample from Balikpapan that was isolated using BHMS medium (Bushnell-HassMineral Salt) with 0.01% (w/v) yeast extract, 2% (w/v) asphaltene extract, and 2% (w/v) sludge oil. The ability of thefour isolates to degrade asphaltene fractions was conducted by the biodegradation asphaltene fractions test using liquidcultures in a BHMS medium with 0.01% (w/v) yeast extract and 2% (w/v) asphaltene extract as a carbon source. Theparameters measured during the process of biodegradation of asphaltene fractions include the quantification of TotalPetroleum Hydrocarbon (g), log total number of bacteria (CFU/ml), and pH. There are four bacteria (isolates 1, 2, 3, and4) that have been characterized to degrade asphaltic fraction and have been identified as Bacillus sp. Lysinibacillusfusiformes, Acinetobacter sp., and Mycobacterium sp., respectively. The results showed that the highest ability todegrade asphaltene fractions is that of Bacillus sp. (isolate 1) and Lysinibacillus fusiformes (Isolate 2), withbiodegradation percentages of asphaltene fractions being 50% and 55%, respectively, and growth rate at the exponentialphase is 7.17x107 CFU/mL.days and 4.21x107 CFU/mL.days, respectively.Isolasi Bakteri Pendegradasi Fraksi Aspaltik dari Lumpur Minyak Bumi. Lumpur minyak bumi mengandung30%-50% fraksi hidrokarbon yang terdiri dari fraksi jenuh, aromatik, resin, dan aspaltik. Fraksi aspaltik merupakanfraksi yang paling sulit didegradasi. Pada penelitian ini, bakteri pendegradasi fraksi aspaltik merupakan bakteriindigenos yang diisolasi dari sampel lumpur minyak bumi di Balikpapan dengan menggunakan media Bushnell-HassMineral Salt (BHMS) dengan 0.01% (b/v) ekstrak ragi, 2% (b/v) ekstrak fraksi aspaltik, dan 2% (b/v) lumpur minyakbumi. Kemampuan isolat mendegradasi fraksi aspaltik diuji menggunakan media BHMS yang ditambahkan 0.01% (b/v)ekstrak ragi dan 2% (b/v) ekstrak fraksi aspaltik sebagai sumber karbon. Selama uji biodegradasi dilakukan pengukuranparameter yaitu Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (g), jumlah total bakteri (CFU/mL), dan pH. Empat isoat bakteri (isolat1,2,3, dan 4) yang telah dikarakterisasi mampu mendegradasi fraksi aspaltik dan teridentifikasi secara berurutansebagai, Acinetobacter sp., and Mycobacterium sp. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Bacillus sp. (isolat 1) danLysinibacillus fusiformes (Isolat 2) memiliki kemampuan terbaik dalam mendegradasi fraksi aspaltik, kemampuanbiodegradasi fraksi aspaltik secara berurutan adalah 50% dan 55%, dan laju pertumbuhan pada fase eksponensial secaraberurutan adalah 7.17x107 CFU/mL.hari dan 4.21x107 CFU/mL.hari."

"Indonesia sebagai negara maritim memiliki sumber bahan baku kitin yang melimpah, yaitu kulit udang. Kulit udang pada percobaan ini mengandung 41,995% mineral, 45,36% protein dan sisanya adalah kitin. Kitin, ?-(1-4)-2-asetamida-2-dioksi-D-glukosa, diisolasi dari kulit udang dengan melalui dua tahap proses, yaitu demineralisasi dan deproteinasi. Kitin yang didapat kemudian diubah menjadi kitosan melalui proses deasetilasi. Kitosan, disebut juga ?-1,4-2-amino-2-dioksi-D-glukosa, mengandung gugus amida dan hidroksil yang menyebabkan kitosan memiliki reaktifitas yang tinggi dan bersifat polielektrolit kation. Oleh sebab itu, kitosan dapat digunakan sebagai adsorben logam berat. Pada penelitian ini, proses demineralisasi menggunakan HCl 1 N dengan perbandingan solid:liquid sebesar 1:20 pada temperatur 90_C selama 60 menit. Proses deproteinasi menggunakan NaOH 3,5 N dengan perbandingan solid:liquid sebesar 1:10 pada temperatur 90_C selama 60 menit. Proses deasetilasi menggunakan NaOH pekat 80% (b/v) dengan perbandingan solid:liquid sebesar 1:10 pada temperatur 130_C selama 30 menit. Kitosan yang dihasilkan, selanjutnya akan digunakan sebagai adsorben logam Cu (II), memiliki nilai derajat deasetilasi sebesar 46,77%. Uji adsorpsi logam Cu (II) oleh kitosan dilakukan dengan empat variasi, yaitu pH, perbandingan solid:liquid, waktu kontak dan konsentrasi awal Cu (II). Kondisi optimum adsorpsi logam Cu (II) didapat pH 5 dengan perbandingan solid-liquid sebesar 1:100 selama 60 menit pada konsentrasi awal Cu (II) sebanyak 100 ppm dengan persentase adsorpsi maksimum sebesar 70,84%.

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Indonesia as an maritime country has a lot of source of chitin. Prawn shell is one of the potential source of chitin. Prawn shell consist of 41.995% mineral, 45.36% protein and the rest is chitin. Chitin, ?-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucosamine, isolated from Prawn shell by demineralization and depretination. Isolated chitin must be converted become chitosan by deacetylation. Chitosan, ?-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-Dglucosamine, has amide and hydroxyl groups, that makes chitosan is very reactive and polyelectrolit. Because of that, chitosan can be used as an adsorbent of heavy metal. In this research, demineralization using 1 N HCl for 30 minutes at 90_C with ratio solid:liquid 1:20. Deproteinization using 3.5 N NaOH for 60 minutes at 90_C with ratio solid:liquid 1:10. Deacetylation using 80% (w/v) NaOH for 30 minutes at 130_C with ratio solid:liquid 1:10. Chitosan isolated, used as an adsorbent of metal Cu (II), has 46.77% degree of deacetylation. Adsorption Cu (II) by chitosan has four variations, which are pH, ratio solid:liquid, time contack and initial concentration of Cu (II). Optimum condition of adsorption is the highest precentage of adsorption at pH 5, ratio solid-liquid 1:100 for 60 minutes and initial concentration of Cu (II) 100 ppm. The highest precentage of adsorption is 70.84%."