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"Di Indonesia kenaikan angka kematian karena kanker mencapai 4,3% pada tahun 1986. Dari studi prospektif dan retrospektif diketahui bahwa karotenoid mengurangi risiko timbulnya kanker payudara. Beta-karoten adalah salah satu karotenoid yang dikandung oleh minyak kelapa sawit (600.000 ug/kg) karena cara pengobatan kanker payudara yang berlaku selama ini (dengan pembedahan, radioterapi, dan kemoterapi) cukup mahal, dan acapkali tidak terjangkau oleh sebagian golongan masyarakat, maka perlu dicari cara lain, di antaranya memanfaatkan beta-karoten yang ada dalam minyak kelapa sawit, namun perlu diteliti dosis ekstrak minyak kelapa sawit yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak minyak kelapa sawit sebesar 120 ug/0,1 ml dan 500 ug/0,1 ml per hari terhadap pertumbuhan sel tumor transplantabel kelenjar susu mencit C3. Penelitian ini menggunakan 42 ekor mencit C3H, dengan berat badan berkisar antara 18 - 20 gram. Mencit tersebut dibagi menjadi 7 kelompok dengan masing-masing 6 ulangan yang terdiri atas 3 kelompok kontrol dan 4 kelompok uji. Dua kelompok uji masing-masing dicekok dengan dosis 1.20 ug dan 500 ug ekstrak per hari selama penelitian, sedangkan kepada 2 kelompok uji lainnya pemberian ekstrak hanya sampai pada hari ke-14. Facia hari ke 14 semua mencit diinokulasi dengan bubur tumor yang diambil dari mencit donor dengan menggunakan trokar secara subkutis di aksila kanan sebanyak 0,2 ml/ekor. Dengan melakukan analisis varian diketahui hasil pada ketujuh kelompok tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik, baik pengaruhnya terhadap volume tumor, berat akhir tumor maupun lama bertahan hidup mencit. Namun demikian hasil pengamatan sediaan mikroskopis menuniukkan adanya pengaruh pemberian ekstrak walaupun tidak terlalu menyolok, berupa penambahan fibrosis/kepadatan jaringan stromanya. Ketiadaan pangaruh pemberian ekstrak minyak kelapa sawit mungkin disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yaitu masih kurang tingginya dosis yang diberikan, tingkat oksidasi menjadi asam retinoat cukup tinggi, terjadinya autooksidasi nonbiologik betakaroten sebelum digunakan dan kekurang cukupan Zn sebagai pembentuk REP."

"Ruang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian:Di Indonesia angka kematian karena kanker terus meningkat dari 1,45 dalam tahun 1972 menjadi 4,4% dalam tahun 1992. Dari studi prospektif dan retrospektif diketahui bahwa karotenoid mengurangi risiko mendapatkan kanker payudara, (β -karoten adalah salah satu karotenoid yang dikandung oleh minyak kelapa sawit (600.000 µg/Kg). Karena cara pengobatan pembedahan, radioterapi dan kemoterapi cukup mahal dan acapkali tidak terjangkau oleh sebagian golongan masyarakat, maka perlu dicari cara lain, di antaranya memanfaatkan β -karoten yang ada dalam minyak kelapa sawit, namun perlu diteliti dosis ekstrak minyak kelapa sawit (EMKS) yang tepat.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian EMKS yang mengandung β -karoten sebanyak 0,02 µg /ml, 0,1 µg/ml dan 0,5 µg /ml terhadap pertumbuhan in vitro set tumor kelenjar susu mencit C3H. Digunakan 5 kelompok masing-masing 6 ulangan yang terdiri atas 3 kelompok uji dan 2 kelompok kelola (kelola babas dan kelola pelarut). Selain itu dilakukan pula penelitian secara in vivo dengan dosis 1000 µg/0,1 ml dan 2000 µg/0,1 ml per hari selama 21 hari dengan menggunakan 24 ekor mencit yang dibagi dalam 2 kelompok kelola dan 2 kelompok uji.Hasil dan Kesimpulan:Dengan melakukan analisis varian pada hasil penelitian diketahui tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara kelompok kelola dan kelompok uji dosis 0,02 µg /ml. Kemaknaan terjadi pada dosis 0,1 µg/ml dan 0,5 µg/ml. Ditemukan bahwa makin besar dosis yang diberikan makin kecil rasio pertumbuhan biakan sel tumor. Selain itu analisis varian indek label (IL) BUdR menunjukkan bahwa makin besar dosis EMKS yang diberikan, makin rendah nilai Ilnya. Sedangkan penelitian in vivo dengan dosis 1000 µg/0,1 ml dan 2000 µg/0,1ml tidak memperlihatkan pengaruh EMKS terhadap volume dan berat tumor kelenjar susu mencit C3H.Berdasarkan hal tersebut di atas dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa pemberian EMKS dapat menghambat bertumbuhan sel tumor kelenjar susu mencit C3H secara in vitro pada dosis 0,1 µg/ml dan 0,5 µg/ml. Sedangkan secara in vivo dengan dosis 1000 µg/0,1 ml dan 2000 µg/0,1 ml pertumbuhan se tumor kelenjar susu mencit belum dihambat.Scope and methods of study:

The mortality of cancer in Indonesia had been increasing from 1.4% in 1972 to 4.4% in 1992. Through prospective and retrospective studies it was known that carotenoid could lessen the risk for getting breast cancer. 0-carotene was one of the carotenoids contained in palm oil (600.000 µg/Kg). Because the treatment of breast cancer by surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy was rather expensive and often not within reach by part of the people, so other way of treatment should be sought, among others by using f3-carotene in palm oil of which the precise dose should be first determined.

This investigation was done to know the effect of putting palm oil extract (POE) containing respectively 0.02 µgl0,/ml; 0.1 µg/0,1ml and 0.5 µg/0,lml on the in vitro growth of C3H mouse mammary tumor cells. Five groups of each six repetitions consisting of three treated and two control groups. Besides an in vivo investigation was done with doses of 1000 µg/0,1 ml and 2000 µg/0,1 ml per day respectively for 21 days, by using 24 mice which was divided into two control and two treatment groups.

Result and conclusion:

By using variance analysis it was found that there was no significant difference between the control groups and the 0.02 µg/0, l ml treated group; significant difference occurred at groups of 0.1 µg/0, l ml and 0.5 µg/0,1 ml doses. It was found that the bigger the dose given the smaller ratio of tumor cell growth. Beside this it was known also from the variance analysis of the BUdR labeling index that putting palm oil extract on the tumor cell culture lessen the value of the labeling index conform with the dose given.

Whereas the in vivo investigation of 0-carotene contained in POE given in doses of 1000 µg/0,1 ml and 2000 µg/0,1 ml showed no significant difference on the tumor volume and tumor weights between the control and treatment groups.

Based on the above investigation was concluded that treatment with POE containing 0-carotene in doses of 0.1 µg/0,1 ml and 0.5 µg10, l ml could inhibit the in vitro growth of C3H mouse mammary tumor cells. While with doses of 1000 µg/0,1 ml and 2000 µg/0,1 ml the in vivo growth of mouse mammary tumor cells had not inhibited yet."

"RINGKASAN EKSEKUTIFRuang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Pengobatan kanker payudara sudahbanyak diupayakan, melalui tindakan bedah, radioterapi, kemoterapidan terapi hormonal, namun hasilnya kurang memuaskan. Yang sangatdidambakan dan ideal ialah cara pencegahan timbulnya kanker atausetidaknya upaya menekan perkembangan kanker. Beberapa jenisbahan makanan telah dilap orkan mempuny ai kh asiat mencegahtimbulnya keganasan . Vitamin A alami maupun sintetik dilaporkandapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan sel, sehingga \litamin A dosis tinggidiperkirakan dapat mencegah atau menghambat pertumbunan tumor.Dilakukan penelitian eksperimental untuk menilai daya hambat retinilasetat terhadap pertumbuhan tumor transplantabel kele njar susumencit. Tiga kelompok mencit ja tan strain GR, umur ± 2 bulan danberat badan 18 - 23 g, masing-masing 12 ekor, diinokulasi secara subkutandengan 0,2 ml suspensi tumor kelenjar susu yang diperoleh darimencit GR donor. Tiga jam kemudian kelompok perlakuan RA dicekokdengan sonde lambung 0,2 ml larutan retinil asetat 1500 IU, dandila njutkan se tiap li ari selama 14 h a ri. Kelompok kontro l KPmempero leh 0,2 ml akuades sebagai ganti retinil asetat, sedangkankelompok K tidak dibeliikan apa-apa. Daerah inokulasi diraba setiaphari untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan tumor. Volume tumor dan beratbadan mencit diukur setiap 3 haui, dan pada hari ke-15 semua mencitdimatikan dengan cara dislokasi servikal. Tumor diangkat dan diukurvolumenya, lalu dibuat sediaan mikroskopik dengan pewarnaan HE.Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Volume tumor pada mencit kelomQok RA ternyataJebih kecil daripada elompok KP dan K (p < 0,01). Tumor padakedua kelompok kontrol maupun perlakuan RA menunjukkan gambaranadenokarsinoma, namun indeks mitosis pada kelompok RA lebih kecildaripada kedua kelompok kontrol. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkanbahwa pemberian retinil asetat 1500 IU setiap hari selama 14 haridengan dicekokkan dapat menghambat pertumbuhan tumor transplantabelkelenjar susu mencit GR.Scope and Method of Study: Breast cancer has been treated by variousmeans of surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy,however, the outcome are still unsatisfactory. The ideal approachshould be through prevention, or at least the development and progressof cancer inhibited. Different kinds of foodstuffs have been reportedto be useful in the protection against malignancy. Vitamin A, eithernatural or synthetic, has been reported to affect cell growth, and ahigh dose was considered to be protective and inhibit tumor growth.An experiment was carried out on male GR mice, approximately 2months old and weighing 18 - 23 g, to evaluate the inhibitory actionof retinyl acetate on the growth of transplantable mammary tumor.Thirty six mice were divided into 3 groups of 12. They were all inoculatedsubcutaneously with a porridge of tumor cells (0.2 ml) preparedfrom a donor mouse. Three hours following inoculation, each of thetreatment group (RA) was given through a gastric tube 1500 IU ofretinyl acetate in 0.2 ml of distilled water, and the treatment continueddaily for 14 days. The control group KP received daily 0.2 ml of distilledwater, and group K was without any treatment. The mice wereobserved daily for tumor growth, and tumor volume and body weightwere measured every three days starting from day 3. At the end of theexperiment (day 15), the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation.The tumor was excised from each mouse and the volume measured,and further processed for microscopic examination by HE stain.Findings and Conclusions: The volume of the tumor of the mice receivingretinyl acetate was significantly smaller than those of the controlgroups K and KP (p < 0.01). Tumors from the treatment group as wellas both control groups showed the characteristics of adenocarcinoma,but the mitotic index was significantly smaller in the treatment group.It is concluded that treatment with retinyl acetate, 1500 IU daily for14 days, could inhibit the growth of transplantable mammary tumor inGR mice."

"Dari studi Epidemiologi diketahui bahwa karotenoid cenderung mengurai risiko timbulnya kanker. Karena pengobatan kanker cukup mahal sehingga tidak terjangkau sebagian masyarakat, maka perlu dicari cara lain, di antaranya memanfaatkan β -karoten dalam EMKS, namun perlu dicari dosis yang tepat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah pemberian EMKS dapat menghambat laju pertumbuhan sel tumor. Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 ekor mencit yang telah diinokulasi dengan bubur tumor dibagi kedalam 2 kelompok kelola dan 2 kelompok perlakuan yang dicekok EMKS dengan dosis 1000 µg/0,1 ml dan 2000 µg/0,1 m1/hari selama 21 hari. Pengukuran volume tumor dilakukan satu minggu sekali . Setelah 21 hari semua mencit dimatikan, lalu diukur volume akhir tumor, berat tumor dan dibuat sediaan mikroskopik yang diwarnai secara imunoperoksidase dengan anti BUdR, lalu dihitung IL (sel yang berada pada fase S). Hasil analisis varian tidak ada perbedaan baik pada volume akhir tumor minggu ke dua, ketiga, setelah mencit dimatikan, berat tumor maupun IL BUdR antara kelompok kelola dan perlakuan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut di atas dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa pemberian β-karoten dalam EMKS dosis 1000 µg10,1 ml dan 2000 µg/0,1 m1/hari beium dapat menghambat laju pertumbuhan sel."

"ABSTRAKKanker payudara merupakan salah satu jenis kanker terbanyak di Indonesia dan lebih dari 80% kasus ditemukan berada pada stadium yang lanjut. Akupunktur sebagai salah satu alternatif terapi memiliki peran pada kasus keganasan. Dari penelitian-penelitian terdahulu diketahui bahwa mekanisme akupunktur sebagai terapi kanker dengan mengaktivasi jalur neurohormonal dan modulasi sistem imun, terutama meningkatkan aktivitas sel NK. Sel NK banyak terdapat dalam limpa sebagai organ limfoid. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental laboratorik yang bertujuan untuk membuktikan tindakan EA dapat meningkatkan diameter pulpa alba limpa. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap 20 sediaan preparat tumor dari mencit C3H model adenokarsinoma mammae yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok. Kelompok tersebut adalah kelompok yang tidak mendapatkan EA, kelompok yang mendapatkan 1x EA, kelompok yang mendapatkan 2x EA dan kelompok yang mendapatkan 3x EA. Tindakan elektroakupunktur menggunakan gelombang kontinyu dengan frekuensi 2 Hz selama 15 menit, pada titik ST36 Zusanli, BL18 Ganshu dan BL20 Pishu. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rerata diameter terbesar terdapat pada kelompok yang mendapatkan 3x EA (497,86 ± 122,261). Namun dengan uji ANOVA tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok penelitian, dengan nilai p = 0,094. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh yaitu elektroakupunktur dapat meningkatkan diameter pulpa alba limpa mencit C3H model adenokarsinoma mammae.

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ABSTRACT<>br>Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in Indonesia and more than 80% of cases are found to be in an advanced stage. Acupuncture as an alternative therapy has a role in the case of malignancy. From previous studies known that the mechanism of acupuncture as cancer therapy by activating neurohormonal pathways and immune system modulation, especially increase the activity of NK cells. NK cells are widely present in the spleen as lymphoid organs. This research is a laboratory experimental study that aims to prove the action of EA can increase the diameter of the white pulp spleen. This study was conducted on 20 preparations of tumor preparations from C3H mice of mammae adenocarcinoma model divided into 4 groups. The group is a group that does not get an EA, a group that gets 1x EA, a group that gets 2x EA and a group that gets 3x EA. The electroacupuncture uses a continuous wave, frequency of 2 Hz for 15 minutes, at the point ST36 Zusanli, BL18 Ganshu and BL20 Pishu. The results showed that the largest diameter was found in the group that received 3x EA (497,86 ± 122,261). However, the ANOVA test showed no significant difference between the study groups, with p = 0,094. The conclusions obtained are that electroacupuncture can increase the diameter of the white pulp spleen in C3H mice with adenocarcinoma mammae."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti ekstrak etanol Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. yang dihipotesakan menjadi terapi alternatif komplementer kanker payudara. Ekstrak dibuat dengan maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Hewan yang digunakan adalah tikus putih betina strain Sprague-Dawley dibagi dalam 9 kelompok yaitu kontrol normal, kontrol DMBA, kontrol doksorubisin, kelompok perlakuan kuratif dan kelompok perlakuan adjuvan. Setiap tikus, kecuali kontrol normal, diinduksi dengan 7-12-dimetilbenz(a)antrasena (DMBA) 20 mg/kgBB sebanyak 5 kali, dua kali seminggu. Masa inkubasi tumor 8 minggu. Kelompok perlakuan mendapatkan ekstrak dalam 3 variasi dosis yaitu 40 mg/200gBB, 80 mg/200gBB dan 160 mg/200gBB. Palpasi dilakukan seminggu sekali. Pada minggu terakhir perlakuan dilakukan pembedahan. Tumor dibuat preparat histopatologi hematoksilin-eosin dan AgNOR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua kelompok kuratif dan kelompok adjuvan (2 dan 3) berat tumornya lebih rendah secara signifikan (P<0.05) dibandingkan DMBA. Volume tumor kelompok kuratif dosis 1 dan 3 serta adjuvan 2 lebih rendah secara signifikan (P<0.05) dibandingkan DMBA. Skor HE kelompok kuratif dosis 1 dan 3 lebih rendah signifikan (<0.05) dibandingkan DMBA. Nilai mAgNOR dan pAgNOR seluruh kelompok lebih rendah secara signifikan (P<0.05) dibandingkan DMBA. Secara keseluruhan disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak temu hitam dapat menghambat pertumbuhan tumor payudara tikus khususnya kelompok perlakuan kuratif dosis 3 (160 mg/200gBB), meskipun tidak sebanding dengan doksorubisin.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the ethanolic extract of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. which hypothesised to become complementary alternative therapies for breast cancer. Extracts were made by maceration using ethanol 96%. Animals used were female white rats of Sprague-Dawley strain which divided into nine groups: normal control, DMBA control, doxorubicin control, curative treatment groups and adjuvant treatment groups. Each rat, except for the normal controls, induced by 7-12-dimetilbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA) 20 mg/kgBW 5 times, twice a week. The incubation period of tumors was 8 weeks. Extract in the treatment group were given 3 variant of doses, 40 mg/200gBW, 80 mg/200gBW and 160 mg/200gBW. Palpation done once a week. Surgery was done in the last week of treatment. Histopathological slides of tumor in hematoxylin-eosin and AgNOR staining was made. The results showed that tumor weight of all curative groups and adjuvant groups (2 and 3) was significantly lower (P <0.05) than DMBA. Tumor volume of curative groups dose 1 and 3 and adjuvant 2 significantly lower (P <0.05) than DMBA. HE score of curative groups dose 1 and 3 significantly lower (<0.05) than DMBA. The value of mAgNOR and pAgNOR of the whole group was significantly lower (P <0.05) than DMBA. Overall can be concluded that the extract of temu hitam can inhibit the rat breast tumors growth particularly the curative treatment dose 3 (160 mg/200gBW) although not comparable to doxorubicin."

"[ABSTRAKKanker payudara adalah penyakit multifaktor yang mengakibatkan insiden kematian wanita tertinggi di dunia. Pengobatan kanker payudara berupa pembedahan, radioterapi, dan kemoterapi memiliki efek samping sehingga perlu pengobatan alternatif, salah satunya menggunakan bahan herbal. Daun sirsak (Annona muricata Linn) dilaporkan memiliki efek antitumor dan sitotoksik, tetapi penelitian in vivo terhadap kanker payudara masih sedikit, dibutuhkan penelitian lanjut mengenai efektivitas dan jalur penghambatan daun sirsak terhadap berbagai kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya hambat dan dosis efektif ekstrak metanol daun sirsak (Annona muricata Linn) terhadap pertumbuhan tumor payudara mencit C3H secara in vivo. Sebanyak 30 ekor mencit galur C3H yang ditransplan dengan tumor payudara dari mencit C3H donor bertumor, dibagi dalam 5 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kontrol negatif hanya diberi pelarut CMC 0,5%, kontrol positif diberi doksorubisin, kelompok pemberian ekstrak daun sirsak dosis 15, 30, dan 45 mg/kg BB. Setiap mencit dicekok ekstrak daun sirsak 0,2 cc per hari selama 21 hari, sedangkan kelompok kontrol positif diberikan doksorubisin secara intra vena 0,03 μg/20g BB seminggu sekali selama 21 hari. Panjang dan lebar tumor diukur di awal dan seminggu sekali selama perlakuan untuk mendapatkan data volume tumor. Pada akhir penelitian mencit dinekropsi, tumor mencit ditimbang dan dilakukan pewarnaan AgNOR untuk diukur aktivitas proliferasi sel. Hasil uji Anova menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna (p=0,007) antar perlakuan terhadap volume tumor akhir dan terhadap aktivitas proliferasi (p=0,001). Uji Kruskal Wallis terhadap berat tumor menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna antar perlakuan (p=0,03). Hasil uji korelasi Spearman secara bermakna (p=0,03) menunjukkan ada korelasi positif antara aktivitas proliferasi sel dengan pertumbuhan volume tumor dengan kekuatan korelasi yang lemah (r=0,39). Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak metanol daun sirsak (Annona muricata Linn) dapat menghambat laju pertumbuhan volume tumor dan aktivitas proliferasi sel kanker payudara mencit C3H dan optimum penghambatan pada dosis 30 mg/kg

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ABSTRACTBB.;Breast cancer is a multifactor disease that has been a leading cause of woman?s mortality. Treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have their own side effects, so that alternative treatments such as herbal medicine are needed. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) has been reported to have antitumor and cytotoxic effects, but only few conducted in vivo, an advanced research is needed to find the effectiveness and the inhibition pathway of the soursop leaf. The purpose of this research is to find out the inhibition capacity and the effective dose of soursop leaf methanol extract (Annona muricata Linn) against the development of C3H mice?s breast cancer in vivo. There were thirty mice of C3H strain which were transplanted with breast tumor and they were divided into five groups consisting of negative control group which was given only solvent CMC 0.5%, a positive control group which was given doxorubicin, a dose group of 15 mg/kg BB, a dose group of 30 mg/kg BB, and a dose group of 45 mg/kg BB. Each mouse was given 0,2 cc soursop leaf extract every day for 21 days while the positive control group was given doxorubicin 0,03 μg/20 gram BB once a week for 21 days intravenously. The length and the width of the tumor were measured at the beginning and also measured once a week during the experiment process to gain the data of the tumor volume. At the end of the research, the tumor of the mice was lifted and weighed and it was stained by AgNOR to measure the proliferation activity of the cell. The Anova result showed that there was a significant difference (p=0,007) between treatment against the development of tumor which was marked by the decrease of the tumor volume and proliferation activity (p=0,001). The Kruskal Wallis result showed that there was no significant difference (p<0,33) in the tumor weight. Spearman correlation study significantly (p=0,03) indicated that there was a positive correlation between the cell proliferation activity and the growth of the tumor but in a weak correlation (r=0,39). Therefore, it could be concluded that the methanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) can inhibit the growth rate of tumor volume as well as the proliferation activity of the breast cancer cell of C3H mice and it worked optimally at 30 mg/kg BB dose.;Breast cancer is a multifactor disease that has been a leading cause of woman?s mortality. Treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have their own side effects, so that alternative treatments such as herbal medicine are needed. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) has been reported to have antitumor and cytotoxic effects, but only few conducted in vivo, an advanced research is needed to find the effectiveness and the inhibition pathway of the soursop leaf. The purpose of this research is to find out the inhibition capacity and the effective dose of soursop leaf methanol extract (Annona muricata Linn) against the development of C3H mice?s breast cancer in vivo. There were thirty mice of C3H strain which were transplanted with breast tumor and they were divided into five groups consisting of negative control group which was given only solvent CMC 0.5%, a positive control group which was given doxorubicin, a dose group of 15 mg/kg BB, a dose group of 30 mg/kg BB, and a dose group of 45 mg/kg BB. Each mouse was given 0,2 cc soursop leaf extract every day for 21 days while the positive control group was given doxorubicin 0,03 μg/20 gram BB once a week for 21 days intravenously. The length and the width of the tumor were measured at the beginning and also measured once a week during the experiment process to gain the data of the tumor volume. At the end of the research, the tumor of the mice was lifted and weighed and it was stained by AgNOR to measure the proliferation activity of the cell. The Anova result showed that there was a significant difference (p=0,007) between treatment against the development of tumor which was marked by the decrease of the tumor volume and proliferation activity (p=0,001). The Kruskal Wallis result showed that there was no significant difference (p<0,33) in the tumor weight. Spearman correlation study significantly (p=0,03) indicated that there was a positive correlation between the cell proliferation activity and the growth of the tumor but in a weak correlation (r=0,39). Therefore, it could be concluded that the methanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) can inhibit the growth rate of tumor volume as well as the proliferation activity of the breast cancer cell of C3H mice and it worked optimally at 30 mg/kg BB dose.;Breast cancer is a multifactor disease that has been a leading cause of woman?s mortality. Treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have their own side effects, so that alternative treatments such as herbal medicine are needed. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) has been reported to have antitumor and cytotoxic effects, but only few conducted in vivo, an advanced research is needed to find the effectiveness and the inhibition pathway of the soursop leaf. The purpose of this research is to find out the inhibition capacity and the effective dose of soursop leaf methanol extract (Annona muricata Linn) against the development of C3H mice?s breast cancer in vivo. There were thirty mice of C3H strain which were transplanted with breast tumor and they were divided into five groups consisting of negative control group which was given only solvent CMC 0.5%, a positive control group which was given doxorubicin, a dose group of 15 mg/kg BB, a dose group of 30 mg/kg BB, and a dose group of 45 mg/kg BB. Each mouse was given 0,2 cc soursop leaf extract every day for 21 days while the positive control group was given doxorubicin 0,03 μg/20 gram BB once a week for 21 days intravenously. The length and the width of the tumor were measured at the beginning and also measured once a week during the experiment process to gain the data of the tumor volume. At the end of the research, the tumor of the mice was lifted and weighed and it was stained by AgNOR to measure the proliferation activity of the cell. The Anova result showed that there was a significant difference (p=0,007) between treatment against the development of tumor which was marked by the decrease of the tumor volume and proliferation activity (p=0,001). The Kruskal Wallis result showed that there was no significant difference (p<0,33) in the tumor weight. Spearman correlation study significantly (p=0,03) indicated that there was a positive correlation between the cell proliferation activity and the growth of the tumor but in a weak correlation (r=0,39). Therefore, it could be concluded that the methanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) can inhibit the growth rate of tumor volume as well as the proliferation activity of the breast cancer cell of C3H mice and it worked optimally at 30 mg/kg BB dose.;Breast cancer is a multifactor disease that has been a leading cause of woman?s mortality. Treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have their own side effects, so that alternative treatments such as herbal medicine are needed. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) has been reported to have antitumor and cytotoxic effects, but only few conducted in vivo, an advanced research is needed to find the effectiveness and the inhibition pathway of the soursop leaf. The purpose of this research is to find out the inhibition capacity and the effective dose of soursop leaf methanol extract (Annona muricata Linn) against the development of C3H mice?s breast cancer in vivo. There were thirty mice of C3H strain which were transplanted with breast tumor and they were divided into five groups consisting of negative control group which was given only solvent CMC 0.5%, a positive control group which was given doxorubicin, a dose group of 15 mg/kg BB, a dose group of 30 mg/kg BB, and a dose group of 45 mg/kg BB. Each mouse was given 0,2 cc soursop leaf extract every day for 21 days while the positive control group was given doxorubicin 0,03 μg/20 gram BB once a week for 21 days intravenously. The length and the width of the tumor were measured at the beginning and also measured once a week during the experiment process to gain the data of the tumor volume. At the end of the research, the tumor of the mice was lifted and weighed and it was stained by AgNOR to measure the proliferation activity of the cell. The Anova result showed that there was a significant difference (p=0,007) between treatment against the development of tumor which was marked by the decrease of the tumor volume and proliferation activity (p=0,001). The Kruskal Wallis result showed that there was no significant difference (p<0,33) in the tumor weight. Spearman correlation study significantly (p=0,03) indicated that there was a positive correlation between the cell proliferation activity and the growth of the tumor but in a weak correlation (r=0,39). Therefore, it could be concluded that the methanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) can inhibit the growth rate of tumor volume as well as the proliferation activity of the breast cancer cell of C3H mice and it worked optimally at 30 mg/kg BB dose.;Breast cancer is a multifactor disease that has been a leading cause of woman’s mortality. Treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have their own side effects, so that alternative treatments such as herbal medicine are needed. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) has been reported to have antitumor and cytotoxic effects, but only few conducted in vivo, an advanced research is needed to find the effectiveness and the inhibition pathway of the soursop leaf. The purpose of this research is to find out the inhibition capacity and the effective dose of soursop leaf methanol extract (Annona muricata Linn) against the development of C3H mice’s breast cancer in vivo. There were thirty mice of C3H strain which were transplanted with breast tumor and they were divided into five groups consisting of negative control group which was given only solvent CMC 0.5%, a positive control group which was given doxorubicin, a dose group of 15 mg/kg BB, a dose group of 30 mg/kg BB, and a dose group of 45 mg/kg BB. Each mouse was given 0,2 cc soursop leaf extract every day for 21 days while the positive control group was given doxorubicin 0,03 μg/20 gram BB once a week for 21 days intravenously. The length and the width of the tumor were measured at the beginning and also measured once a week during the experiment process to gain the data of the tumor volume. At the end of the research, the tumor of the mice was lifted and weighed and it was stained by AgNOR to measure the proliferation activity of the cell. The Anova result showed that there was a significant difference (p=0,007) between treatment against the development of tumor which was marked by the decrease of the tumor volume and proliferation activity (p=0,001). The Kruskal Wallis result showed that there was no significant difference (p<0,33) in the tumor weight. Spearman correlation study significantly (p=0,03) indicated that there was a positive correlation between the cell proliferation activity and the growth of the tumor but in a weak correlation (r=0,39). Therefore, it could be concluded that the methanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) can inhibit the growth rate of tumor volume as well as the proliferation activity of the breast cancer cell of C3H mice and it worked optimally at 30 mg/kg BB dose.;Breast cancer is a multifactor disease that has been a leading cause of woman’s mortality. Treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have their own side effects, so that alternative treatments such as herbal medicine are needed. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) has been reported to have antitumor and cytotoxic effects, but only few conducted in vivo, an advanced research is needed to find the effectiveness and the inhibition pathway of the soursop leaf. The purpose of this research is to find out the inhibition capacity and the effective dose of soursop leaf methanol extract (Annona muricata Linn) against the development of C3H mice’s breast cancer in vivo. There were thirty mice of C3H strain which were transplanted with breast tumor and they were divided into five groups consisting of negative control group which was given only solvent CMC 0.5%, a positive control group which was given doxorubicin, a dose group of 15 mg/kg BB, a dose group of 30 mg/kg BB, and a dose group of 45 mg/kg BB. Each mouse was given 0,2 cc soursop leaf extract every day for 21 days while the positive control group was given doxorubicin 0,03 μg/20 gram BB once a week for 21 days intravenously. The length and the width of the tumor were measured at the beginning and also measured once a week during the experiment process to gain the data of the tumor volume. At the end of the research, the tumor of the mice was lifted and weighed and it was stained by AgNOR to measure the proliferation activity of the cell. The Anova result showed that there was a significant difference (p=0,007) between treatment against the development of tumor which was marked by the decrease of the tumor volume and proliferation activity (p=0,001). The Kruskal Wallis result showed that there was no significant difference (p<0,33) in the tumor weight. Spearman correlation study significantly (p=0,03) indicated that there was a positive correlation between the cell proliferation activity and the growth of the tumor but in a weak correlation (r=0,39). Therefore, it could be concluded that the methanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) can inhibit the growth rate of tumor volume as well as the proliferation activity of the breast cancer cell of C3H mice and it worked optimally at 30 mg/kg BB dose., Breast cancer is a multifactor disease that has been a leading cause of woman’s mortality. Treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have their own side effects, so that alternative treatments such as herbal medicine are needed. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) has been reported to have antitumor and cytotoxic effects, but only few conducted in vivo, an advanced research is needed to find the effectiveness and the inhibition pathway of the soursop leaf. The purpose of this research is to find out the inhibition capacity and the effective dose of soursop leaf methanol extract (Annona muricata Linn) against the development of C3H mice’s breast cancer in vivo. There were thirty mice of C3H strain which were transplanted with breast tumor and they were divided into five groups consisting of negative control group which was given only solvent CMC 0.5%, a positive control group which was given doxorubicin, a dose group of 15 mg/kg BB, a dose group of 30 mg/kg BB, and a dose group of 45 mg/kg BB. Each mouse was given 0,2 cc soursop leaf extract every day for 21 days while the positive control group was given doxorubicin 0,03 μg/20 gram BB once a week for 21 days intravenously. The length and the width of the tumor were measured at the beginning and also measured once a week during the experiment process to gain the data of the tumor volume. At the end of the research, the tumor of the mice was lifted and weighed and it was stained by AgNOR to measure the proliferation activity of the cell. The Anova result showed that there was a significant difference (p=0,007) between treatment against the development of tumor which was marked by the decrease of the tumor volume and proliferation activity (p=0,001). The Kruskal Wallis result showed that there was no significant difference (p<0,33) in the tumor weight. Spearman correlation study significantly (p=0,03) indicated that there was a positive correlation between the cell proliferation activity and the growth of the tumor but in a weak correlation (r=0,39). Therefore, it could be concluded that the methanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) can inhibit the growth rate of tumor volume as well as the proliferation activity of the breast cancer cell of C3H mice and it worked optimally at 30 mg/kg BB dose.]"

"Latar belakang: Kanker payudara merupakan kanker tersering dengan mortalitas kematian kelima tertinggi di dunia. Tamoksifen, terapi hormon lini pertama kanker payudara ditemukan kasus resisten pada sel kanker dengan ekspresi c-myc yang tinggi. C-myc adalah faktor transkripsi yang menginduksi proliferasi, diferensiasi, serta metastasis sel kanker. Penelitian terbaru telah menemukan lunasin, protein dari ekstrak kedelai yang dinilai memiliki berbagai efek antikanker. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui apakah lunasin dapat menurunkan ekspresi protein c-myc pada sel kanker payudara. Metode: Desain penelitian adalah true-experimental laboratorium dengan sampel preparat jaringan kanker payudara tikus tersimpan. Kelompok sediaan terdiri kelompok normal, kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, terapi kombinasi (lunasin dan tamoksifen) dan lunasin. Jaringan diwarnai secara imunohistokimia dengan diaminobenzinidie (DAB) dan antibodi anti-c-myc. Sediaan dipotret dengan mikroskop cahaya perbesaran 400 kali sebanyak 5 lapang pandang secara acak. Hasil berupa H-score ekspresi c-myc yang dihitung menggunakan software ImageJ dengan plugin immunohistochemistry (IHC) Profiler. Hasil: Kelompok dengan indeks H-score tertinggi berurutan adalah kontrol negatif (174), terapi tamoksifen, (149,4), terapi lunasin (146,6), kombinasi (138,6), dan normal (129,4). Ekspresi c-myc pada seluruh kelompok berbeda signifikan dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif. Perbandingan setiap dua kelompok juga berbeda signifikan kecuali antara kelompok kontrol positif dengan lunasin. Kesimpulan: Lunasin dari ekstrak kedelai menghambat ekspresi protein c-myc pada sel kanker payudara tikus yang diinduksi DMBA. Lunasin dan tamoksifen masing-masing mampu menurunkan ekspresi protein c-myc. Terapi kombinasi lunasin dan tamoksifen paling efektif menurunkan ekspresi c-myc sel kanker payudara

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Introduction: Breast cancer is the most prevalent and the fifth leading cause of death in the world. Tamoxifen, the first-line hormone therapy, which is found to be resistant to breast cancer cells with high c-myc expression. C-myc is a transcription factor that induces the proliferation, differentiation, and metastasis of cancer cells. Recent research has discovered lunasin, protein derived from soybean extract that have anticancer activities. The aim of this study was to determine whether lunasin can reduce c-myc protein expression in breast cancer. Method: The study design is a true-experimental laboratory with stored rat breast cancer tissue samples. The group was consisted of normal group, negative control, positive control, combination therapy (lunasin and tamoxifen) and lunasin. Tissues were stained with anti-c-myc adnd was photographed with a light microscope equipped with a 400x magnification camera with 5 fields of view at random. The result is an H-score of c-myc expression which is calculated using Image J software with the immunohistochemistry profiler plugin. Result: The groups with the highest H-score value to the lowest, respectively, are negative control (174), positive control (149,4), lunasin therapy (146,6), combination therapy (138,6), and normal (129,4). The C-myc expression in all groups is significantly different compared to the negative control. Conclusion: Lunasin inhibits the expression of c-myc protein in DMBA-induced rat breast cancer. Lunasin and tamoxifen are each able to reduce c-myc expression. The most effective way to reduce c-myc expression on breast cancer cells is combination therapy (lunasin and tamoxifen)."

"Latar Belakang: Kanker payudara merupakan salah satu kanker terbanyak di dunia dengan angka kematian yang juga tinggi. Kasus kematian pada pasien kanker payudara paling banyak disebabkan oleh metastasis. Salah satu yang berperan pada proses perkembangan tumor primer menjadi metastasis yaitu sel imun tubuh Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes (TiLs) yang akan terstimulasi dan menyerang sel kanker. Selain itu, proses Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) yang ditandai sebagai penurunan regulasi penanda epitel khususnya E-cadherin, juga berkontribusi dalam perkembangan metastasis.Tujuan Penelitian: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan ekspresi TiLs dan E-cadherin dengan kejadian kanker payudara metastasis.Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 94 sampel dengan metode kohort retrospektif. Pengambilan data melalui rekam medis dan sediaan jaringan payudara yang kemudian dilakukan pulasan imunohistokimia E-cadherin dan pembuatan slide HE untuk pemeriksaan TiLs.Hasil Penelitian: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai TiLs yang rendah bermakna signifikan (p=0,047) dengan kejadian metastasis kanker payudara. Sedangkan tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik nilai E-cadherin dengan metastasis pada kanker payudara (p=0,106). Namun, terdapat hubungan klinis yang tampak dari E-cadherin yang rendah terhadap metastasis kanker payudara. Selain itu, terdapat hubungan signifikan antara nilai TiLs dan E-cadherin yang rendah terhadap insiden metastasis (p= 0,011). Penelitian multivariat menunjukkan bahwa LVI, stadium dan E-cadherin memiliki pengaruh independen yang kuat terhadap kanker metastasis (p=0,043, p0,003, p=0,041).Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai TiLs mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian metastasis pada kanker payudara, namun LVI, stadium dan E-cadherin merupakan faktor prediktor independen kejadian metastasis pada kanker payudara.

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Background: Breast cancer is one of the most abundant cancers in the world with a high mortality rate. Cases of death in breast cancer patients are the most caused by metastasis. One of the role in the process of developing primary a tumor into metastatic is the immune cell body called tumor-Infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) which will stimulate and attack the cancer cells. In addition, the Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition (EMT) process which marked as a reduction of the regulation of the epithelial marker specifically E-cadherin, also contributes to the development of metastasis.Aim: This study aims to determine the relationship of TiLs and E-cadherin expression with the incidence of metastatic breast cancer.Method: The study was conducted on 94 samples with retrospective cohort method. Data retrieval through medical records and breast tissue preparations that were then conducted in the immunohistochemistry E-cadherin staining and slide HE for TiLs examination.Result: The results showed lower TiLs significantly correlate (p = 0,047) with the incidence of metastatic breast cancer. Whereas there is no statistically significant relationship found between E-cadherin value with metastatic in breast cancer (p = 0,106). However, there are clinically visible relationship between low level E-cadherin with metastatic breast cancer. In addition, there is a significant correlation between low level TiLs and E-cadherin with metastatic incident (p = 0.011). Multivariate studies showed that LVI, staging and E-cadherin had a strong independent effect on metastatic cancer (p = 0.043, p0.003, p = 0.041).Conclussion: This study shows the value of TiLs has a significant relationship with the incidence of metastasis in breast cancer, but LVI, staging and E-cadherin are independent predictors of metastatic events in breast cancer."

"ABSTRAKKanker payudara merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian terbesar di dunia. Pengobatan kanker payudara saat ini mulai banyak menggunakan bahan alam Salah satu tanaman yang dapat digunakan untuk pengobatan kanker adalah ekstrak daun jambu biji. Untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut ekstrak dibuat dalam liposom. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk meningkatkan aktivitas antiproliferasi dari ekstrak daun jambu biji menggunakan liposom. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode lapis tipis dan dikecilkan ukurannya menggunakan metode ekstrusi. Liposom yang sudah jadi dikarakterisasi secara morfologi menggunakan TEM, distribusi ukuran partikel menggunakan PSA, dan zeta potensial menggunakan zetasizer.Setelah dikarakterisasi, dilanjutkan dengan pengujian antiproliferasi menggunakan metode MTT. Dari hasil karakterisasi, liposom beerukuran dibawah 748 nm dan termasuk Unilamellar Vesicle dengan nilai zeta potensial -12,7. Dari hasil pengujian antiproliferasi didapatkan nilai IC50 liposom 194,034 μg/mL dan IC50 dari larutan ekstrak yaitu 224,863 μg/mL yang menunjukan bahwa liposom dapat mempengaruhi aktivitas antiproliferasi pada ekstrak daun jambu biji.

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ABSTRAKBreast cancer is one of the biggest causes of death in the world. Now, the treatment for breast cancer is more using natural ingredients.One of the plants that can be used for cancer treatment is guava leaves extract.For further development,the extract is made into liposomes. The purpose of this research is to increase the antiproliferative activity of guava leaves extract using liposomes.The method is using thin layer’s method and reduced in sizing using the extrusion method.Liposome that have been made was characterization by morphology using TEM, particle size distribution using PSA, and potential zeta using zetasizer. After characterized, followed by antiproliferative test using MTT method. From the result of characterization, liposome size below 748 nm and include as Unilamellar Vesicles with potential zeta -12,7.From the result of antiproliferative test, IC50 liposomes is 194.034 μg/mL and IC50 of the extract solution is 224.863 μg/mL which proves that liposomes can approve the antiproliferative activity in the guava leaves extract."