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"Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa situasi ekonomi-politik internasional pada Pasca Perang Dingin diwarnai oleh perkembangan dinamis, di antaranya adalah arus gobalisasi dan munculnya blok-blok perdagangan regional. Untuk mengantisipasi dampak perubahan dan perkembangan ini, dibentuklah suatu kerjasama ekonomi antar negara di kawasan tertentu, seperti kawasan Asia Pasifik yang disebut APEC. Pembentukan APEC memiliki arti yang sangat strategic bagi Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara yang terletak di kawasan Asia Pasifik. Arti penting APEC bagi Indonesia tercermin dari pentingnya kawasan Asia Pasifik bagi perdagangan dan perekonomian nasional. Kawasan Asia Pasifik merupakan pasar ekspor potensial barang-barang produksi Indonesia dan sumber impor, penanaman modal (investasi), serta sumber pinjaman dan bantuan luar negeri. Dengan adanya peranan APEC yang penting bagi perdagangan dan perekonomian nasional, Indonesia memiliki peluang dan tantangan yang besar dalam perdagangan APEC di tengah situasi krisis moneter yang sedang melanda sebagian besar negara-negara di kawasan Asia Tenggara dan Asia Timur. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut di atas, penulis melakukan suatu penelitian mengenai "Liberalisasi Perdagangan dalam APEC: Peluang dan Tantangan Indonesia di tengah Situasi Krisis Moneter (1997-1999)". Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisa peluang dan tantangan yang dihadapi oleh Indonesia dalam perdagangan bebas dalam APEC di tengah situasi krisis rnoneter yang sekarang ini sedang melanda sebagian besar negaranegara di Asia Tenggara dan Asia Timur. Dari analisa mengenai peluang dan tantangan Indonesia dalam liberalisasi perdagangan APEC tersebut, dapat diketahui sejauh mana peran APEC dan peran Indonesia dalam mengatasi krisis moneter. Untuk membahas pokok permasalahan dalam tesis ini, digunakan Metode Penelitian yang bersifat Deskriptif. Meskipun digunakan data-data berupa angka-angka, akan tetapi data angka-angka ini hanya berfungsi sebagai pelengkap karena adanya penerapan Metode Penulisan Kualitatif."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mempelajari faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi lebih besarnya ekspor Thailand ke Timur Tengah, dibandingkan dengan ekspor Indonesia. Tujuannya adalah untuk mempelajari pengalaman Thailand dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekspornya ke kawasan tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif, wawancara dan riset pustaka. Dari hasil penelitian ini, disarankan agar kapabilitas teknologi di sektor industri perlu ditingkatkan; beberapa instrumen kebijakan strategis perlu digunakan demi pembangunan industri nasional; isu infrastruktur, lingkungan bisnis dan upah buruh segera diatasi untuk memperkuat daya saing ekonomi; kolaborasi pemerintah dan sektor swasta dilembagakan; perjanjian bilateral dimanfaatkan untuk memperluas akses pasar; alokasi anggaran untuk program promosi dan misi dagang ditingkatkan.

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ABSTRACT

This research studied factors underlying the greater export of Thailand to Middle East than the Indonesia?s export to that region. The objective is to study Thailand?s experiences in increasing its export to the region. The research method was qualitative by library research and interviewing. The result suggests that government enhance technological capability in industrial sector; employ strategic policies to boost the development of national industries; overcome issues in infrastructure, business environment and labor cost to strengthen economic competitiveness; institutionalize collaboration between government and private sector; optimize bilateral agreement to gain market access; allocate greater budget for promotion and trade mission."

"Tulisan ini membahas mengenai perkembangan gagasan proteksionisme di AS dari waktu ke waktu. Literatur-literatur yang ada akan dikelompokkan menggunakan metode kronologi ke dalam tiga periode berbeda, yaitu initial period, interwar period dan liberalization period with protectionism disjuncture. Dari perkembangan gagasan proteksionisme di dalam periode-periode tersebut, terlihat bahwa gagasan proteksionisme selalu hadir di AS, bahkan ketika AS menerapkan kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan. Kemunculan proteksionisme tersebut juga selalu dilatarbelakangi oleh peristiwa- peristiwa besar, baik yang terjadi di dalam AS itu sendiri maupun dunia. Penulis melihat adanya preseden historis dari berlakunya proteksionisme di AS yakni wacana proteksionisme akan muncul ketika AS merasa memiliki tantangan eksternal yang dapat mengganggu kondisi dalam negeri AS. Pengelompokkan tersebut juga memperlihatkan tema-tema yang muncul di dalam pembahasan mengenai proteksionis yang memiliki kaitan erat dengan institusi, ide, kebijakan keamanan, dan kebijakan luar negeri AS. Tradisi populis AS turut berkontribusi dalam mendorong tindakan-tindakan proteksionis. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, proteksionisme menjadi gagasan yang dapat dianalisis dari berbagai faktor, mulai dari ekonomi, politik, keamanan, hingga ideologis. Akhirnya, ditemukan beberapa kesenjangan literatur yakni pertama, masih kurang dibahasnya aspek ide dan legal di dalam kajian mengenai proteksionisme dan kedua, masih belum ada literatur mengenai langkah-langkah untuk memitigasi proteksionisme selain dari sudut pandang perdagangan bebas.

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This paper discusses the development of protectionism idea from time to time. The literatures are classified using chronology method into three different periods, namely the initial period, interwar period and liberalization period with protectionism disjuncture. From the development of the idea of protectionism within those periods, it appears that the idea of protectionism is always present in the US, even when the US implements trade liberalization policies. The emergence of protectionism is motivated by major events, both within the US and the world. The author also sees a historical precedent regarding the emergence of protectionism in the US. Protectionist discourse also arises when US feels an external challenge that can disrupt domestic conditions in the US. The classifications also show some themes that emerge in the discussions on protectionism that are closely related to US institutions, ideas, security policies, and foreign policy. US populist tradition contributes to the promotion of protectionist measures taken by the government. Protectionism is not just a notion that can be analyzed from international political economy, but other factors, such as ideology, also matter to sustain the protectionism idea. By using contextual perspectives over time, this paper is expected to show how protectionism evolved as well as its relation to other aspects of international relations. Based on that, protectionism becomes an idea that can be analyzed from various factors, ranging from economic, political, security, to ideological. Finally, there are some literature gaps that can be found, which are firstly the lack of discussion about ideas and laws in the study of protectionism, and secondly, there is still no literature on measures to mitigate protectionism other than free trade."

"Tesis membahas mengenai latar belakang dilarangnya perjanjian penetapan harga dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat serta kesesuaian Putusan Komisi Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat Nomor 04/KPPU-I/2016 dengan ketentuan peraturan yang ada di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan tesis ini adalah penelitian ini hukum normatif. Secara umum, tujuan dibentuknya UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 adalah untuk menciptakan suatu persaingan yang sehat diantara pelaku usaha pesaing. Salah satu praktek monopoli yang dilarang adalah perjanjian penetapan harga. Sehingga penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penetapan harga dilarang karena banyak terjadi praktek konglomerasi pada tahun 1998. Dalam pembuktiannya KPPU menggunakan pembuktian circumstantial evidence. Pembuktian secara circumstantial evidence cukup sulit karena tidak ada bukti dokumen yang mengarahkan langsung kepada pelanggaran, sehingga KPPU diharuskan melakukan penyelidikan untuk mendapatkan bukti yang dibutuhkan. Salah satu kasus penetapan harga yang diputuskan oleh Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha baru-baru ini mengenai kasus kartel harga yang melibatkan dua perusahaan besar yaitu PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Manufacturing dengan PT Astra Honda Motor. Putusan Nomor 04/KPPU-I/2016. Dalam Putusannya Yamaha-Honda terbukti melakukan pelanggaran terhadap Pasal 5 UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 yaitu penetapan perjanjian penetapan harga motor skutik 110-125cc. KPPU dalam menjerat kedua pelaku usaha tersebut menggunakan unsur price parallelism dan concerted action.Berdasarkan penelitian yang penulis lakukan, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa kedua unsur tersebut tidak terbukti. Penelitian juga menunjukan bahwa keputusan majelis KPPU tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku.

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Thesis discusses about the background of the prohibition of pricing agreement of the Law Number 5 of the Year 1999 on Prohibition of Monopoly Practices and Unfair Business Competition and Conformity of the Decision of Unfair Business Competition Commission Number 04 KPPU I 2016 with the provisions of existing regulations in Indonesia. This research focused on the reasoning behind the ban of price fixing in the Law Number 5 of the Year 1999 on Prohibition of Monopoly Practices and Unfair Business Competition and whether the Verdict of Commission of business competition supervisor has been done in accordance to the existing regulations. This research used juridical normative method that refers to positive law or written norms law. In general, the purpose of the establishment of Law no. 5 of 1999 is to create a healthy competition among competitors. Price fixing is prohibited because of the many conglomeration practices in 1998. Commission of business competition supervisor condoned the uses circumstancial evidence, which is difficult to do because there is no the process of proofment to point the violation of the rules. One of price fixing case which was handled by Commission of business competition supervisor recently involved 2 major company, PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Manufacturing with PT Astra Honda Motor. Commission of business competition supervisor found that Yamaha Honda was gulity of doing a price fixing on product scooter motorcycle 110 125cc, based on the element of price parallelism and concerted action. Thus make the verdict of Commission of business competition supervisor has not been done in accordance to the existing regulation."

"Mengapa pemerintah Indonesia di bawah Presiden Megawati menandatangani ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) pada tahun 2002? Penelitian ini berusaha untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut dengan melihat relasi kuasa yang terjadi antara bisnis dan negara dalam proses formulasi ACFTA. Untuk melakukan hal tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka teoretis yang dikembangkan oleh Storm C. Thacker yang memperhitungkan kerentanan, kepentingan dan institusi, serta inisiatif negara sebagaimana leverage, strategi, dan komposisi internal bisnis. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa meskipun di satu sisi ACFTA menguntungkan bisnis besar yang mengekspor komoditas mereka ke China, kebijakan ini membahayakan industri kecil dan menengah yang bersaing secara langsung dengan komoditas yang diimpor dari China. Distribusi pendapatan yang tidak merata ini menyebabkan bisnis terbelah menjadi dua kelompok: mereka yang mendukung dan mereka yang menolak ACFTA. Sementara itu, di sisi negara, pembelahan secara praktis tidak terjadi, karena dua kepentingan yang ada di dalam negara, kelompok teknokrat dan kepentingan bisnis, mempunyai agenda yang sama di dalam ACFTA. Adalah simpulan utama dari penelitian ini bahwa koalisi antara bisnis besar dan negara lah yang secara efektif telah menentukan sikap resmi Indonesia terhadap ACFTA.

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Why did Indonesian government under Megawati’s presidency sign the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) in 2002? This research attempts to anwer that question by looking at the underlying power relations between the state and businesses during ACFTA formulation process. In doing so, this research employs a theoretical framework developed by Storm C. Thacker which takes into account vulnerabilities, institutions and interests, and initiatives of the state as well as businesses’ leverages, strategies, and their internal makeup. The research finds that while ACFTA benefited Indonesian big businesses which exported their commodities to China, it harmed small and medium businesses who competed directly with commodities imported from China. This uneven income distribution consequently splited businesses into two divisions; those who supported and those who opposed ACFTA. Meanwhile, on the state’s side, the division was virtually nonexistent as the two main interests within the state, the technocrats and the business interest, had a converging agenda in ACFTA. It is the main conclusion of this research that this powerful state-big businesses coalition that had effectively determined Indonesia’s formal stance toward ACFTA."

"[ABSTRAKDalam era globalisasi ekonomi saat ini, pelaku ekonomi swasta memiliki peranancukup penting dalam menjalankan proses perkembangan perekonomian suatunegara. Tidak mengherankan bila proses perkembangan perekonomian lebih banyakdiserahkan kepada swasta untuk mengelola dan menjalankannya, sehingga peran aktifdan inisiatif para pelaku usaha swasta sangat dibutuhkan dalam era globalisasiekonomi saat ini. Salah satu akibat dari globalisasi perdagangan adalah denganmeningkatnya Toko retail di Indonesia sejak 1980-an. Toko Retail mulai bermunculandengan bentuk yang lebih modern atau yang disebut dengan pasar ritel modern.Pemerintah melalui Menteri Perdagangan Republik Indonesia telah mengamanahkanUndang – Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 tentang Perdagangan, Peraturan presidenNomor 112 Tentang Penataan dan Pembinaan Pasar Tradisional, Pusat Perbelanjaandan Toko Modern, Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor No. 70/MDAG/PER/12/2013 Tentang Pedoman Penataan dan Pembinaan pasar Tradisional,Pusat Perbelanjaan dan Toko Modern dan 6. Peraturan menteri perdagangan RepublikIndonesia Nomor 56/M-DAG/PER/9/2014 Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan MenteriPerdagangan Nomor No. 70/M-DAG/PER/12/2013 Tentang Pedoman Penataan danPembinaan pasar Tradisional, Pusat Perbelanjaan dan Toko Modern. Peraturanperundang – undangan tersebut bertujuan untuk meningkatkan penggunaan produkdalam negeri khususnya pada toko retail modern. Namun pada kenyataanya,Permendag 56/2014 yang baru diterbitkan ini mengalami berbagai kritikan terutamadari pelaku industry. 2. Indonesia sebagai Negara anggota World TradeOrganization (WTO) dan telah meratifikasinya dengan Undang – Undang Nomor 7Tahun 1994 Tentang Tentang Pengesahan Agreement Establishing The World TradeOrganization (Persetujuan Pembentukan Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia). PemerintahIndonesia di dalam merumuskan Pasal 22 UU Perdagangan, Permendag 70/2013 danPermendag 56/2014 ini juga melihat dari prinsip – prinsip Perdagangan WTO.

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ABSTRACTIn the current era of economic globalization, the private economic actors have animportant role in carrying out the process of economic development of a country. Notsurprisingly, the process of economic development more left to the private sector tomanage and run, so that the active role and initiative of private entrepreneurs is neededin the current era of economic globalization. One consequence of the increasingglobalization of trade is with retail shops in Indonesia since the 1980s. Retail storesbegan popping up with a more modern form, or the so-called modern retail market. TheGovernment through the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia has mandatedAct - Act No. 7 of 2014 on Trade, president Regulation No. 112 On Planning andDevelopment of Traditional Markets, Shopping Centers and Modern Stores, TradeMinister Regulation No. No. 70 / M-DAG / PER / 12/2013 on Guidelines forManagement and Development of Traditional markets, Shopping Centers and ModernStores and 6. The Regulation of Trade Minister of the Republic of Indonesia Number56 / M-DAG / PER / 9/2014 on Amendment to the Regulation of the Minister of TradeNo. No. 70 / M-DAG / PER / 12/2013 on Guidelines for Management and Developmentof Traditional markets, Shopping Centers and Modern Stores. Laws - laws aim toincrease the use of domestic goods, especially in modern retail stores. But in fact, therecently published Regulation 56/2014 is subjected to various criticisms, especiallyfrom industrialists. Indonesia as a State member of the World Trade Organization(WTO) and has been ratified by Law - Act No. 7 of 1994 About On Ratification of theAgreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (the Agreement Establishingthe World Trade Organization). Indonesian government in formulating Article 22 ofthe Law of Commerce, Regulation 70/2013 and Regulation 56/2014 also see from theprinciple - the principle of the WTO Trade., In the current era of economic globalization, the private economic actors have animportant role in carrying out the process of economic development of a country. Notsurprisingly, the process of economic development more left to the private sector tomanage and run, so that the active role and initiative of private entrepreneurs is neededin the current era of economic globalization. One consequence of the increasingglobalization of trade is with retail shops in Indonesia since the 1980s. Retail storesbegan popping up with a more modern form, or the so-called modern retail market. TheGovernment through the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia has mandatedAct - Act No. 7 of 2014 on Trade, president Regulation No. 112 On Planning andDevelopment of Traditional Markets, Shopping Centers and Modern Stores, TradeMinister Regulation No. No. 70 / M-DAG / PER / 12/2013 on Guidelines forManagement and Development of Traditional markets, Shopping Centers and ModernStores and 6. The Regulation of Trade Minister of the Republic of Indonesia Number56 / M-DAG / PER / 9/2014 on Amendment to the Regulation of the Minister of TradeNo. No. 70 / M-DAG / PER / 12/2013 on Guidelines for Management and Developmentof Traditional markets, Shopping Centers and Modern Stores. Laws - laws aim toincrease the use of domestic goods, especially in modern retail stores. But in fact, therecently published Regulation 56/2014 is subjected to various criticisms, especiallyfrom industrialists. Indonesia as a State member of the World Trade Organization(WTO) and has been ratified by Law - Act No. 7 of 1994 About On Ratification of theAgreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (the Agreement Establishingthe World Trade Organization). Indonesian government in formulating Article 22 ofthe Law of Commerce, Regulation 70/2013 and Regulation 56/2014 also see from theprinciple - the principle of the WTO Trade.]"

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas dinamika perkembangan kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan komoditas daging sapi di Korea Selatan. Produksi daging sapi lokal Korea Selatan diantaranya yang berkualitas tinggi yaitu sapi Hanwoo. Dalam perkembangan waktu produksi sapi Hanwoo tidak mampu memenuhi permintaan konsumsi daging sapi dalam negeri karena biaya pemeliharaan yang sangat tinggi dan area peternakan yang semakin menyempit. Oleh karena itu, impor daging sapi dinilai dapat menutupi kekurangan produksi daging sapi lokal. Kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan komoditas daging sapi dianggap sebagai langkah yang tepat. Namun perkembangan kebijakan liberalisasi tersebut ternyata berjalan tersendat karena seringkali Pemerintah Korea Selatan mengeluarkan kebijakan proteksi untuk mengimbangi kebijakan liberalisasi yang dikeluarkan. Dari latar belakang tersebut maka pertayaan penelitian tesis ini adalah bagaimana dinamika perkembangan kebijakan perdagangan komoditas daging sapi dan interaksi aktor-aktor yang terlibat di dalamnya. Teori yang digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian adalah Teori Pembuatan Kebijakan Perdagangan dari Dani Rodrik. Menurut Rodrik, terdapat dua indikator yang memengaruhi kebijakan perdagangan yaitu demand-side dan supply-side. Indikator dalam demand-side adalah preferensi individu dan kelompok kepentingan sebagai pihak yang membutuhkan kebijakan. Aktor individu yang dikaji adalah preferensi peternak sapi dan pedagang sapi. Peternak sapi adalah pihak yang membutuhkan kebijakan proteksi untuk menjaga kesinambungan industri peternakan sapi lokal mereka. Sementara pedagang daging sapi adalah pihak yang membutuhkan kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan. Indikator supply-side adalah preferensi pembuat kebijakan dengan aktornya yaitu Presiden Korea Selatan sebagai pihak penentu dalam mengeluarkan kebijakan baik proteksi maupun liberalisasi dan institusi pembuat kebijakan dengan aktornya yaitu Kementerian Pertanian dan Kementerian Perdagangan Korea Selatan sebagai pihak yang mengeluarkan kebijakan tersebut atas perintah presiden. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metodologi kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil kajian penelitan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dinamika pihak yang mendukung dan menentang kebijakan liberalisasi. Pihak yang menentang liberalisasi yaitu peternak sapi lokal. Pihak yang mendukung kebijakan liberalisasi adalah pedagang daging sapi impor. Selain itu terdapat pengaruh aktor internasional yaitu negara Amerika Serikat yang paling dominan, Australia serta Selandia Baru. Keanggotaan Korea Selatan ke dalam GATT kemudian WTO ikut pula memengaruhi dikeluarkannya kebijakan pro liberalisasi. Dinamika kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan sejak Presiden Kim Young-sam sampai Presiden Park Geun-hye terlihat bahwa mayoritas kebijakan yang dikeluarkan adalah kebijakan pro liberalisasi.

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ABSTRACT The focus of this study is dynamics of South Korea rsquo s beef trade policy liberalisation. South Korea 39 s local beef production is a high quality Hanwo. In the development, the production of Hanwoo cattle are not able to meet the demand for domestic beef consumption due to the very high maintenance costs and the decrease of pasture. Therefore, beef imports are considered to cover the shortfall of local beef production. Beef trade policy liberalization is considered as the right step. However, the development of liberalization policy is slow because South Korea government often issued a protection policy to compensate for the liberalization policy issued. From this background, the research question of this study is how is the dynamics of beed trade policy liberalization and the interaction of the actors involved in it. The theory used to answer the research question is Trade Policy Making Theory by Dani Rodrik. According to Rodrik, there are two indicators affect trade policy, demand side and supply side. Indicators in demand side are individual preferences and interest groups as those in need of policy. Individual actors studied are preference of cattle ranchers and beef traders. Cattle ranchers are the ones who need protection policies to maintain the sustainability of their local cattle industry. While beef traders are parties who need trade liberalization policies. The supply side indicator is the policy maker 39 s preference which actor is South Korean President as the decisive party in issuing policies of both protection and liberalization and policy making institutions which actors are the South Korea Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Trade as the party issuing the policy on the president 39 s orders. The methodology used in this research is a qualitative methodology with descriptive design. The results of the study shows there are dynamics of parties that support and oppose liberalization policies. The opposition to liberalization is local cattle ranchers. Parties who support liberalization policies are imported beef traders. In addition there is influence of international actors namely the United States as the most dominant country, Australia and New Zealand. South Korean membership into GATT and then the WTO also influenced the issuance of pro liberalization policy. The dynamics of trade liberalization policy since President Kim Young sam to President Park Geun hye shows that the majority of policies issued are pro liberalization policies."

"ABSTRAKThe relationship between Indonesia and European Union has already bond since years ago. An economic cooperation, especially in trade, was the beginning of it relation that made European Union an important business partner for Indonesia. Chapter one explains how European Union has a significant position in trade with Indonesia, where the percentage is more or less of 13 percent of Indonesian total trade worldwide. Mapping should be done in order divide Indonesian commodities into two parts, which are competitive commodities and uncompetitive commodities in European Union's market. There are several leading Indonesian commodities in European Union's market that should be secured ,and increased. Thus Indonesia is able to be more responsive to the European Union about the alternatives to increase market share. Commodities in this thesis are divided into five (5) categories such as fuels, agricultures and raw materials, food, ores and metals, and manufactures. Indonesia hopes that the integration of European Union will increase the export value of Indonesia to EU market, although there are some barriers in trading activities. One of the barriers is EU import policy that had been imposing to Indonesia export commodity, either tariff policy or non-tariff policy.Apparently, there are many perspectives about those trade policies that can be seen from European Union's (as the importer countries) and Indonesia's (as the exporter country) point of view. Because of that reason we have to recognize and identify -several factors that set up those policies such as Economic factor and Social-Politic factors.Finally, after the mapping and formulating factors of export activities, Indonesia is able to describe threat and opportunities in exporting commodities to the European Union's market. As results, the writer would like to give some opinions about alternative efforts to increase Indonesian export to European Union."

"[Penelitian ini menganalisis permasalahan dalam komoditas kedelai dan mengukur dampak swasembada kedelai bagi Indonesia serta mencari alternatif kebijakan lain yang berdampak baik bagi masyarakat. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa terdapat permasalahan dalam perkedelaian nasional seperti permasalahan benih, pupuk, perubahan cuaca, hama dan rendahnya harga kedelai dibandingkan palawija yang lain. Untuk mengukur dampak kebijakan kedelai terhadap para pelaku ekonomi, penelitian ini menggunakan Cost and Benefit Analysis. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwa kebijakan impor lebih menguntungkan dibandingkan jika pemerintah melakukan upaya swasembada kedelai.;This study analyzes the problems in soybean commodity and measures the impact of self-sufficiency soybean for Indonesia, as well as seeking for the policy alternative which gives good impact to the society. The finding of this study is there are problems in national soybean issue such as problems related with seeds, fertilizer, changes in weather, pest, and the low price of soybean compared to other commodity crops. To measure the policy impact of soybean towards society, this study uses Cost and Benefit Analysis. The result of this study recommends that import policy is more beneficial compared to when government puts efforts in self-sufficiency of soybean., This study analyzes the problems in soybean commodity and measures the impact of self-sufficiency soybean for Indonesia, as well as seeking for the policy alternative which gives good impact to the society. The finding of this study is there are problems in national soybean issue such as problems related with seeds, fertilizer, changes in weather, pest, and the low price of soybean compared to other commodity crops. To measure the policy impact of soybean towards society, this study uses Cost and Benefit Analysis. The result of this study recommends that import policy is more beneficial compared to when government puts efforts in self-sufficiency of soybean.]"

"Berbagai penelitian telah mempelajari pengaruh dari kebijakan perdagangan terhadap investasi asing langsung dan pemahaman sekitar topik ini telah berkembang pesat. Sebagian dari perkembangan ini mengakibatkan topik ini semakin “tangguh” dan karenanya rentan terhadap berbagai pengukuran teori dan ide yang sama, serta hasil yang bertentangan. Studi ini secara sistematis dan kritis meninjau literatur yang relevan tentang pengaruh kebijakan perdagangan dan investasi asing langsung. Saya mengidentifikasi kesenjangan yang ada, temuan baru, dan arah penelitian di masa depan berdasarkan 30 artikel yang diterbitkan dalam 23 Jurnal.

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Numerous research studies have studied the impact of trade policies on FDI and comprehension surrounding this topic has developed considerably. Part of the development has resulted in the topic becoming more “resilient” and thus vulnerable to multiple measurements of the same theories and ideas, as well as to conflicting results. This study systematically and critically reviews relevant literature on the effect of trade policies and FDI. I identified existing gaps, new findings, and future research directions based on 30 articles published in 23 Journals."