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"ABSTRAKHutan merupakan sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan yang mempunyai peranan strategis bagi bangsa Indonesia, terutama sebagai pelindung ekosistem flora, fauna dan plasma nutfah. Kepentingan masyarakat terhadap hutan sebagai sumberdaya alam, tidak hanya memberikan ruang atau lahan usaha tani, tetapi juga bermanfaat dalam memberi kesempatan kerja.Berbagai alternatif bentuk pengelolaan hutan terus dikembangkan, salah satunya adalah dengan pengembangan model untuk mendapatkan hasil yang optimal. Pembangunan hutan kemasyarakatan (HKm) untuk selanjutnya disebut dengan HKm, merupakan salah satu alternatif model pengelolaan hutan tanaman yang dikelola bersama antara pemerintah dengan masyarakat sekitar hutan.Banyak uji coba dilakukan pada model HKm, salah satunya adalah uji coba dengan menggunakan program tujuan berganda dengan menitik-beratkan pada variabel sosial ekonomi terutama nilai finansial komoditi. Pada umumnya model yang dikembangkan tersebut kurang berhasil, karena kurang mempertimbangkan kondisi fisik lahan sebagai faktor penentu disamping faktor sosial ekonomi.Studi ini mencoba mengembangkan model HKm optimal. Metode yang digunakan untuk pengembangan model lahan HKm optimal adalah metode survei dengan pendekatan komplek wilayah dalam ilmu geografi. Variabel yang digunakan adalah variabel fisik dan sosek, dan keduanya diperhitungkan sebagai faktor yang memberikan kontribusi sama.Pengembangan model lahan HKm optimal memberikan masukan berupa tingkat kesesuaian lahan terhadap tujuh komoditi dan penyebarannya, serta distribusi spasial lahan HKm optimal dinilai dari faktor fisik maupun sosial ekonomi. Tingkat kesesuaian lahan dalam penelitian ini menghasilkan dua kriteria terhadap tujuh komoditi yang disesuaikan dengan keinginan masyarakat, yaitu: (a) tingkat kesesuaian lahan fisik. (b) tingkat kesesuaian lahan sosial ekonomi. Sedangkan distribusi spasial sebaran lahan HKm optimal, diperoleh tiga kriteria menurut gradasi dari tingkat yang tertinggi sampai terendah tingkat keberhasilannya, yaitu : (a) sebaran lahan optimal I . (b) sebaran lahan optimal II, (c) sebaran lahan optimal III.Kekuatan dari pengembangan model lahan HKm optimal adalah diperhitungkannya kondisi fisik lahan sebagai faktor yang mendukung model hutan kemasyarakatan, dengan diketahuinya sebaran lahan optimal I sampai optimal III dapat memberi informasi keberhasilan dan perlindungan terhadap kelestarian hutan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat.

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ABSTRACTOptimum Community Forestry (HKm) Land Modeling Development (Case Study in Labanan Forest Area, Berau District, East Kalimantan Province)Forest has been considered as a natural resources which has strategic role for Indonesian's people, mainly for protecting land and all people, animals and trees who depend on it. Forest as a natural resources not only give space for agriculture sectors, but it can give job opportunities for other sectors.Various alternatives in managing the forest have been developed continuously. Develop in forest modeling has aim to get the optimum yield. Social forestry (later called by Hkm) is an alternative model in managing forest plantation. This model involves government and people around the forest.Several efforts have been done in applying HKm model. One of the model used multi purpose program focusing on financial value of the commodities. Generally, such a model doesn't work successfully. This model was neglecting physical land condition as a critical factor as well as socio economic factor.This research tried to develop the optimum Hkm land modeling. The research methods were done using survey with considering landscape approach of geographical science. Physical and socio economic variable had been counted can give equal contribution.The optimum Hkm land modeling give information on land suitability level for seven commodities and their distribution spatially. There are two criteria for those 7 commodities according to local people perception; those are physical land suitability and socio economic land suitability. The optimum Hkm land spatial distributions have three classes, those are: a). First optimum land distribution, b). Second optimum land distribution, c). Third optimum land distribution.Considering physical factors as a variable in developing Hkm land modeling are the strength point of the optimum Hkm land modeling. The spatial distribution of the optimum Hkm land give information on the success and failure of land utility in order to achieve people prosperity and ensure the forest sustainability.

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"Indonesia memiliki potensi hutan tropis terluas ketiga di dunia setelah Brasilia dan Zaire. Hutan dengan segala hasil dan kekayaan alam yang terkandung di dalamnya memainkan peranan sangat penting sebagai sumber pendapatan bagi pembiayaan pembangunan Indonesia, maka pemerintah mengeluarkan Undang-undang Pokok Kehutanan No. 5/1967, dan Undang-undang No. 6/1968 tentang Penanaman Modal Asing dan Dalam Negeri, sehingga dengan demikian Indonesia membuka pintunya lebar-lebar bagi kehadiran dan beroperasinya perusahaan-perusahaan yang bersedia menanamkan modalnya di sektor kehutanan dan bagi eksploitasi hutan.Kalimantan Tengah memiliki kekayaan hutan terluas ke tiga di Indonesia dan penghasilan utama daerah Kalimantan Tengah bersumber dari hutan. Dengan demikian dapatlah dimengerti bahwa daerah ini juga membuka pintu selebar-lebarnya bagi kehadiran perusahaan-perusahaan HPH.Eksploitasi hutan yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan HPH secara langsung maupun tidak langsung menimbulkan dampak pada lingkungan hidup, baik itu lingkungan fisik-kimia, biologi, maupun sosial-ekonomi-budaya masyarakat setempat.Berdasarkan uraian di atas. maka perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui dampak dari kegiatan perusahaan HPH terhadap peningkatan kehidupan sosial ekonomi & budaya masyarakat, dengan melakukan survei di perusahaan HPH PT Hutan Mulya, dan masyarakat Dayak sekitarnya.Permasalahan penelitian sebagai berikut : Apakah pelaksanaan kegiatan pengusahaan hutan oleh perusahaan HPH PT Hutan Mulya benar-benar memberi dampak positif pada kehidupan sosial masyarakat Dayak Ngaju di sekitarnya? Dampak tersebut terutama dilihat dari segi pelaksanaan hak yang mengikutsertakan masyarakat dalam pengusahaan hutan dan pelaksanaan kewajiban HPH memberdayakan masyarakat.Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuktikan apakah pelaksanaan kegiatan pengusahaan hutan oleh perusahaan HPH PT Hutan Mulya benar-benar memenuhi peraturan-peraturan kehutanan yang berlaku, sehingga memberi dampak positif pada kehidupan sosial masyarakat Dayak Ngaju di sekitarnya. Peraturan kehutanan yang dimaksud dalam penelitian ini adalah Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 6 tahun 1999 tentang Pengusahaan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan Pada Hutan Produksi: pelaksanaan kegiatan Pembinaan Masyarakat Desa Hutan (PMDH) sesuai Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 5231Kpts-11/1997 tentang Pembinaan Masyarakat Desa Hutan oleh Pemegang HPH dan Pemegang HPHTI; serta Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 3181Kpts-11/1998 tentang Peran Serta Masyarakat Dalam Pengusahaan Hutan.Hipotesis nol (Ho) yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini. adalah: Pelaksanaan kegiatan pengusahaan hutan oleh perusahaan HPH PT Hutan Mulya memberi dampak positif pada kehidupan sosiai masyarakat Dayak Ngaju di sekitarnya.Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan metode survei, yang menggambarkan keadaan lingkungan sosial masyarakat Dayak Ngaju akibat keberadaan perusahaan Hak Pengusahaan Hutan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di 11 desa di sekitar areal HPH PT Hutan Mulya, yang terletak di 3 Kecamatan di Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur. Penelitian dilaksanakan sejak tahun 2001 hingga selesai.Populasi penelitian ini adalah masyarakat suku Dayak Ngaju yang bertempat tinggal di 11 desa yang berada di sekitar lokasi HPH. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik sampling nonrandom (non probability sampling), yaitu teknik sampling bertujuan (purposive sampling).Jenis data yang dikumpulkan adalah data primer dan sekunder. Data primer meliputi data persepsi masyarakat yang dikumpulkan melalui angket, wawancara mendalam dengan para nara sumber dan pengamatan langsung di lapangan. Data sekunder meliputi data kependudukan yang diperoleh dari data monografi daerah penelitian, serta data-data penunjang lainnya yang diperoleh melalui studi literatur.Data dianalisis dengan pendekatan AMDAL, untuk melihat apakah ada dampak atau perubahan pada komponen-komponen yang diteliti. Setelah itu data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis Tabel, dimana sebelumnya ditetapkan skor untuk memudahkan interpretasi data kualitatif. Pemberian skor menggunakan Skala 1 sampai 5.Hasil survei menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan peran serta masyarakat Dayak Ngaju dalam pengusahaan hutan oleh perusahaan PT Hulan Mulya berupa pemberian prioritas kesempatan berusaha hanya dilakukan pada bidang perakilan. Sementara kegiatan penanaman, penyaradan, dan pengulitan tidak dilaksanakan sehingga gagal meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat Dayak Ngaju di sekitarnya. Demikian pula dengan pelaksanaan Pembinaan Masyarakat Desa Hutan yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan HPH PT Hutan Mulya selama kurang lebih 10 tahun. yang ternyata juga gaga memberdayakan masyarakat Dayak Ngaju di sekitarnya.Setelah dianalisis dengan analisis tabel, maka diperoleh nilai total kualitas lingkungan sosial sebesar 31,58% (skor sama dengan 2, artinya: kualitas lingkungan sosial masyarakat Dayak Ngaju kurang baik). Berarti, kegiatan pengusahaan hutan oleh perusahaan HPH PT Hutan Mulya member dampak negatif pada kehidupan sosial masyarakat Dayak Ngaju di sekitarnya.Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah:1. Pelaksanaan peran serta masyarakat Dayak Ngaju dalam pengusahaan hutan oleh perusahaan HPH PT Hutan Mulya gagal meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat Dayak Ngaju di sekitarnya. 2. Pelaksanaan Pembinaan Masyarakat Desa Hutan yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan HPH PT Hutan Mulya juga gagal memberdayakan masyarakat Dayak Ngaju di sekitarnya. 3. Kualitas lingkungan sosial masyarakat Dayak Ngaju kurang baik karena Peran Serta dan Pembinaan Masyarakat Desa Hutan tidak dilaksanakan sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku.Dengan demikian, kesimpulan umum dari penelitan ini adalah bahwa kegiatan pengusahaan hutan oleh perusahaan HPH PT Hutan Mulya memberi dampak negatif pada kehidupan sosial masyarakat Dayak Ngaju di sekitarnya.Daftar Kepustakaan: 44 (1979-2001)

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The Impact of Forest Exploitation on the Life of the Local Community: Case Study on the Community of Ngaju Dayak in the Vicinity of the Forest Exploitation Concession Company (HPH), PT Hutan Mulya, in the Regency of East Kotawaringin, the Province of Cenfral Kalimantan Indonesia has it's potential as the third largest tropical forest in the world after Brazil and Zaire. Indonesian forest with its crops and natural resources plays a highly important role as sources of revenue to finance the Indonesia development. In this regard, the government issued Principle Forestry Law No.511967 and Law No.6/1968 on the Foreign and Domestic Investment. to encourage the participation and operation of enterprises willing to invest in the forestry sector and forest exploitation share.Central Kalimantan has the third largest forest resource area in Indonesia, with the main produce coming from the forest. As such, it is understandable if this region opens itself to welcome the participation of forest exploitation concession holding companies.The forest exploitation activities executed by these companies directly and indirectly affect the physical-chemical, biological as well as social-economic environmental life of the local community.Based on the above description, a research is required to find out the impacts of the activities of forest exploitation concession holders (HPH) on the improvement of the social-economic and cultural life of the local community, throughsurvey onforest exploitation concession holding company, PT Hutan Mulya, and on the Dayak community living in the vicinity of the company's operational area.The issue under this research are as follows: Are the forest exploitation activities carried out by PT Hutan Mulya have positive impact on social life of the Ngaju Dayak community living in the vicinity of the company's operational area. Such impacts will be viewed especially from the aspects of the concession implementation that includes the local community in the forest exploitation activities, and the execution of the company's obligation in empowering the local community.The purpose of this research is to prove whether the execution of the forest exploitation activities by PT Hutan Mulya conducted all the forestry regulation so that they have positive impact on the social life of the Ngaju Dayak community living in the vicinity of the company's operational area.The null hypothesis in this research is: The execution of the forest exploitation activities by PT Hutan Mulya have positive impacts on the social life of the Ngaju Dayak community living in the vicinity of the company's operational area.This is a descriptive research using survey method illustrating the social environmental condition of the Ngaju Dayak community as a result of the presence of Forest Exploitation Concession Holding (HPH) companies. This research was conducted in 11 villages in the vicinity of PT Hutan Mulya, located in 3 Sub-district Administration Areas in the Regency of East Kotawaringin. The research was executed starting from July 2001 up to the completion.The population under research is the Ngaju Dayak tribe community living in 11 villages in the vicinity of the forest exploitation concession area. The sampling method used in this research was non-probability sampling, namely purposive sampling method.The type of data collected in this research comprise primary as well as secondary data. The primary data includes community perception data collected through questionnaires intensive interviews with resources and direct observation in the field. Secondary data covers population data obtained from the monographic data of the researched area, as well as other supporting data obtained through literature study.The above data were analyzed using environmental impact analysis (AMDAL) approach to see if there are impacts on the researched components. Subsequently, analysis was conducted on the data using Table Analysis Method with pre-established scores to facilitate the data interpretation. The scoring was scaled from 1 to 5.The survey showed that Ngaju Dayak community participation in forest exploitation activities executed by PT Hutan Mulya conducted only in form of giving priorities on business chance in perakitan. While, the planting, penyaradan, dan pengulitan were not conducted so that failure to increase the welfare of Ngaju Dayak community. The PMDH programmed for ten years also failure to empower Ngaju Dayak community.Table analysis showed value of social environment quality as much as 31,58% (equal to total score of 2, meaning that the quality of the social environment is poor). This means that forest exploitation activities executed by PT Hutan Mulya have negative impacts on the social environment of the Ngaju Dayak community living in the vicinity of the company's operational area.The conclusion of this research is:1. Community participation of Ngaju Dayak community in forest exploitation activities executed by PT Hutan Mulya failured to increase the welfare of Ngaju Dayak community. 2. PMDH Program conducted by PT Hutan Mulya also failured to empower the Ngaju Dayak community.3. Social environment qualify of Ngaju Dayak community is poor due regulation about Participation and Empowerment of Ngaju Dayak community were not conducted properly.Therefore, the general conclusion of this research is that the forest exploitation activities executed by PT Hutan Mulya have negative impacts on the social life of the Ngaju Dayak community living in the vicinity of the company's operational area.Number References: 44 (Issued from 1979 to 2001)"

"Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara seluas 2326.310 hektar merupakan salah satu kabupaten di Propinsi Kalimantan Timur, memiliki Kawasan Budidaya Kehutanan lKBK seluas 1.619.238 hektar atau sekitar 59,39 % dari luas kabupaten. Sedangkan Kawasan Budidaya Non Kehutanan (KBNK) di kabupaten tersebut seluas 1.107.072 hektar, yang di dalamnya termasuk hutan rakyat dengan luas 16.710,34 hektar atau sekitar 1,51 % dari luas KBNK.Guna mengembangkan hutan rakyat, Pemerintah Daerah dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (DPRD) Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara telah menetapkan kebijakan Peraturan Daerah (Perda) Nomor 31 Tahun 2000 tentang Pengelolaan Hutan Rakyat/Hutan Milik. Pasal 4 Ayat (1) Perda tersebut menjelaskan bahwa pengelolaan hutan rakyat mencakup kegiatan penanaman, pemeliharaan, pemanenan, pemanfaatan, pengolahan, pemasaran dan pengembangan dengan tata cara pelaksanaannya diatur melalui Keputusan Bupati.Permasalahan kebijakan pengelolaan hutan rakyat di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara hingga saat ini adalah sebagai berikut : (1) Kebijakan pengelolaan hutan rakyat di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara barn dijabarkan melalui Tata Cara Pemberian Ijin Pemungutan dan Pemanfaatan Kayu (IPPK) Rakyat yang tertuang dalam Keputusan Bupati Kutai Kartanegara Nomor : 180.188IHK-11012002; (2) Kebijakan pengelolaan hutan rakyat di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara pada aspek kegiatan penanaman, pemeliharaan, pemanenan, pengolahan, pemasaran dan pengembangannya dilakukan melalui bimbingan teknis kepada petani hutan rakyat namun implementasinya tidak dilakukan secara keseluruhan clad aspek-aspek kegiatan pengelolaan hutan rakyat tersebut di atas.Hutan rakyat di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara hingga kini masih menghadapi beberapa masalah teknis, yaitu : (1) Pengelolaan hutan rakyat belum berkembang secara luas karena pengelolaannya masih bersifat parsial; (2) Pemanfaatan hutan rakyat terutama pengembangan tanaman kayu jenis Akasia dan Sengon, setelah masak tebang menghasilkan pendapatan yang sangat kecil karena harga jual yang diperoleh petani tidak sesuai dengan biaya pemeliharaanya, sehingga hampir tidak ada petani yang tertarik untuk melakukan penanaman kembali; (3) Pengelolaan hutan rakyat belum mewujudkan pengelolaan hutan secara lestari.

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Kutai Kartanegara Regency with 2,726,310 hectares is one of regencies in East Kalimantan Province, having Kawasan Budidaya Kehutanan KBK (Forest Preservation Area) as large 1,619,238 hectares or around 59.39% of this regency. And the Non-Forestry Conservation Area (KBNK) in this regency is 1,107,072 hectares which include private forest with 16.710,34 hectares or about 1,51 % of non-forestry conservation area.

In order to develop this private forest, The Regional Government and Local House of Representatif (DPRD) of Kutai Kartanegara Regency has stipulated policies on Regional Regulation (Perda) on Number 31 12000 pertaining to Management on Private Forest. Article 4 point (1) of this regulation explains that management of private forest is include planting, maintaining, harvesting, processing, usage, marketing and developing activities with code of conducts that has been regulated by Head of Regency's decree.

Matters pertaining to private forest management policies in the Regency of Kutai Kartanegara are, thus far, as follows: (1) Management policy is just about spelled ant trough the IPPK harvest and utilization license for private timber set out by decision of the regency No. 180.188IHK-11012002; (2) Private forest management policy at Kutai Kertanegara Regency on the aspects of planting, cultivation, harvesting, utilization, management, marketing and development are implemented by technical guidance to private forest fanner, but it didn't implemented as a whole in terms of such management.

The private forest at the Kutai Kartanegara region up to present day is still facing some technical problems, such as (1) Private forest Management has not yet deve-loped significantly due to to its partial management. (2) Private forest utilization ,especially the development of acacia, and sengon, after ready for logging, does not result in proper revenues to the forester due to its cheap selling price, which does not correspond to its plantation Cost, which almost no foresters interested to replant them. (3) A conserved private forest management is still far from realization.

Such problems indicated that there are gaps between the implementation and management policy, so that it causes private forest in the region is not yet developing as expected. To find ant why it is so happen and how the implantation on the management policy of private forest in Kutai Kertanegara should be made. And then a recommendation to develop the management should be proposed. The Evaluation will be based on Prince analysis approach, taking into account some criterion (Dunn,2000), such as : effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, participation, responsiveness, appropriateness.

Formulation of research is drawn up as follows: (I) How the management policy is implemented? (2) What is the result of implementation? (3) Are there any gap between the implementation and the management policy of private forest? (4) What any factors that shall afflict such gap?

The purpose of this research are: (1) To find out the policy and its implementation at research location; (2) To evaluate the implementation policy of private forest; (3) To inductivity the gap between implementation and management policy of private forest; (4) To identify any factors that cause gap in the implementation and management policy of private forest.

Research is carried out with qualitative-descriptive method. Selection of respondents is made with purposive sample. This technique applies considering limitations of time, energy and money and that one could not take larger and further sample (Arikunto, 2002).

Respondents for this Research include decision makers and social figures that are concerned with the private forest management such as: Bupati ("municipal ruler or regent"), Forestry Officials, Bappeda, DPRD Kutai Kartanegara Regency (Local House of Representatives), specialists or experts in forestry field, NGO-s, forest industrialists, and press whereas the respondent sampling is drawn from the private forest farmers under two-stage cluster sample technique.

The research conclusions are as follows: (1) Management policy for private forest No. 31/2000, until today is just spelled out by regent's decision No. 180.1881HK-110/2002 on the procedure of licensing in 1PPK. Implementation policy of forest management in Kutai Kertanegara regency give more priority to planting, cultivation and farm operations to develop private forest than other aspects; (2) Implementation result of forest management on the planting aspect in the frame work of preserving and developing private forest have a good assessment, but the processing of get bad rating. Whereas timber marketing and utilization by means IPPK realization, replanting post-felling of timber get bad rating; (3) There are a gap between the implementation and management policy of private forest in Kutai Kertanegara Regency, that is in the management, marketing, utilization by means of IPPK realization and replanting post-felling of the result is deficient; (4) Factors affecting the gap between implementation of management policy give more priority to planting, cultivation and development assistance of private forest; lack of technical guidance relating to management and marketing operations; lack of socialization relating to utilization by means of IPPK realization capital shortage for farm operations; lack regulation in log trade; extreme minimum in the result of log sale; and the orientation still rely on the utilization of natural forest in relation to private forest."

"Local Birocracy Performance on The Controlling and to Meassures Forest and Land Fires (Case Study : at Pontianak and Sambas Districts West Kalimantan Province)

Forestry sectors has been playing important role on economics at West Kalimantan is 23,68% (BPS,2000). Forest in this province is categorized as protection forests, wildlife sanctuary, national park, limited production forest, production forest and converted areas, totally number 9,030 acre. Those natural resources is needs to be maintain and to preserve.

Forest and land fires is one of the cause of deforestation, often resulting in loss on several dimensions:such as economics, environmental, ecological, and social. According to Directorate Protection of Forestry Department (1998) in 1997 26.590,36 acres forest and land were on fires.This number included production forest 23.811 acres, ,wildlife sanctuary 1,378 acres. At national level West Kalimantan was on the third rank largest areas loss due to fire.

Local birocracy issued a policy in controlling and to measure forest and land fires. The policy carried out through institutions that were inter-related local birocracy. Institutions whose have responsibilities and duties in solving and handling the fires problems. Nonetheles, those institutions have not perform optimal yet in controlling and to measures, as much as expected. Therefore we need to study the main cause of non optimal performance institutions on local birocracy in controlling and to measure forest and land fires.This problem emerges research quoctions:

In which inter-related local birocracy to performed a role in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan?

How does local birocracy perform in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan?

What are the component to support local birocracy performance in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan?

The aim of this research are:

Inter-related local birocracy to performed a role in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan.

Local birocracy performance in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan.

The component to support local birocracy performance in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan.

This study refered to organizational structure, human resources, budgets, programmes, and facilities as supporting element on local birocracy performance.

Input elements are organizational structure, human resources, budgets, programmes and facilities. Those inputs later on became variables, which indicate local birocracy performance in controlling and to measure forest and land fires.

This research used survey method by using secondary data. Generally,this research used analytical descriptive methods and using ex post facto. In order to analyze raw data, this research used scaling techniques. Refers to goal achivement on each variables, the point of view of analysis is to know about performance of local birocracy at two districts; Pontianak and Sambas.

The conclusions could be drawn from this research are:

Inter-related local birocracy to performed a role in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan, are: Kantor Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan and Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan and Dinas Pertanian dan Kehutanan.

Local birocracy performance at Kantor Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan and Dinas Pertanian dan Kehutanan in Pontianak districts categorized less succes; whereas at Sambas districts, performance at Kantor Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan categorized not success and at Dinas Pertanian and Kehutanan less success in in controlling and to measures forest and land fires

3_ Component to support local birocracy performance in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan, are: organizational structure, human resources, budgets, programmes and facilities.

There are no decreasing number in forest and land fires and hotspots on 2002 mean vulnerability for forest and land fires in West Kalimantan province still high."

"Studi kesesuaian lahan untuk pengembangan silvofishery kepiting bakau (scylla serrata) telah dilakukan di Kabupaten Berau, Kalimantan Timur. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April-Agustus 2012. Penelitian dilakukan berdasarkan pengumpulan data dari penginderaan jauh dan sistem informasi geografis (GIS) untuk pengolahan data spasial."

"ABSTRAKKeberadaan Hutan Lindung Sungai Wain (HLSW) sangat penting karena salah satu fungsinya sebagai penyedia air bersih. Selain untuk Kota Balikpapan, air HLSW juga panting bagi penyediaan BBM nasional. Dalam perkembangannya, terdapat potensi perbedaan kepentingan antarpemangku kepentingan dalam pengelolaan air di HLSW. Berdasarkan permasalahan, tujuan penelitian adalah mengidentifikasi: 1) Siapa saja pemangku kepentingan yang terlibat dalam pengelolaan air dari kawasan HLSW; 2) Bentuk konflik, posisi dan kepentingan yang diperjuangkan pars pemangku kepentingan terhadap permasalahan pengelolaan air dari kawasan HLSW; dan 3) Rumusan pendekatan alternatif penyelesaian konflik.Kerangka teoretik penelitian didasari atas pendekatan ekosistem (hutan lindung dan DAS), analisis konflik, posisi dan kepentingan, analisis pemangku kepentingan, dan kemitraan dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup sebagai solusi konflik. Kerangka berpikir penelitian didasari atas asumsi bahwa konflik pengelolaan air di HLSW disebabkan karena adanya interaksi antara komponen lingkungan alam (HLSW), lingkungan buatan (industri, pertanian, permukiman) dan lingkungan sosial (kelembagaan sektor negara-masyarakat-swasta).Penelitian dilakukan di Kota Balikpapan pada bulan Februari-Mei 2006 menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara semi terstruktur, diskusi kelompok terfokus (FGD), observasi, dan catatan lapang, sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh melalui penelusuran literatur dan bentuk data lainnya. Metode pencarian responden adalah metode bola salju (snowballing), dimana sampel adalah pemangku kepentingan pada pengelolaan air dari kawasan HLSW. Pemeriksaan keabsahan data dilakukan melalui triangulasi sumber dan dianalisis dalam uraian naratif.Kesimpulan analisis hasil penelitian adalah sebagai berikut: 1) Para pemangku kepentingan dibagi menjadi tiap sektor, yaitu pemerintah, masyarakat sipil dan swasta..Pemerintah diwakili oleh PPLH Regional Kalimantan dan pihak pengelola HLSW yaitu Pemerintah Kota Balikpapan dan BPHLSW. Masyarakat sipil diwakili oleh Perkumpulan STABIL dan Pokja Masyarakat HLSW sebagai penyedia jasa, sedangkan sektor swasta diwakili oleh PT. Pertamina UP V yang juga pengguna air dari HLSW. 2) Konflik yang terjadi adalah bagaimana para pemangku kepentingan memahami pembayaran jasa ekosistem air HLSW, serta besaran nominal yang harus dibayar PT. Pertamina UP V untuk pengelolaan HLSW sebagai klaim dari pengelola dan. masyarakat sipil. Dengan demikian, konflik yang terjadi berkaitan dengan relasi pemangku kepentingan hulu dan hilir, atau secara lebih tegasnya adalah antara pihak pengelola HLSW dengan pengguna air dari HLSW. Konflik berkembang dengan rencana pembangunan Bendungan Sungai Wain yang mengancam eksistensi waduk dan kontinuitas air yang selama ini diperoleh PT. Pertamina UP V dari Waduk Sungai Wain Pertamina. Ancarnan ini dianggap dapat mengganggu kelancaran produksi BBM nasional. Posisi para pemangku kepentingan mengenai rencana pembangunan bendungan terbagi dua, dimana pihak pengelola HLSW berada pada posisi menyetujui, dan PT. Pertamina UP V berada dalam posisi tidak menyetujui. PPLH Regional dan Perkumpulan STABIL berada dalam posisi netral-kritis. Meskipun memiliki posisi yang berbeda, pada dasamya konflik terjadi karena ketidaksepahaman bahwa sebenarnya masing-masing pemangku kepentingan bergantung atas HLSW guna memenuhi kebutuhannya. Kepentingan PT. Pertamina UP V terhadap keberadaan HLSW adalah jaminan kontinuitas air dari HLSW untuk kegiatan operasional kilang minyak Balikpapan; bagi pihak pemerintah, keberadaan HLSW sebagai penyedia air alternatif bagi Kota Balikpapan menjadikan pemerintah berencana untuk membangun bendungan baru; bagi masyarakat di sekitar HLSW, kepentingan mereka adalah adanya kontribusi atas usaha mereka menjaga kawasan hulu serta pemenuhan kebutuhan air yang selama ini tidak didapatkan clan pemerintah maupun dari PT. Pertamina sebagai pengelola Waduk Wain Pertamina; dan bagi BPHLSW, fungsi dan nilai HLSW hendaknya dapat dinikmati oleh warga Balikpapan dan penggunaan aimya hams diselaraskan dengan upaya pemeliharaan oleh pihak pengguna. Terlihat bahwa masing-masing pihak masih mengedepankan etika antroposentrisme yang ekstrem dalam relasinya dengan HLSW.3) Dalam penelitian, diajukan alternatif penyelesaian konflik antara pemangku kepentingan dengan beberapa tahap berikut. Pada tahap awal, rekonsiliasi perlu dilakukan sebelum melakukan negosiasi. Pembayaran jasa lingkungan HLSW dipertimbangkan sebagai salah satu solusi karena dipercaya semu pihak dapat menjadi sarana penyelesaian konflik. Selain itu, peneliti menyarankan dibentuknya lembaga multipihak berupa dewan sumberdaya air untuk rpengakamodasi dan menyelesaikan permasalahan pengelolaan DAS di HLSW.Saran yang diajukan di dalam penelitian ini adalah: diperlukannya studi yang 1ebih mendalam khususnya mengenai penekanan pada dimensi lingkungan lainnya dalam pengelolaan air dari HLSW, konsep pembayaran jasa lingkungan sebagai metode konservasi mutakhir yang mulai diterapkan pada beberapa daerah di Indonesia.

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ABSTRACT

The existence of the Sungai Wain Protected Forest (SWPF) has become important especially for the Balikpapan's citizens because one of its function as providing fresh water. In the progress, there is different interest between stakeholders on how to manage water from SWPF. Based on this problem, the aims of the study are to: 1) Identify stakeholders involved in water management from SWPF; 2) Identify position and interests of stakeholders in relation to water management from SWPF conflict; 3) To propose conflict resolution alternatives.

The theoretical framework of the research was based in ecosystem approach (the interconnectedness of protected forest and water basin management) and the concept of conflict analysis, position and interest(s), stakeholder analysis and partnership on environmental management as the conflict solution. The thinking framework of the research is then based on assumptions that the conflict of SWPF's water management is caused by the interaction between the natural environment (the existence of SWPF), the constructed environment (industries, agriculture, housing) and social environment (the institution of the state-society private sector).

The research conducted by using qualitative method. Primary data were attained by semi-structured interviews, FGD, observation and field reports, while secondary data were attained from literature and other document findings. Respondents were searched by snowballing method, where the respondents are the stakeholders of water management in SWPF. The observation of data validity was done by triangulation and analyzed narrative.

The conclusion of the research findings are as follows: 1) the stakeholders were divided into government, civil society and private sector. The government sector was represented by PPLH Regional Kalimantan and the executives of SWPF (The Government of The Regency of Balikpapan and The Board Management of SWPF). The civil society sector were represented by Perkumpulan STABIL and the SWPF Community Work Group (the ecosystem service provider), and the private sector was represented by PT. Pertamina UP V Balikpapan (the ecosystem service user). 2) The conflict is how stakeholders understand the payment for watershed environmental services from SWPF, and how much PT, Pertamina UP V has to pay in order to contribute the SWPF management as it claimed from the executives of SWPF and civil society. Thus, the conflict that occurs is connected to the relation of the upstream-downstream stakeholder, as to more clearly is between the executives of SWPF and PT. Pertamina UP V Balikpapan. The conflict the developed into the next stage when the East Kalimantan government's was planning to build a dam at the Sungai Wain downstream, which the site plan is adjacent to the Sungai Wain Reservoir owned by PT. Pertamina. UP V. This plan in the progress was considered to hinder the Pertamina's water continuity from HLSW that in the future might be threating the national oil's production: The stakeholders' position of the Sungai Wain Dam plan were divided into two: where the executives od SWPF at pros and PT. Pertamina UP V Balikpapan at contras. In neutral-critical level there sre PPLH Regional Kalimantan and Perkumpulan STABIL. Although having a different position, the conflicts basically occurred because the stakeholders are not realized that each of them has the same need, basic interest and dependency to the SWPF. The interest of PT. Pertamina UP V to SWPF is the water continuity for the operational of Balikpapan's refinery; to the Government of Balikpapan, their interest is to provide the alternative source of water for Balikpapan's citizens by building a new dam near the SWPF downstream; to the community especially who lived in and surround the SWPF upstream area, their interests are having a contribution for their effort on preserving SWPF and the fulfilment of their clean water needs which has never been obtained from the government or from PT. Pertamina UP V as the direct beneficiary of SWPF water. To the Board Management of SWPF, their interets are how SWPF function and values can be enjoyed by the citizens of Balikpapan Regency, and how its utilization can be harmonious to the conservation effort by users. This research has analyzed that the conflict has also caused of the extreme anthropocentrism that used by the stakeholder on its relation to SWPF's ecosystem services.

3) As an alternative, this research proposes an initiation of reconciliation between stakeholders before making any negotiation. The payment for watershed environmental services (PES) can be considered as one of many potential solutions because it is believed by the stakeholders that its implementation can resolve the conflict. Before that, the research also suggests to form the multi stakeholder collaborative institution (water board) that can accommodate and solve the SWPF watershed management problems in the future.

The suggestions of this research are the needs to the complementary praxis studies of the technical consideration on water management in SWPF, especially the environmental impact analysis if the dam is planned to be build. The same suggestion goes to the PES concept studies as the new conservation strategy that recently has been implemented to some areas in Indonesia."

"ABSTRAKUntuk mempertahankan manfaat ekosistem hutan dengan berbagai fungsinya, diperlukan suatu valuasi yang bersifat komprehensif dan terintegratif. Disamping itu, valuasi terhadap manfaat dari fungsi ekosistem hutan harus menganut prinsip nilai asuransi (insurance value).Tujuan penelitian ini (1) Menghitung total nilai Manfaat bersih sekarang (NPV) kelayakan kegiatan perkebunan kelapa sawit di Kabupaten. (2) Menghitung total nilai manfaat ekosistem hutan di Kabupaten Melawi (3) Menemukan model penentuan luas optimum areal perkebunan kelapa sawit pada suatu kawasan ekosistem hutan Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa kegiatan perkebunan kelapa sawit tidak feasible untuk dilakukan dengan cara melakukan konversi terhadap ekosistem hutan. Jika hal ini dilakukan maka akan menimbulkan dampak kerugian lingkungan yang sangat signifikan dengan nilai NPV negatif sebesar Rp (248.349.067.033.000,-). Sementara itu analisis manfaat biaya mempertahankan ekosistem hutan adalah positif yaitu sebesar Rp 38.563.349.907.000,-.Berdasarkan analisis suitabilitas menunjukkan bahwa dari total pencadangan areal perkebunan pada kawasan hutan seluas 234.348 ha, maka yang dapat dikonversikan untuk lahan perkebunan kelapa sawit hanya seluas 31.498 ha dan yang tetap dipertahankan sebagai kawasan hutan seluas 202.850 ha. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah Konversi ekosistem hutan untuk dijadikan sebagai lahan perkebunan kelapa sawit dalam batas-batas tertentu di Kabupaten Melawi masih dapat dilakukan dengan syarat bahwa penentuan kelayakan luas areal perkebunan kelapa sawit harus menggunakan Indeks Ky. Indeks Ky adalah merupakan suatu indeks kompromi yang mengakomodasi 3 (tiga) pilar pembangunan berkelanjutan yaitu keberlanjutan lingkungan (ekologi), keberlanjutan sosial dan keberlanjutan ekonomi. Selain itu, indeks ini juga mendasari pada konsep pengelolaan sumbedaya hutan yaitu prinsip kehati-hatian (prudential principle) dan prinsip standar minimum yang aman ( safe minimum standar). Sehingga Indeks Ky ini dinamakan juga dengan Social, Economy and Environment Compromise Indeks (SEECI).Hasil perhitungan dengan menggunakan pendekatan HHCA yang dilakukan di wilayah studi (Kabupaten Melawi) telah mendapatkan Indeks Ky sebesar 6,4401. Dengan menerapkan angka Indeks Ky ini, analisis suitabilitas terhadap total pencadangan areal perkebunan pada kawasan hutan di Kabupaten Melawi seluas 234.348 ha menemukan bahwa hanya 31.498 ha yang dapat dikonversi menjadi lahan perkebunan kelapa sawit, dan 202.850 ha tetap dipertahankan sebagai kawasan hutan. Dengan komposisi ini, nilai kerusakan akibat konversi kawasan hutan menjadi lahan perkebunan kelapa sawit dapat diimbangi manfaat mempertahankan kawasan ekosistem hutan. Sehingga konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan dengan menciptakan keseimbangan lingkungan, ekonomi dan sosial dapat dicapai.

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ABSTRACTTo maintain the benefits of forest ecosystems with a variety of functions, we need a valuation that is comprehensive and terintegratif. In addition, the valuation of the benefits of forest ecosystem function must adhere to the principle of insurance (insurance value).The purpose of this study (1) Calculate the total net present value of benefits (NPV) Feasibility of oil palm plantations in the district. (2) Calculating the total value of the benefits of forest ecosystems in the District Melawi (3) Finding the optimum model for determining the area of oil palm plantations in an area of forest ecosystem.The results find that the activities of oil palm plantations is not feasible to be done by way of conversion of forest ecosystems. If this is done it will cause environmental impacts are very significant losses with a negative NPV of USD (248.349.067.033.000, -). Meanwhile, the cost benefit analysis is positive to maintain the forest ecosystem that is Rp 38,563,349,907,000, -. Based suitabilitas analysis showed that of the total provisioning plantations on 234,348 ha of forest area, then that can be converted to oil palm plantations covering an area of only 31 498 ha and will be retained as an area of 202,850 ha of forest area.The conclusion of this research is the Conversion of forest ecosystems to serve as oil palm plantations within certain limits in the District Melawi still can be done on condition that the determination of the feasibility of oil palm plantation area must use the Index Ky. Ky Index is an index of compromise that accommodates 3 (three) pillars of sustainable development is environmental sustainability (ecological), social sustainability and economic sustainability. In addition, this index also underlies the concept of management of forest resources towards the fulfillment of the principle of prudence (prudential principle) and the principle of minimum standards of safe (safe minimum standards). So the index is called Ky also with Social, Economy and Environment compromise Index (SEECI).The result using the approach HHCA conducted in the study area (District Melawi) has gained Ky. index of 6.4401. By applying this Ky index numbers, analysis suitabilitas of the total plantation area in the reserve forest area in the district covering an area of 234,348 ha Melawi found that only 31 498 ha which can be converted into oil palm plantations, and 202,850 ha will be retained as forest area. With this composition, the value of damage caused by conversion of forests into oil palm plantations can offset the benefits of maintaining forest ecosystem area. Thus the concept of sustainable development by creating a balance environmental, economic and social development can be achieved."