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"Ruminants are herbivorous mammals that have special digestive tract, rumen, where digestion of cellulose and polysaccharides can be carried out by rumen microorganisms. Methanogenic bacteria in the rumen using H2 compounds results from anaerobic fermentation of carbohydrates to form methane. Methane production in the rumen is an energetically wasteful process, since the feed intake will be converted to methane and eructated as gas (Bunthoen, 2007). Rumen protozoa have a potential role in the process of digestion and breakdown of organic material. Hydrogen (H2) as one of the protozoa fermentation products are used by methanogenic bacteria to form methane. This causing methanogenic bacteria often found living attached to the surface of protozoa to keep a constant supply of hydrogen. The purpose of this study is to enumerate the number of methanogenic bacteria and protozoa with different diet and after the addition of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum TSD-10 in vitro. This report consist of two parts, which are (1) Effect of Feeding Composition on Total Methanogenic Bacteria and Protozoa Rumen, and (2) Influence of Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum TSD-10 on Total Methanogenic Bacteria and Protozoa In Vitro. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Research Centre of Biotechnology? Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong Bogor, from September 2008 ? May 2009. The treatment are diet A with ratio of grass : concentrate (30 : 70) and diet B with ratio of grass : concentrate (70 : 30). The probiotic L. plantarum TSD-10 dose are 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% v/v. The number of methanogenic bacteria obtained from diet A ranges between (0,74 ? 0,89) x 107 cfu/ml, whereas in diet B ranged from (1,71 ? 2,58) x 107 cfu/ml. Methanogenic bacteria average on feed B ((2,19 ± 0,44) x 107 cfu/ml) higher than the feed A ((0,82 ± 0,07) x 107 cfu/ml). Based on the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), different composition of diet A and B, significantly affect the number of methanogenic bacteria ( 5%), with the best diet composition in suppressing the growth of methanogenic bacteria is diet A. The number of methanogenic bacteria in diet B are higher since the value of a more alkaline pH (8). According to Mirzaei-Aghsaghali et al. (2008), methanogenic bacteria are sensitive to changes in pH. Decrease in pH value will decrease the number of methanogenic bacteria and cause less methane gas produced. The low number of methanogenic bacteria on diet A, can also be caused by the ratio of acetate : propionate obtained lower than in diet B, and it also causes a lower pH of the diet A (Lana et al., 1998). The ANOVA showed the methanogenic bacteria average between diet A and B in the morning and afternoon sampling significantly different between treatments ( 5%), with the best treatment in suppressing methanogenic bacteria from each sampling were diet A. Increased methanogenic bacteria after feeding may be associated with the presence of protozoa in the rumen cilliata that serves as a producer of hydrogen and bacterial attachment to methanogen. Composition diet B low in fiber and high in starch are preferred by the protozoan (Leedle and Greening, 1988). The number of protozoa obtained from the diet A ranges between (1,93 ? 3,95) x 105 cells/ml, whereas the diet B ranged from (2,81 ? 4,35) x 105 cells/ ml. Protozoa average on diet B ((3,76 ± 0,83) x 105 cells/ml) higher than the diet A ((3,08 ± 1,04) x 105 cells/ml). Based on the ANOVA, differences composition diet A and B, not significantly different between treatments (5%). Diet B with a higher pH value causes no influential ration of protozoa, which does not cause a decrease in the number of protozoa. The ANOVA indicate that the average range of protozoa between diet A and B are significantly different (5%) in the morning sampling, with the best treatment in suppressing the number of protozoa are diet A. The afternoon sampling, ANOVA showed that the treatment was not significantly different (5%). Protozoa observed in treatment diet A and B are families of, Ophryoscolecidae, Isotrichidae and Blepharocorythidae. Most number obtained from each diet is Ophryoscolecidae, while the less is Blepharocorythidae. This is due to Ophryoscolecidae a part of the Order Entodiniomorphida who compiled most of rumen cilliata. In the contrary, Family Isotrichidae and Blepharocorythidae are part of the order Trichostomatida which is rarely found in rumen (Ogimoto and Imai, 1981). Decreasing in the number of methanogenic bacteria in the diet B (56,8%) higher than diet A (29,8%), while the decrease in the number of protozoa in the diet B (64,9%) higher than diet A (62,7% ). Diet B with a higher concentrate composition can provide a change in the pattern of rumen fermentation. These changes make the environment less suitable for methanogenic bacterial growth. One of the unfavorable change is a reduction of rumen pH values (Moss et al., 2000). On the addition of probiotics in vitro, the ANOVA showed the range of the number of methanogenic bacteria was not significantly different ( 5%) on the variations of diet A and B but significantly different (5%) on the number of protozoa, with the best in suppressing the growth of protozoa are diet A. Variations doses of probiotic significantly different (5%) on the number of methanogenic bacteria and protozoa, with the best dose 5% v/v to suppress methanogenic bacteria and 15% v/v to suppress protozoa in vitro. Feed Digestibility Coefficient (FDC) shows the FDC from 27,99 ? 31,95%, while the diet B ranged from 25,85 to 31,3%. In diet A, the value FDC obtained tended to increase (8,5%) along with increasing concentration of probiotic L. plantarum TSD-10. Increasing FDC value expected to suppress the growth of methanogenic bacteria by altering the rumen fermentation pattern which results in volatile fatty acids produced. Diet A shows the value of higher acetate than propionate, because diet A high on fiber that will support the growth of the acetate-producing bacteria species, diet B rich in starch that supports the growth of propionic-producing bacteria species, and marked by increasing propionate than acetate (France and Dijkstra, 2005)."

"This research was conducted to study the effect of the mixtures of sago waste and chicken excreta fermented utilization in rations on broiler performance, carcass physical quality as well as the meat chemical quality. The mixture of sago waste and chicken excreta was fermented in 48 hours using effective microorganism-4. The research was biological experiment using the respective fermented materials in broiler rations with level of 0% (R0), 4% (Rl), 8% (R2) and 12% (R3). Each dietary treatment had five replications of five broiler chickens each. Variables was observed were broiler performance (feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion), carcass physical quality (live weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat percentage) and chemical quality of meat (water contents, fat and protein). Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance of one way Completely Randomized Design, and differences between means were tested using Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results indicated that the use of fermented mixtures up to 8% in broiler rations had increased body weight, live weight and carcass percentage, and fat flesh content and it was better than birds receiving control ration. The use of 12% fermented materials in the ration had no significant effect on feed consumption, abdominal fat percentage, as well as water contents and protein of the flesh."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan harga koefisien partisi bahan aktif vitamin E asetat dalam berbagai emolien yang berperan dalam pembawa bahan aktif untuk berpenetrasi kedalam kulit dan menentukan penetrasi vitamin E asetat melalui kulit dari formulasi krim yang mengandung emolien primer dan emolien sekunder.Dari hasil percobaan koefisien partisi didapat nilai koefisien partisi vitamin E asetat dalam emolien olive oil, castor oil, PPG-15 Stearyl Ether dan Glycerol tri (2-ethylhexanoate) berturut-turut adalah 11.62 ± 0.52, 9.7 ± 0.11, 6.3 ± 0.042, 2.55 ± 0.07. Untuk dua emolien yaitu di-octyladipate dan polyglycerol-3 diisostearate tidak dapat ditentukan nilainya karena tidak terjadi dua fase pemisahan.Selanjutnya dibuat formulasi krim 1 menggunakan castor oil (emolien primer, kp = 9.7) dan PPG-15 Stearyl Ether (emolien sekunder, kp = 6.3). Formula krim 2 yang terdiri dari olive oil (emolien primer, kp = 11.62) dan Glycerol tri (2-ethylhexanoate) (emolien sekunder, kp = 2.55). Dari hasil uji difusi yang dilakukan bahwa penetrasi kumulatif krim 2 lebih besar bandingkan dengan krim 1.

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This study aims to determine the price of the partition coefficient of the active ingredient of vitamin E acetate in various emollien carriers involved in the active ingredients to penetrate into the skin and determine the penetration of vitamin E acetate through skin from cream formulation containing emollien primary and secondary emollien.

From the experimental results obtained partition coefficient of the partition coefficient value of vitamin E acetate in emollien olive oil, castrol oil, PPG-15 Stearyl Ether and trietilheksanoin respectively. For two of the emolien di-octyladipate and polygylcerol-3 diisostearate can not determined value because it did happen two phase separation.

Furthermore cream formulation one was made using castor oil (primary emollien, kp= 9.7) and PPG-15 Stearyl Ether (emollien secondary, kp= 6.3). Cream two formulation consisting of olive oil (primary emollien, kp= 11.62) and trietilheksanoin (emollien secondary, kp= 2.55). From the results of diffusion test conducted that the penetration of hte comulative cream 2 large compared to the cream 1."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk (1) mengkaji adanya perubahan perilaku komunikasi, dalam arti tingkat penggunaan media massa oleh para peternak dalam memanfaatkan pesansapi potong(2) menganalisis tingkat partisipasi peternak dilihat dari peran-peran komunikasi yang mereka lakukan dalam jaringan komunikasi sapi potong, (3) merumuskan strategi/model komunikasi penyuluhan. Hasil penelitian diantaranya: (1) ada perbedaan sangat nyata pada perilaku komunikasi di kalangan peternak sapi potong kelompok maju dengan kelompok kurang maju, yang mengindikasikan telah terjadi pergeseran pola komunikasi peternak anggota jaringan ko9munikasi sapi potong; (2) tingkat peran komunikasi peternak dalam jaringan komunikasi sapi potong terdiri atas star, mutual pairs dan neglectee, tidak ditemukan peran komunikasi sebagai isolate; (3) strategi komunikasi penyuluhan sapi potong hendaklah dibangun dengan mempertimbangkan: ciri individual peternak; distorsi pesan dan ketiadaan informasi (yang berkaitan dengan masalah pemasaran, informasi harga, teknologi tepat guna yang sesuai kebutuhan, kapasitas peternak dan akses permodalan); keterlibatan birokrasi (kelembagaan sosial maupun penyuluhan, penyedia teknologi dan modal; serta pelibatan pemuka pendapat dan sumber informasi relevan lainnya dalam menyampaikan informasi teknologi sapi potong melalui saluran interpersonal, dan teknik komunikasi."

"Kebutuhan energi di dunia terus meningkat sementara pasokan bahan bakar fosil terus berkurang dari hari ke hari. Alternatif energi baru dan terbarukan sangat dibutuhkan di setiap belahan dunia. Biogas memiliki potensi besar untuk menggantikan bahan bakar fosil sebagai sumber energi baru karena kapasitas energi yang dapat dihasilkannya dan juga ramah lingkungan. Sebagai penghasil kopi terbesar ke-4, Indonesia membuang limbah kopi dari sisa pengolahan kopi setiap harinya dalam jumlah yang besar. Telah dipelajari dari berbagai penelitian bahwa limbah kopi dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sesuatu yang lebih bernilai dengan kemampuannya untuk menghasilkan biogas dengan kandungan metana yang tinggi. Meskipun demikian, limbah kopi memiliki kandungan dinding sel selulosa yang tinggi dan ikatan antara selulosa dan lignin yang akan mengganggu proses degradasi oleh mikroba anaerob dan mempengaruhi produksi metana. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, cairan rumen sapi digunakan sebagai inokulum untuk meningkatkan efisiensi biodegradasi. Untuk meningkatkan produksi metana, limbah kopi dicerna bersama dengan kotoran dengan empat variasi rasio perbandingan antara limbah kopi dengan kotoran sapi yang berbeda dan empat variasi jumlah inoculum yang dicampurkan untuk mendapatkan variasi optimal dari pencernaan tersebut. Variasi optimal ditempatkan pada tiga suhu berbeda lainnya untuk menentukan suhu optimal untuk produksi biogas. Dari penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa perbandingan optimal kotoran sapi dengan limbah kopi untuk menghasilkan biogas adalah 3: 1 dengan rasio substrat terhadap inokulum 1: 1 pada suhu 37.

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The demand of energy in the world keeps increasing while the supply of fossil fuel is decreasing day by day. Alternative new and renewable energy is urgently needed in every part of the world. Biogas has a big potential to replace fossil fuel as the new source of energy due to the capacity of energy it can produce and it is environmentally friendly. As the 4 biggest coffee producer, Indonesia disposed a large amount of coffee waste from coffee processing every day, or usually known as spent coffee grounds (SCG). It has been learned from various studies that coffee waste can be utilized as something more valuable by reason of its ability to produce high methane composition biogas. Nonetheless, coffee waste has high cell wall content of cellulose and bonds between cellulose and lignin that would interrupt the degradation process by anaerobic microbes and affect the production of methane.

To overcome this problem, cow rumen fluid was used as inoculum in order to increase biodegradation efficiency. To boost the production of methane, SCG was being co-digested with cow manure. It was mixed with four different variations of co-digestion ratio and four different variations of inoculum amount to obtain the optimum variation of the co-digestion. The optimum variation is placed at other three different temperatures to determine the optimum temperature for biogas production. From this research, it was found that the optimum ratio of cow manure to SCG to produce biogas is 3 : 1 with 1 : 1 ratio of substrate to inoculum at 37."

"Mud of sawit represent processing of coconut of sawit phase of first able to be used as by materials of feeding in livestock having value of gizi high where chemical value of mud of sawit is BK 90,5% PK 11,5%,LK 19,1%,SK 17%,Ca 0,5% and P 0,75% and also gros energy 18 % or 3.353 kkal/kg of energy metabolism (Nitis, 1981)...."