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"The concentration of methana (CH4) in the atmosphere is increasing at 1% per annum and rice paddies are one of the sources that contrubute to about atmospheric CH4...."

"Clean, safe and sustainable energy sources must be found to minimize all side-effects of fossil fuel consumption. Second generation bioethanol possesses a great potential as an alternative energy source especially in the transportation sector. In this study, rice straw was selected to be studied as a conversion of potential lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol. Firstly, rice straw was processed with mechanical pretreatment using a home blender, followed by acid pretreatment using 2.0 M sulphuric acid (H2SO4) at 90oC for 60 minutes. The glucose yield was found to be 9.71 g/L. Then, rice straw pretreated with acid was hydrolyzed using 24 mg of cellulase from Tichoderma Ressei ATCC 26921 over a 72-hour duration, which yielded a total glucose count of 11.466 g/L. After fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it was found that by combining enzymatic hydrolysis with acid pretreatment yielded a higher ethanol content after fermentation (0.1503% or 52.75% of theoretical value) compared to acidic pretreatment alone (0.013% or 11.26% of theoretical value)."

"Java, as the largest populated island i Indonesia, has experienced tremendous agricultural land use conversion, mostly to industrial and settlement uses...."

"Gangguan pertumbuhan tanaman yang disebabkan oleh serangan hama dan penyakit dapat menganggu pencapaian program ketahanan pangan. Identifikasi gangguan pertumbuhan tanaman secara akurat dan cepat dapat dilakukan dengan teknologi pengideraan jauh. Serangan hama penggerek batang telah lama ditemui dan menjadi masalah di daerah produsen padi seperti Kecamatan Margoyoso, Kabupaten Pati. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis gangguan pertumbuhan pada tanaman padi berdasarkan nilai NDVI, NDWI, dan NDYI dari data citra Sentinel-2 pada lahan sawah irigasi di Kecamatan Margoyoso, Kabupaten Pati dan mensintesis pola spektral tanaman padi yang terserang HPT serta mengetahui hubungan antara parameter iklim dengan luasan lahan sawah yang terserang hama penggerek batang padi. Variabel yang digunakan adalah indeks pertumbuhan tanaman padi yang diakses dan diolah secara online menggunakan Google Earth Engine yang berbasis cloud computing. Penelitian ini menggunakan citra Sentinel-2 berbasis open source. Pada citra Sentinel-2 multispektral diterapkan algoritma NDVI, NDWI, dan NDYI untuk mengetahui ada atau tidak adanya gangguan pertumbuhan tanaman padi di Kecamatan Margoyoso, Kabupaten Pati. Pola spektral tanaman yang terinfeksi diketahui dengan menggunakan data spektrometer. Pengaruh parameter iklim terhadap luasan serangan hama diketahui berdasarkan pada analisis regresi. Hasil kajian diperoleh bahwa. Organisme Pengganggu Tamanan (OPT) yang menyebabkan kerusakan paling luas adalah penggerek batang padi. Terdapat dua kelas kondisi pertumbuhan tanaman mulai dari awal tanam sampai fase vegetatif maksimum, yaitu sehat dan terganggu. Kelas yang sehat seluas 522,51 Ha atau 57,42 %, sedangkan kelas terganggu luasnya 68,59 Ha atau 5,95 %. Sisanya termasuk kedalam tidak terkelaskan. Band NIR merupakan panjang gelombang yang paling sensitif terhadap serangan hama penggerek batang maupun WBC. Curah hujan dan suhu tidak memiliki korelasi dengan luasan serangan hama penggerek batang. Kelembaban dan energi matahari berkorelasi dengan luasan serangan hama penggerek batang. Informasi hubungan parameter iklim dengan serangan hama penyakit tanaman dapat digunakan sebagai antisipasi pencegahan terjadinya serangan hama penyakit tanaman, agar kehilangan hasil tanaman dapat ditekan.

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Pest and disease infestation disturb plant growth as well as threaten food security. Identification of plant growth disorders accurately and quickly can be done with remote sensing technology. Stem borer infestation is endemic and become a problem in rice producing areas i.e., Margoyoso Sub-district, Pati Regency. The objective of this study was to analyze growth disturbances of rice based on NDVI, NDWI, and NDYI from Sentinel-2 image data on irrigated rice fields in Margoyoso District, Pati Regency, synthesize the spectral pattern of rice plants attacked by HPT and to investigate the relationship between climate parameters and pest-disease infestation. The variable used is the rice plant growth index which is accessed and processed online using the Google Earth Engine based on cloud computing. Sentinel-2 imagery based on open source was used in this study. During the usage of Sentinel-2 multi-spectral image, the NDVI, NDWI, AND NDYI algorithm was applied to determine the presence or absence of rice plant growth disturbances. The spectral pattern of infected plants is known by using spectrometer data. The regressions were done to analyze the effect of climate parameters on the pest-disease infestation. The results showed that the largest area of pest-disease infestation was caused by stem borer. There are two classes of plant growth conditions from the beginning of planting to the maximum vegetative phase, namely healthy and disturbed. The healthy class area is 522.51 ha or 57.42%, while the disturbed class is 68.59 ha or 5.95%. The rest are classified as unclassified. The NIR band is the most sensitive wavelength to stem borer and WBC attacks. There are no correlations between the stem borer infestation area and rainfall as well as temperature. There are correlations between the stem borer infestation area and both of humidity and solar energy. Information on the relationship between climate parameters and pest-disease infestation can be used to anticipate pest-disease infestation in future, so yield losses can be minimized."

"This book explains the sources of arsenic to paddy soils and the biogeochemical processes and plant physiological attributes of paddy soil-rice ecosystems that lead to high concentrations of arsenic in rice grain. It presents the global pattern of arsenic concentration and speciation in rice, discusses human exposures to inorganic arsenic from rice and the resulting health risks. It also highlights particular populations that have the highest rice consumptions, which include Southern and South East Asians, weaning babies, gluten intolerance sufferers and those consuming rice milk. The book also presents the information of arsenic concentration and speciation in other major crops and outlines approaches for lowering arsenic in rice grain and in the human diet through agronomic management."

"ABSTRAKLahan bagi penduduk Indonesia adalah sumber daya yang paling penting. Seiring dengan meningkatnya kepadatan penduduk, keberadaan lahan terutama lahan pertanian menjadi semakin terancam untuk memenuhi tempat tinggal. Harga lahan akan semakin meningkat seiring dengan pemanfaatannya yang semakin meningkat dan kemudahan aksesbilitas dari lahan tersebut. Hal ini yang terjadi di Kecamatan Bogor Selatan, sebagian besar lahan yang teralihfungsikan adalah lahan sawah yang masih produktif. Penelitian ini berfokus pada analisa pengaruh fenomena konversi lahan pertanian sawah di Kecamatan Bogor Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola perubahan harga tanah sawah di Kecamatan Bogor Selatan dan menganalisis bagaimana pengaruh jarak dari Pusat Konversi Lahan serta Jalan mempengaruhi harga lahan sawah tersebut yang diperoleh dari survey lapangan dan dibantu perangkat lunak ArcGIS. Analisis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis keruangan dan statistik deskriptif. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Secara keseluruhan harga tanah sawah di Kecamatan Bogor Selatan memiliki perubahan harga yang menyesuaikan jarak sawah ke Pusat Konversi. Dari semua populasi sawah yang ada di Kecamatan Bogor Selatan, terdapat 10 lahan sawah yang dipengaruhi oleh Jarak dari Pusat Konversi Perumahan, 3 lahan sawah yang dipengaruhi oleh Jarak dari Pusat Konversi Perdagangan, dan 3 lahan sawah yang dipengaruhi oleh Jarak dari Jalan.

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ABSTRACTLand for the people of Indonesia is the most important resource. Along with the increasing of population density, the existence of land, especially agricultural land become increasingly threatened because of the more important requirement for residence. Although land function and its use may change, land can not be moved because it is permanent. Land prices will increase in line with the increased utilization and accessibility of the land. This happens in the District of South Bogor, where most of the land that is functionalized is a productive rice field. This study focuses on the analysis of the effects of the phenomenon of conversion of paddy fields in Southern Bogor District. This study aims to determine the pattern of changes of rice land prices in South Bogor District and analyze how the influence of distance from the Land Conversion Center and Road affect the price of paddy fields which obtained from the field survey and assisted by ArcGIS software. The analysis in this research uses the analysis of spatial and descriptive statistics. The result of the research shows that the overall price of paddy field in South Bogor Subdistrict has a change in price which adjust the distance to the Conversion Center. From all the rice field populations in the District of Bogor Selatan, there are 10 paddy fields affected by the Distance from the Housing Conversion Center, three paddy fields affected by the Distance from the Trade Conversion Center, three paddy fields affected by the Distance from the Road."

"ABSTRAKThe aim of this work was to improve physical stability of rice bran oil-in-water emulsion by heat and alkaline treated proteins from rice bran and soybean. Rice bran protein (RBP) was extracted from defatted rice bran by alkaline extraction and isoelectric precipitation. RBP and soy protein (SP) were modified by heat and alkaline treatment (pH 9 at 60 C for 60 min). The ability of modified rice bran protein (MRBP) and modified soy bean protein (MSP) to stabilize rice bran-oil-in-water emulsion was investigated. Results showed that the MRBP and MSP to form and stabilize oil-in-water emulsions were better than those of RBP and SP. Emulsions with small particle sizes diameter and creaming stability could be produced at pH 6.5 for 0.4-1.0 %wt MRBP and 0.6-1.0 %wt MSP. Improved physical stability of rice bran oil-in-water emulsion by heat and alkaline treated will enhance the utilization RBP and SP as food ingredient in the food industry."