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"Bajaj, sebagai model pada penelitian ini, merupakan kendaraan angkutan dengan tingkat kebisingan yang cukup tinggi. Hal ini dapat menimbulkan gangguan pendengaran dan keseimbangan pada pengemudinya. Subjek dipilih secara konsekutif di antara pengemudi bajaj di Jakarta dan dilakukan pemeriksaan pendengaran dengan audiometer dan pemeriksaan keseimbangan dengan gravicorder di pagi hari di poliklinik Neurotologi Departemen Telinga Hidung dan Tenggorok RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta dari bulan Maret 2000 sampai Oktober 2001. Dari 350 subjek yang diperoleh, ditemukan 97 subjek tanpa gangguan pendengaran dan keseimbangan dan 96 subjek yang menderita gangguan pendengaran dan keseimbangan. Jika dibandingkan dengan pengemudi bajaj berumur kurang dari 40 tahun, pengemudi bajaj yang berumur 41 tahun atau lebih mempunyai risiko hampir 4 kali lipat untuk menderita gangguan pendengaran dan keseimbangan [rasio odds suaian (OR) = 3,90; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI) = 1,67-9,10]. Pengemudi bajaj yang bekerja lebih dari 9 jam per hari mempunyai risiko 2,3 kali lipat untuk menderita gangguan pendengaran dan keseimbangan jika dibandingkan dengan pengemudi yang bekerja kurang dari 9 jam (OR suaian = 2,32; 95% CI=1,22-4,41). Di samping itu, jika dibandingkan dengan mereka yang bekerja 1-5 tahun, mereka yang telah bekerja lebih dari 5 tahun mempunyai kecenderungan menderita gangguan pendengaran dan keseimbangan, dan di antara yang telah bekerja 21-30 tahun mempunyai risiko lebih dari 7 kali lipat (OR suaian = 7,11; 95% CI = 1,88-26,92). Untuk mengurangi risiko gangguan pendengaran dan keseimbangan, pengemudi bajaj dianjurkan bekerja kurang dari 8 jam per hari. (Med J Indones 2004; 14: 101-6)

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Noisy and vibrating bajaj, a public transportation in Jakarta, is a potential risk in inducing hearing and balance problems. Bajaj drivers in the Jakarta area were chosen by consecutive sampling and examined medically in the Neurotological Subdivision of the ENT Department of the Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. Hearing and balance impairments were then diagnosed from audiometric and posturographic tests. The study was carried out from March 2000 until October 2001. A number of 350 bajaj drivers participated in this study. There were 97 subjects without hearing and balance impairments, and 96 subjects suffered from hearing and balance impairments. Compared to drivers aged less than 40 years, those aged 41 years or more had a four-fold increased risk of developing hearing and balance impairments [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.90; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.67-9.10]. Drivers working 9 hours or more a day had an increased risk 2.3 times of developing hearing and balance impairments compared those working less than 9 hours a day (adjusted OR = 2.32; 95% CI=1.22-4.41). Furthermore, when compared to those who had been working for 1-5 years, those who had been working for 5 years had an increased tendency of developing hearing and balance impairments. Those who had been working 21-30 years had a seven-fold increased risk of developing hearing and balance impairments (adjusted OR = 7.11; 95% CI = 1.88-26.92). To minimize hearing and balance impairments bajaj drivers are recommended to work less than 8 hours a day. (Med J Indones 2004; 14: 101-6)"

"ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION : Based on Indonesian Constitution, article 2712 mention that every Indonesian citizen has the right of having a job and wages in accordance to humanity. Bajaj as an model in this study is public transportation vehicle which is noisy and vibrating and potential to induce hearing and balance disturbances which could be dangerous to himself or to others. General Objectives of this study : To investigate the risks of noise and vibration in bajaj's drivers and to find the solutions to prevent them from hearing loss and balance disturbances.

Specific objectives : To determine : 1, hearing and balance functions induced by noise and vibration by audiometric and posturography tests 2. To find other physiologic factors such as age, blood pressure, blood glucose level, smoking habit and body mass index which could influence those functions ; 3, To determine the threshold of noise frequencies, intensity and also acceleration of vibration which contributed to noise.

Setting : Subdivision of Neurotology of ENT Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Study subjects : Bajaj drivers.

METHODS: The study was carried out from March 2000 until October 2001.Noise and vibration were measured using octave band analyzer and vibration meter. Clinical ENT examination, height and body weight for body mass index, blood pressure and blood glucose level tests were performed. The subjects were divided into four groups : the normal one, only hearing or balance problem group, group of both disturbances. The risk factors were calculated by bivariate and multivariate or logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS : Mean of bajaj's intensity level was 91 dBA, with minimum intensity 64 dBA, maximum intensity 96 dBA, mean acceleration of vibration was 4,2 misec2. Those results showed that noise and vibration of bajajs were over safety threshold, which has been established by OSHA. The rate of normal subjects was 27.72 %, whereas that of those who suffered from hearing and balance problems was 27,43%, and only 17.14% had hearing problems and 27,71 % had balance problems. The total was 72,28 % of disturbance. From the multivariate analysis, hearing and balance problems were influenced by age more than 40 years old, working periods more than 9 years, daily working hours more than 8 hours, history of heavy smoking habit and obesity. Balance problems were influenced by the same factors. But the working period was 5.9 years and hearing problems were only influenced by age more than 40 years old. It was concluded that balance function was more sensitive than hearing one. For prevention, this study also introduced risk scores for hearing and balance functions based on those physiological factors for workers who worked in noisy and vibrating areas, low risk for scores 0-5, moderate risk for scares 6-10 and high risk for scores more than 11. The sensitivity level was 70,83% and specificity was 73,20 %.

CONCLUSIONS : Mean of bajaj's intensity level was 91 dBA, with minimum intensity 64 dBA, maximum intensity 96 dBA. mean acceleration of vibration was 4,2 misec2, which are over the safety threshold. Noise and vibration could induce hearing and balance problems in 72,28% of drivers. Those problems are influenced by several factors such as age, working periods, daily working hours, smoking habit and obesity."

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