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"Penduduk di kawasan Asia Pacifik memiliki asupan nutrisi serta status nutrisi yang sangat beragam. Asupan enersi harian serta proporsi asupan lemak dalam makanan yang tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh penduduk Selandia Baru (enersi total 3475 Kkal; proporsi lemak 37,2% atau 1293 Kkal), sedangkan yang terendah adalah penduduk Thailand (enersi total 2288 Kkal; proporsi lemak 13,1% atau 300 Kkal). Sedangkan penduduk Indonesia adalah nomor tiga dari bawah (enersi total 2631 Kkal; proporsi lemak 14,5% atau 381,9 Kkal). Asupan lemak hewani adalah 29,7% (1033 Kkal) dari asupan enersi harian total pada penduduk Selandia Baru, sedangkan mortality rate untuk penyakit jantung koroner (CHD) juga yang tertinggi (228 per 100.000 penduduk untuk pria dan 173 untuk wanita). Sebaliknya, asupan lemak hewani penduduk Indonesia hanya 1,47% (38,7 Kkal) dari asupan enersi harian total, sedangkan mortality rate di bawah 50 per 100.000 penduduk untuk pria dan wanita. Dibanding dengan nilai limabelas tahun sebelumnya, asupan lemak hewani penduduk Selandia Baru telah menurun 90%, Australia 88%, Filipina 99%, sedangkan Indonesia justru meningkat 157%. Di Selandia Baru dan Australia, proporsi kematian akibat penyakit kardio-vaskuler (CVD) untuk pria adalah di atas 40% dari total kematian. Sebaliknya, Jepang adalah sebuah negara maju tetapi memiliki mortalty rate untuk CVD kurang dari 30% dari total kematian. Dengan nilai ini, Jepang setara dengan negara yang kurang begitu maju seperti Malaysia dan Filipina. Namun dalam hal cerebrovascular (stroke) mortality, Jepang tergolong kelompok dengan kategori tertinggi. Nampaknya selain asupan lemak yang tinggi, stres dan mungkin juga berbagai faktor lain menjadi sebab utama timbulnya stroke. Nilai rata-rata asupan enersi harian total penduduk Indonesia adalah 2631 Kkal, yang terdiri atas 8,7% protein (228,9 Kkal, 52,2 g), 76,8% hidratarang (2020 Kkal, 505 g), dan 14,5% lemak (381,9 Kkal, 42,4 g). Asupan lemak hewani penduduk Indonesia hanya 4,3 g perhari (38,7 Kkal) yakni sebesar 1,47% dari asupan enersi harian total. Walau rendah, namun nilai ini meningkat 157% dari nilai limabelas tahun sebelumnya. Mortality rate untuk CHD di Indonesia masih relatif rendah (di bawah 50 per 100.000), namun ini hanya soal waktu saja dan akan segera meningkat sejalan dengan meningkatnya asupan lemak (terutama hewani) dan asupan enersi total. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 252-7)

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Countries in the Asia-Pacific region differ widely with respect to their nutritional intake and nutritional status. The highest daily energy and proportion of fat intakes of the population is shown by the New Zealanders (total energy 3475 Kcals; fat proportion 37.2% or 1293 Kcals), while the lowest is the Siamese (total energy 2288 Kcals; fat proportion 13.1% or 300 Kcals). The Indonesian on the other hand, is at the third from the bottom (total energy 2631 Kcals; proportion of fat is 14.5% or 381.9 Kcals). Animal fat contributes to 29.7% (1033 Kcals) of the total daily energy intake of the New Zealanders (total 3475 Kcals), and the mortality rate coronary heart disease (CHD) is also the highest (228 per 100,000 populations for men and 173 for women). In contrast, the proportion of animal fat in Indonesian menu is only 1.47% (38.7 Kcals) of the total daily energy intake, while the CHD mortality rate is still below 50 per 100,000 for both men and women. Compared to the same values fifteen years before, animal fat intake of the New Zealanders has a decrease of 90%, Australian 88%, Philippines 99%, however the Indonesian on the other hand, has an increase of 157%. In New Zealand and Australia, the proportion of mortality attributed to cardiovascular disease (CVD) for men accounts for over 40% of total mortality. Japan however, the proportion mortality rate for CVD is only less than 30% of total mortality. In this level, Japan places itself among less industrialized group such as Malaysia and the Philippines. In the case of cerebrovascular (stroke) mortality however, Japan belongs to the highest category group. It seems that apart of high fat intake, stress and possibly also other factors play a major role in the development of stroke. The mean Indonesian total energy intake is 2631 Kcals, consisting of 8.7% protein (228.9 Kcals, 52.2 g), 76.8% carbohydrate (2020 Kcals, 505 g), and 14.5% fat (381.9 Kcals, 42.4 g). Animal fat intake is only 4.3 g/day (38.7 Kcals) which is 1.47% of the total energy intake. Although appears to be low, but it has a 157% increase if compared to the same value fifteen years before. Indonesian CHD mortality rate is still relatively low (below 50 per 100,000), however it is only a matter of time that the this value will soon increase in line with the increase of fat (especially animal fat) and total energy intakes. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 252-7)"

"Suatu penelitian “cross-sectional” dilakukan untuk mempelajari hubungan antara kadar peroksida lipid plasma dengan usia serta factor-faktor lain yang ada pada kelompok lanjut usia. Empat ratus empat puluh pria dan wanita berusia 55-85 tahun dipilih secara random dari para lanjut usia binaan puskesmas di Jakarta. Pemeriksaan fisik setelah anamnesa dan juga pengambilan sampel darah dilakukan pagi hari dalam keadaan puasa. Lipid plasma dan peroksida lipid plasma diukur jumlahnya menggunakan metode standard. Didapatkan perbedaan kadar peroksida lipid yang berhubungan dengan umur; yaitu kadarnya terus meningkat sampai kelompok umur 70 tahun. Para lanjut usia yang berusia 70 tahun atau lebih mempunyai kadar peroksida lipid plasma yang lebih rendah. Kadar peroksida lipid ini tidak dipengaruhi oleh kadar lipid plasma. Kadar peroksid lipid meningkat pada mereka yang menderita penyakit kronis degeneratif, makin banyak jenis penyakitnya makin tinggi kadar peroksida lipid. (Med J Indones 2004; 14: 71-7)

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A cross-sectional study was done to see the possible association of plasma lipid peroxides in the elderly with age and other factors. Plasma lipid peroxides is a product of free radical reactions which according to the latest theory of aging is the cause of aging process. Lipid peroxides were also found high in coronary heart disease. Four hundred forty relatively healthy elderly, age 55-85 years, were randomly chosen from free living elderly under guidance of health care centers (PUSKESMAS) in Jakarta. Anamnesis and physical examination were done in the morning in the health centers. Blood samples were taken in fasting conditions, plasma lipids and lipid peroxides were measured according to standard methods. There was an age difference of lipid peroxides level in the elderly, which increased with age up to 70 years old. Elderly 70 years old and over had low plasma lipid peroxides. The level was not related to high plasma lipids.Higher level was found when more chronic degenerative diseases were found. (Med J Indones 2004; 14: 71-7)"

"Cardiovascular disease has not only affected the quality of human resources, but also a primary cause of deathin Indonesia today. The high incidence of cardiovascular risk factors among diverse ethnicity in Indonesia have incurred a speculation that is closely related to the food consumption as well as nutrient intake patterns among ethnic group in Indonesia, such as Minangkabau, Sundanese, Javanese and Buginese.The general objective of this study is to study the importance of the ethnic factors for known risk factor of CVD. This study consists of three cross sectional studies. Each cross sectional study had its own objective and own sample size. The objectives of the first cross sectional study was to describe nutrient intake patterns and body mass index among the four ethnic group. The objective of the second cross sectional study was to describe lipid profiles among the four ethnic groups. While the objective of the third cross sectionl study were to assess the interplay between ethnics, nutrient intake patterns, body mass index and physical activity index as predictors determinant of lipid profiles in the study population and also to assess the association between nutrient intake patterns and lipid profiles among MInangkabau, Sundanese, Javanese and Bugines ethnic."

"Societies work best where citizens trust their fellow citizens, work cooperatively for common goals, and thus share a civic culture. The accumulation of reciprocal trust, as demonstrated by voluntary efforts for the creation of common goods, builds social capital and contributes to effective government. This volume advances the study of social capital across chronological and geographical space. It examines voluntary associations, comparatively and cross-culturally, as important indicators of citizen readiness for civic engagement. An important conclusion, along the way, is that social capital may not be continuous, or endure. Several of the authors wonder if the accumulation and diminution of social capital will prove cyclical. Or has there been a societal deterioration as we enter a more anonymous age? This book is ultimately about the pattern of social and civic interactions in past times, and how these patterns may no longer exist."

"POLA TRANSFORMASI STRUKTURAL INDONESIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI KONVENSIONAL DAN ISLAM PERIODE 1960-2018Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pola transformasi struktural yang terjadi di Indonesia serta analisa syariah terhadap proses tersebut. Dengan menggunakan data Indonesia selama 50 tahun terakhir, yang kemudian dianalisa dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis, serta metode Sistem Neraca Sosial dan Ekonomi (SNSE) untuk menunjang analisa, ditemukan bukti bahwa Indonesia secara pola telah mengalami proses transformasi ekonomi. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan seiring peningkatan pendapatan per kapita, terjadi penurunan proporsi pertanian dan naiknya sektor industri dan jasa. Namun dalam prosesnya, struktur ekonomi Indonesia tidak menunjukkan kondisi yang ideal, diantaranya penyediaan lapangan pekerjaan yang tidak sesuai di setiap sektornya, komposisi PDB Indonesia yang tumbuh stagnan bahkan mengalami penurunan, serta ketimpangan yang semakin naik. Dalam sudut pandang syariah, proses transformasi harus dikaji ulang seuai dengan kondisi ideal yang ditetapkan oleh Al-Qur'an dan sunnah.Kata kunci: transformasi struktural; pertumbuhan ekonomi; pendapatan per kapita; perspektif Islam

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INDONESIA STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION PATTERNS IN CONVENTIONAL AND ISLAMIC ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE PERIOD 1960-2018

The objective of this study is to analyze the pattern of Indoensia structural transformation and sharia analysis of the process. Using Indonesian data for the past 50 years, which analize using descriptive analysis and Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) methods to support analysis, evidence was found that Indonesia had patterned a process of economic transformation. This is indicated by the increase in per capita income, followed by a decline in the proportion of agriculture and increasing in industrial and services sector. But in the process, the structure of the Indonesian economy doesnt show ideal conditions, including the provision of jobs that are not suitable in each sector, the composition of Indonesias GDP that grows steadily even decreases, and increasing inequality. In the Islamic perspective, the transformation process must be reviewed according to the ideal conditions set by the Quran and the Sunnah.

Keywords: structural transformation; economic growth; income percapita; Islamic perspective"