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"Spans all of western history, and examines the core beliefs about human nature and society that informed the development of criminal justice systems. The fifth edition gives increased coverage of American law enforcement, corrections, and legal systems * Each chapter is enhanced with supplemental "Timeline," "Time Capsule," and "Featured Outlaw" boxes as well as discussion questions, notes and problems * Contains discussion questions, notes, learning objectives, key terms lists, biographical vignettes of key historical figures, and "History Today" exercises to engage the reader and encourage critical thinking."

"Penulisan tesis ini membahas mengenai permasalahan pemidanaan terhadap terdakwa anak yang terancam pidana minimum khusus dalam praktek di pengadilan sebelum berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak, dasar pertimbangan hakim dalam menjatuhkan pidana di bawah ancaman pidana minimum khusus terhadap terdakwa anak yang terancam pidana minimum khusus sebelum berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak, serta bertentangan atau tidaknya putusan hakim yang menjatuhkan pidana di bawah ancaman pidana minimum khusus terhadap terdakwa anak yang terancam pidana minimum khusus sebelum berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak dengan asas legalitas. Dari hasil penelitian yang bersifat yuridis normatif, di mana penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan sumber data sekunder dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka yang meliputi bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa pemidanaan terhadap terdakwa anak yang terancam pidana minimum khusus dapat dijatuhkan di bawah ancaman pidana minimum khusus, kendati pengaturan mengenai hal tersebut belum ada (sebelum diundangkan dan diberlakukannya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak). Pemidanaan di bawah ancaman pidana minimum khusus terhadap terdakwa anak yang terancam pidana minimum khusus tersebut dijatuhkan dengan melakukan pertimbangan-pertimbangan tertentu. Selanjutnya, Penjatuhan pidana di bawah ancaman pidana minimum khusus terhadap terdakwa anak yang terancam pidana minimum khusus tidaklah bertentangan dengan asas legalitas, karena di sini hakim bukan sebuah "corong" atau "terompet"-nya undang-undang (la bouche de la loi) yang hanya menerapkan hukum yang ada secara apa adanya, melainkan hakim juga memiliki tugas untuk melakukan rechtvinding yang artinya adalah menyelaraskan undang-undang dengan tuntutan jaman, salah satunya dengan cara melakukan interpretasi atau menafsirkan undang-undang dalam rangka memperjelas atau melengkapi undang-undang tersebut.

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This thesis is to discuss the issues of punishment for the accused children who threatened by special minimum sentence in court practice before the enactment of Law No. 11 Year 2012 About Children Criminal Justice System, the basic consideration of judges in imposing capital below the special minimum sentence against the accused children who threatened by special minimum sentencing before the enactment of Law No. 11 Year 2012 About Children Criminal Justice System, as well as whether or not the judge's decision which below the special minimum sentence against the accused children who threatened by special minimum sentencing before the enactment of Law No. 11 Year 2012 About Children Criminal Justice System contradicts with the principle of legality.

From the research that is normative, where the research was conducted based on secondary sources and examine library materials including primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials, we concluded that the punishment for the accused children who threatened by special minimum sentence, could be below the special minimum sentence, although the regulation on that matter not already yet (before the promulgation and enactment of Law No. 11 Year 2012 About Children Criminal Justice System).

Punishment below the special minimum sentence imposed by certain considerations. Furthermore, the punishment below the special minimum sentence for the accused children who threatened by special minimum sentence is not against the principle of legality, because here the judge is not a "funnel" or "horn" of the law (la bouche de la loi) that just simply apply existing law as it is, but the judge also has a duty to perform rechtvinding which means aligning legislation with the spirit of the age, one way to interpretation the law in order to clarify or supplement the law."

"ABSTRAKKepolisian Republik Indonesia merupakan gerbang utama dalam criminal justice system, sehingga penentuan kearahmana penanganan tindak pidana ditentukan pada awal proses di kepolisian dalam penyelidikan maupun penyidikan, tujuan hukum yaitu untuk kemanfaatan, kepastian hukum dan keadilan, seringkali tidak dinamisnya tujuan hukum antara kemanfaatan dan kepastian hukum, hal ini menjadi polemik di masyarakat karena polisi selalu mengedepankan asas legalitas dalam mencapai kepastian hukum, sehingga kepolisian terlihat rigid dalam menangani suatu tindak pidana, sehingga hal ini menjadi perhatian khusus oleh Kepolisian Republik Indonesia yaitu dengan keluarnya Surat Edaran Kepala Kepolisian Republik Indonesia No. SE/8/VII/2018 tanggal 27 Juli 2018 tentang Penerapan Keadilan Restoratif (Restorative Justice) Dalam Penyelesaian Perkara Pidana, sehingga melalui restorative justice ini akan menjawab keresahan yang ada dimasyarakat, aplikasi dari restorative justice ini diaplikasikan dengan mediasi penal, yaitu perkara pidana yang diselesaikan dengan cara mediasi antara pelaku dengan korban, sehingga menjadi menarik bagaimana penyelesaian perkara pidana oleh Kepolisian Republik Indonesia menggunakan mediasi penal berdasarkan konsep keadilan restoratif serta sejauhmana luas penerapan kebijakan hukum pidana dalam penyelesaian perkara pidana dihubungkan dengan konsep keadilan restoratif.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yaitu bersifat deskripsi analitis, dengan pendekatan yang mengkaji atau menganalisis study kasus, study empiris, self evaluasi dan data sekunder seperti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder dan bahan hukum tersier. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yakni pendekatan aturan yaitu Surat Edaran Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia No. SE/8/VII/2018 tanggal 27 Juli 2018 tentang Penerapan Keadilan Restoratif (Restorative Justice) Dalam Penyelesaian Perkara Pidana dan Pendekatan Konsep yaitu konsep restorative justice sebagai grand theory, kebijakan hukum pidana sebagai midle theory, dan mediasi penal sebagai aplied theory.Surat edaran tentang restorative justice secara normatif bisa diterapkan oleh penyidik dalam menyelesaikan perkara pidana melalui mediasi penal, namun secara faktual tidak adanya keseragaman dalam menerapkan surat edaran tentang restorative justice tersebut, karena adanya perbedaan paham dalam menerapkan restorative justice, ada yang menerapkan sesuai dengan surat edaran, namun ada pula yang masih secara konvesnional sebelum berlakunya surat edaran tersebut.

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ABSTRACTThe Indonesian National Police is the main gate in criminal justice system, therefore;the determination of the direction in handling the crime is determined at the beginning of the process at the police in inquiry and investigation, the purpose of law is for expediency, legal certainty and justice, oftentimes there are lacks of dynamism between the legal objectives of benefit and legal certainty, this thing becomes a polemic in the community because the police always prioritizes the principle of legality in achieving legal certainty, therefore; the police looks rigid in handling a crime, as a result; this becomes a special concern for the Indonesian National Police by the issuance of the Indonesian National Police Chief Circular Letter No. SE/8/VII/2018 dated 27th July 2018 concerningthe Implementation of Restorative Justice in the Settlement of Criminal Cases, therefore; through this restorative justice will answer the unrest in the community, the application of restorative justice is applied by using penal mediation which is criminal cases that is resolved by mediating between the perpetrators and the victims, as a result; the settlement of criminal cases by the Indonesian National Police becomes interesting based on the concept of restorative justice and the extent to which the application of criminal law policies in the settlement of criminal cases which is related to the restorative justice concept.This research used a qualitative analytical descriptive method with an approach that examined or analyzed case studies, empirical studies, self-evaluation and secondary data such as references or secondary data which was consisted of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The research approach which was used in this study namely the rule approachthat was the Indonesian National Police Chief Circular Letter No. SE/8/VII/2018 dated 27th July 2018 concerning the Implementation of Restorative Justicein the Settlement of Criminal Cases and Approaches Concept that was the concept of restorative justice as grand theory, criminal law policy as middle theory, and mediation of penal as applied theory.Circular on restorative justice could be applied normatively byinvestigators in resolving criminal cases through penal mediation, however; in fact there was no uniformity in applying the circular about restorative justice, because ofdifferences in understanding in applying restorative justice, there were those who applied according to the circular, however; in other cases some of them were still used conventional way before the entry into force of the circular."

"Proses pelayanan peradilan pidana mulai dari proses penyelidikan, penyidikan, penuntutan, sidang di pengadilan dan pemasyarakatan telah diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Namun kemudian, berbagai permasalahan kemudian muncul, mayotitas adalah berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan yang tidak sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur proses peradilan pidana tersebut. Ombudsman sebagai pengawas penyelenggaraan publik mempunyai peran dalam melakukan pencegahan dan pemeriksaan atas dugaan Maladministrasi yang terjadi dalam proses peradilan pidana tersebut, Maladministrasi tersebut juga berpotensi menimbulkan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, pengawasan dalam proses penyelenggaraan pelayanan publik pada proses peradilan pidana dilakukan oleh pengawas internal seperti Inspektorat, Jaksa Agung Muda Pengawasan maupun Hakim Pengawas. Pengawasan eksternal kemudian dilakukan juga oleh beberapa instasni seperti Ombudsman. Namun kemudian, pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh Ombudsman tentu tersebut pada aspek administrasi atau formil peradilan. Hal tersebut dikarenakan, dalam hukum materiil pada proses pemeriksaan pidana menjadi kewenangan dari aparat penegak hukum. Dalam pelaksanaan kewenangan pengawasannya, Ombudsman juga memiliki kendala seperti sifat hasil pemeriksaan akhir Ombudsman yaitu saran perbaikan, tindakan korektif atau rekomendasi yang belum sepenuhnya dilaksanakan oleh instansi yang dilaporkan.

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The process of criminal justice services starting from the process of investigation, investigation, prosecution, trial in court and correctional institutions has been regulated in statutory regulations. However, later, various problems then emerged, the majority of which were related to implementation that was not under the laws and regulations governing the criminal justice process. The Ombudsman as supervisor of public administration has a role in preventing and examining alleged maladministration that occurred in the criminal justice process, this maladministration also has the potential to cause human rights violations. Based on the results of the research, supervision in the process of providing public services in the criminal justice process is carried out by internal supervisors such as the Inspectorate, Deputy Attorney General for Supervision, and Supervisory Judges. External supervision is also carried out by several agencies such as the Ombudsman. But then, the supervision carried out by the Ombudsman is certainly on the administrative or formal aspects of the judiciary. This is because, in material law, the criminal examination process is the authority of law enforcement officials. In carrying out its supervisory authority, the Ombudsman also has obstacles such as the nature of the results of the Ombudsman's final inspection, namely suggestions for improvement, corrective action, or recommendations that have not been fully implemented by the agency reported."