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"Latar belakang: Penelitian epidemiologi pada pekerja kelistrikan yang terpajan medan elektromagnet (EMF) memperlihatkan terjadi peningkatan risiko leukemia, limfoma dan tumor otak. Hasil penelitian terdahulu dengan pajanan medan elektromagnet (1-5 kV) hingga 4 generasi mencit menimbulkan kelainan morfologi dan tumor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pajanan dengan medan elektromagnet terus menerus dengan tegangan 3, 4 dan 5 kV pada mencit berimplikasi terhadap rusaknya kromosom yang dideteksi sebagai pembentukan kromosom double minute.Metode: Empat pasang mencit galur Swiss Webster umur 3-4 bulan, dipajankan terhadap EMF 3, 4, dan 5 kV, dan satu pasang diambil sebagai kontrol tanpa pajanan. Pembentukan double minute diperiksa pada semua turunan, kecuali satu pasang untuk dipajan seperti di atas untuk mendapatkan generasi F2, dan F3 . Dua puluh metafase kromosom diperiksa, dan frekuensi double minute dihitung pada tiga generasi semua kelompok.Hasil: Frekuensi double minute pada mencit F1, F2, dan F3 yang dipajan EMF 3 kV adalah berturut-turut (0,78+0,08; 0,83+0,09; dan 0,80+0,05). Pada pajanan 4 KV (0,083+0,11; 0,73+0,03; dan 0,96+0,15), dan 5 kV (0,96+0,25; 0,75+0,05; dan 0.99+0.33), sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol tidak ditemukan. Frekuensi double minute pada mencit yang dipajan dengan EMF lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan kontrolnya.Kesimpulan: Pajanan medan elektromagnet terus menerus dengan tegangan 3 kV, 4 kV, dan 5 kV selama tiga generasi menyebabkan peningkatan perubahan pada kromosom yang menghasilkan double minute. (Med J Indones 2011; 20:109-13).

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AbstractBackground: Epidemiological studies indicate increased risk of leukemia, lymphoma, and brain tumor among electrical workers exposed to electromagnetic fi eld (EMF). Other investigator reported that continuous exposure of four successive generations of mice to EMF in doses of 1 kV to 5 kV caused tumor formation in offspring. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of continuous exposure of three successive generations of mice (Mus musculus L) to EMF of 3 kV, 4 kV, and 5 kV and its implication of chromosomal breakage, as detected by double minute formation.Methods: Four couples of mice of Swiss Webster strain, 3-4 months of age, and 7-40 gram of body weight were exposed to EMF at the doses of 3 kV, 4 kV, and 5 kV, and one couple served as control. Double minute formation was examined in all offspring, except one couple of each group to be exposed with the same doses of EMF to get the F2 generation, and so forth until F3 generation. Twenty metaphases of chromosomes were examined and frequencies of double minute were calculated in the three generations of all group.Results: Frequencies of double minute in F1, F2, and F3 of mice exposed to EMF of 3 kV were respectively 0.78+0.08; 0.83+0.09; and 0.80+0.05. In the 4 kV group were 0.083+0.11; 0.73+0.03; and 0.96+0.15, and in the 5 kV group were 0.96+0.25; 0.75+0.05; and 0.99+0.33, whereas no double minute chromosomes were noted in control group. Frequencies of the double minute in mice exposed to EMF were signifi cantly higher than control group.Conclusions: Continuous exposure of mice during three successive generations to EMF at doses of 3 kV, 4 kV, and 5 kV causes increased chromosomal breakage as detected as double minute chromosome formation. (Med J Indones 2011; 20:109-13)"

"Exremely low frequency-electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) merupakan salah satu jenis radiasi non-ion yang dapat dihasilkan dari perangkat listrik rumah tangga atau alat komunikasi elektronik. Paparan ELF-EMF jangka panjang diduga mengganggu pelepasan hormon gonadotropin yang berperan dalam perkembangan dan pematangan folikel ovarium, terutama perkembangan folikel pre antral menjadi folikel antral ataupun folikel de Graaf. Oleh karena itu, melalui penelitian ini dapat diamati pengaruh paparan ELF-EMF dengan berbagai tegangan terhadap jumlah dan morfologi folikel de Graaf. Penelitian ini juga melihat apakah ada efek kumulatif pajanan medan elektromagnetik pada generasi-generasi selanjutnya. Dua belas pasang mencit strain Swiss Webster (P) dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok perlakuan 3 kV 5,5 μT, kelompok perlakuan 4 kV 5,4 μT, dan kelompok perlakuan 5 kV 5,3 μT. Perlakuan ini dilanjutkan dan diberikan pada mencit generasi pertama (F1), generasi kedua (F2), dan generasi ketiga (F3). Selanjutnya lima ekor mencit usia 2,5 bulan dari masing-masing kelompok perlakuan pada tiap generasi diperiksa ovariumnya untuk mengevaluasi jumlah dan morfologi folikel de Graaf. Uji hipotesis Kruskall-Wallis menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna jumlah folikel de Graaf (p=0,480) dan folikel atresia de Graaf (p=0,336) di antara kelompok. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa pemajanan ELF-EMF tidak mempengaruhi jumlah dan morfologi folikel de Graaf mencit strain Swiss Webster serta tidak dijumpai efek kumulatif pemajanan pada generasi-generasi seterusnya.

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Extremely low frequency- electromagnetic fields are categorized as non-ionising radiation which could be produced by electrical household appliances or communication devices. ELF-EMF long term exposure suggested can disturb releasing gonadotropine hormon (GnRH) which have a role in follicle development and maturation, especially pre antral follicle development. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the influence of extremely low frequency-electromagnetic field in varying frequencies on number and morphology of follicle de Graaf. This study also evaluate ELF-EMF cumulative effect on multiple generation (F1, F2, and F3). Twelve pairs mice strains Swiss Webster as parental mice (F0) were divided into four groups. One group as control and three other groups were exposed by magnetic field,which doses were 3kV 5,5μT, 4kV 5,4μT,and 5kV 5,3μT. These treatments were also given to first, second, and third generation. Five female mices aged 2,5 months from each first (F1), second (F2),and third (F3) generation on each groups were examined to evaluate number and morphology (atresia follicle) of de Graaf follicle from their ovarium. The hypothesis was tested using Kruskall-Wallis which show no significant difference between groups on follicle de Graaf number (p=0,480) and atresia follicle de Graaf (p=0,336). These results suggest ELF-EMF exposure don?t affect number and morphology of follicle de Graaf and there are no cumulative effect on multiple generation."

"Pajanan medan elektromagnetik dapat mengganggu sistem reproduksi pria, khususnya tahap spermatogenesis. Beberapa penelitian tentang pajanan medan elektromagnetik terhadap spermatogenesis telah dilakukan. Meskipun demikian, penelitian tersebut hanya pada satu tegangan dan satu generasi saja. Untuk itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pajanan medan elektromagnetik pada beberapa tegangan dan beberapa generasi terhadap jumlah spermatogonia-A yang merupakan komponen penting spermatogenesis. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental dengan memajan mencit strain Webster jantan generasi pertama (F1), generasi kedua (F2), dan generasi ketiga (F3) menggunakan medan elektromagnetik dengan tegangan 3 kV/10 cm dengan kuat medan magnet 5,5 uT ; 4 kV/10 cm dengan kuat medan magnet 5,4 uT ; dan 5 kV/10 cm kuat medan magnet 5,3 uT. Mencit dipajan dari embrio sampai dewasa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi penurunan jumlah sel spermatogonia-A secara bermakna (analisis Kruskal-Wallis p<0,05) dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Penurunan tersebut cenderung sebanding dengan peningkatan tegangan dan sebanding dengan generasi.

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Electromagnetic field exposure can disrupt the male reproductive system, especially spermatogenesis stage. A number of research about electromagnetic field exposure to spermatogenesis have been done. However, those researchs involve only one voltage and one generation of mice. This research is to understand the effect of exposing several generation of mice to electromagnetic field in several voltage to the number of spermatogonia-A cells which is important component in spermatogenesis.

The design of this research is experimental by exposing first generation of male Webster strain mice (F1), second generation (F2), and third generation (F3) to electric field of 3 kV/10 cm and magnetic field of 5,5 uT; electric field of 4kV/10 cm and magnetic field 5,4 uT; and electric filed of 5 kV/10 cm and magnetic field of 5,3 uT. The mice were exposed from embrio until adult. Electromagnetic field exposure cause decrease in the number of spermatogonia-A cells first generation (F1), second generation (F2), and third generation (F3). Electromagnetic field exposure in a variety of voltage levels cause decrease in the number of cell spermatogonia-A cells.

Results of statistic analysis (Kruskal-Wallis Analysis) show that a significant decrease (p<0,05) in the number spermatogonia-A compared to control. The decrease in number of spermatogonia-A lean to the increasing voltage of electromagnetic field and generation of mice."

"ABSTRAKPeralatan elektrik rumah tangga merupakan bentuk Extremely Low Frequency - Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) yang diduga dapat mempengaruhi aktivitashormonal siklus ovarium, termasuk folikulogenesis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh pemajanan ELF-EMF dengan tegangan tertentu (kontrol, 3 kV, 4 kV, 5 kV) terhadap jumlah dan morfologi folikel primer, serta melihat ada tidaknya efek kumulatif antar-generasi (generasi pertama, kedua, dan ketiga).Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimental pada mencit strain Swiss Webster. Mencit yang dietanasi akan diambil ovariumnya untuk dijadikan sampel penelitian. Sampel untuk tiap tegangan dan tiap generasi berjumlah sebanyak 5 buah, dengan total yang akan dianalisis sebanyak 60 sampel. Pada uji normalitas dengan Kolmogorov-smirnov, data yang terdistribusi normal (p 0,05) dianalisis dengan uji one-way ANOVA, sedangkan data yang distribusinya tidak normal (p < 0,05) dianalisis dengan uji Kruskal-wallis. Seluruh analisis data menunjukkan p 0,05, sehingga tidak dilanjutkan dengan analisis Post Hoc. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemajanan ELF-EMF pada berbagai tegangan tidak mempengaruhi jumlah dan morfologi folikel primer mencit, serta tidak terdapat efek kumulatif antar-generasi.

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ABSTRACTHousehold electrical appliances is a form of Extremely Low Frequency -Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) that might impact on hormonal activity ofovarian cycle, including folliculogenesis. This study aimed to examine the effectof ELF-EMF exposure with a certain voltage (control, 3 kV, 4 kV, 5 kV) to thenumber and morphology of primary follicles, and see whether there is acumulative effect of inter-generation (first, second, and third generation). Themethod used is experimental on strain Swiss Webster mice. Executed mice?sovary will be taken for the research sample. Sample for each voltage and eachgeneration amounted to as much as 5 pieces, with a total of 60 samples will beanalyzed. In the test of normality with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, normallydistributed data (p
0.05) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test, whileunnormally distributed data (p <0.05) were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test.The entire analysis of the data showed p
0.05, so it is not followed by Post Hocanalysis. Therefore, it can be concluded that exposure of ELF-EMF with certainvoltage does not affect the number and morphology of primary follicles of mice,and there is no cumulative effect of inter-generational.;Household electrical appliances is a form of Extremely Low Frequency -Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) that might impact on hormonal activity ofovarian cycle, including folliculogenesis. This study aimed to examine the effectof ELF-EMF exposure with a certain voltage (control, 3 kV, 4 kV, 5 kV) to thenumber and morphology of primary follicles, and see whether there is acumulative effect of inter-generation (first, second, and third generation). Themethod used is experimental on strain Swiss Webster mice. Executed mice?sovary will be taken for the research sample. Sample for each voltage and eachgeneration amounted to as much as 5 pieces, with a total of 60 samples will beanalyzed. In the test of normality with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, normallydistributed data (p
0.05) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test, whileunnormally distributed data (p <0.05) were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test.The entire analysis of the data showed p
0.05, so it is not followed by Post Hocanalysis. Therefore, it can be concluded that exposure of ELF-EMF with certainvoltage does not affect the number and morphology of primary follicles of mice,and there is no cumulative effect of inter-generational.;Household electrical appliances is a form of Extremely Low Frequency -Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) that might impact on hormonal activity ofovarian cycle, including folliculogenesis. This study aimed to examine the effectof ELF-EMF exposure with a certain voltage (control, 3 kV, 4 kV, 5 kV) to thenumber and morphology of primary follicles, and see whether there is acumulative effect of inter-generation (first, second, and third generation). Themethod used is experimental on strain Swiss Webster mice. Executed mice?sovary will be taken for the research sample. Sample for each voltage and eachgeneration amounted to as much as 5 pieces, with a total of 60 samples will beanalyzed. In the test of normality with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, normallydistributed data (p
0.05) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test, whileunnormally distributed data (p <0.05) were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test.The entire analysis of the data showed p
0.05, so it is not followed by Post Hocanalysis. Therefore, it can be concluded that exposure of ELF-EMF with certainvoltage does not affect the number and morphology of primary follicles of mice,and there is no cumulative effect of inter-generational.;Household electrical appliances is a form of Extremely Low Frequency -Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) that might impact on hormonal activity ofovarian cycle, including folliculogenesis. This study aimed to examine the effectof ELF-EMF exposure with a certain voltage (control, 3 kV, 4 kV, 5 kV) to thenumber and morphology of primary follicles, and see whether there is acumulative effect of inter-generation (first, second, and third generation). Themethod used is experimental on strain Swiss Webster mice. Executed mice?sovary will be taken for the research sample. Sample for each voltage and eachgeneration amounted to as much as 5 pieces, with a total of 60 samples will beanalyzed. In the test of normality with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, normallydistributed data (p
0.05) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test, whileunnormally distributed data (p <0.05) were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test.The entire analysis of the data showed p
0.05, so it is not followed by Post Hocanalysis. Therefore, it can be concluded that exposure of ELF-EMF with certainvoltage does not affect the number and morphology of primary follicles of mice,and there is no cumulative effect of inter-generational."

"Energi listrik telah menjadi bagian yang penting dalam kehidupan manusia, terlebih lagi di zaman modern seperti saat ini, dimana dengan semakin meningkatnya perkembangan teknologi dan informasi, penggunaan alat elektrik rumah tangga yang diketahui merupakan sumber Extremely Low Frequency - Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) tidak dapat dielakkan lagi. Pemajanan ELFEMF dalam jangka panjang diketahui memiliki banyak dampak bagi kesehatan manusia, termasuk sistem reproduksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat pengaruh pajanan ELF-EMF terhadap jumlah dan morfologi folikel tersier ovarium mencit.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan mencit strain Webster sebagai hewan coba. Kelompok penelitian yang digunakan, yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok perlakuan merupakan kelompok mencit yang diberikan pajanan ELF-EMF dengan tegangan masing-masing 3 kV, 4 kV, dan 5 kV. Masing-masing kelompok tersebut akan diamati pada setiap generasi, mulai dari generasi pertama hingga ketiga. Kemudian sampel diambil dari setiap kelompok penelitian untuk diamati di bawah mikroskop.Hasilnya menunjukan bahwa terdapat penurunan jumlah folikel tersier yang bermakna pada generasi pertama dan ketigadi semua besar tegangan yang diberikan. Didapati juga peningkatan jumlah folikel tersier atresia yang bermakna pada generasi pertama dan generasi kedua di semua besar tegangan. Sedangkan efek akumulasi pajanan ELF-EMF terhadap jumlah dan morfologi folikel tersier belum dapat dibuktikan.

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Electrical energy has become an important part of human life, especially in this modern society where the increasing development of information technology led to increase use of electrical appliances household that known as a source of Extremely Low Frequency - Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF). Prolonged exposure of ELF-EMF can cause many effects on human health, including reproductive system. This study aimed to examines the effect of ELF-EMF exposure on the number and morphology of ovarian tertiary follicles of mice.This research uses experimental methods with Webster strain mice as experimental animals. There are two research group, the control and the treatment group. Treatment group is the group of mice given exposure to ELF-EMF voltage of 3kV, 4kV and5 kV. Each group will be observed from the first to the third generation. Then the samples were taken from each study group to be observed under a microscope.The result shows that there is a significant decreasing number of tertiary follicles in the first and third generation for all of the voltage. There is also an significant increasing number of tertiary follicle atresia in the first and second generation for all of the voltage. While the cumulative effects of exposure to ELF-EMF and the number of tertiary follicles morphology has not been proven."

"Latar Belakang: Seiring berkembangnya teknologi dan informasi di seluruh dunia, pemakaian tenaga listrik di berbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia, semakin meningkat. Tanpa disadari, hal tersebut mengakibatkan peningkatan pemajanan medan elektromagnet extremely low frequency (ELF) pada kehidupan manusia. Hal tersebut menyebabkan banyak kelainan pada tubuh manusia, termasuk pengaruh terhadap sistem reproduksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pemajanan medan elektromagnet ELF dengan perubahan jumlah folikel ovarium melalui mencit sebagai model. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi eksperimental dengan hewan coba, yang merupakan bagian dari penelitian eksperimental lain yang lebih besar. Kelompok yang digunakan terdiri dari 6 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan yang masing-masing terdiri dari 3 generasi. Penelitian ini membandingkan jumlah folikel ovarium antara mencit kontrol dan perlakuan dari generasi satu sampai generasi tiga serta melihat efek akumulasi pemajanan medan elektromagnet dengan membandingkan jumlah folikel ovarium antar generasi dalam kelompok perlakuan. Data folikel ovarium mencit diperoleh dengan melihat sediaan di bawah mikroskop cahaya untuk menghitung jumlah folikel primer, sekunder, tersier, de Graaf, dan atresia (primer, sekunder dan tersier). Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan jumlah folikel sekunder yang bermakna (p < 0.05, uji t tidak berpasangan) pada kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol generasi pertama, serta terdapat perbedaan jumlah folikel tersier yang bermakna (p < 0.05, uji Mann-Whitney) pada kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol generasi pertama. Sedangkan perbedaan jumlah folikel primer dan folikel de Graaf serta folikel atresia pada kelompok perlakuan tidak bermakna. Begitu pula dengan efek akumulasi pemajanan ( p > 0.05, ANOVA 1 arah dan Kruskal Wallis). Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan adanya penurunan jumlah folikel sekunder dan tersier yang bermakna. Sedangkan penurunan jumlah folikel primer dan folikel de Graaf serta peningkatan folikel atresia pada kelompok perlakuan tidak tebukti, begitu pula dengan efek akumulasi pemajanan.

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Background: The usage of electricity in various countries including Indonesia has been increasing, along with the development of information and technology in the world. Without realizing it, the exposure of extremely low frequency-electromagnetic field on human life is increasing rapidly. This could bring up a lot of abnormalities in human body, including the influence of the electromagnetic field in the reproductive system. This research aims to determine the relationship between extremely low frequency-electromagnetic field exposures on changes of number of ovarian follicle with mice as a model.

Method: The design of this research is experimental design study with laboratory animals, which was part of a bigger experimental research. The mice take divided into 6 groups which were group of control and treatment each consisting of 3 generations. It compared the number of ovarian follicle between control and treatment mice from first generation to third generation and sees the effect of the accumulation electromagnetic field exposure which compares the number of ovarian follicle inter-generation in the treatment group. Mice ovarian follicle data obtained from observing the sample under light microscope to count the number of primary, secondary, tertiary, de Graaf, and atretic (primary, secondary and tertiary) follicle.

Result: There is significant difference in the number of secondary follicles between first generation of treatment and control group (p < 0.05, independent-unpaired-t-test). The significant difference is also found in the number of tertiary follicles between first generation of treatment and control group (p <0.05, Mann-Whitney test). The difference between the number of primary, de Graaf follicles, and atretic follicle in treatment is found not significant. The effect of accumulation in treatment is also found not significant (p > 0,05, One-Way-Anova and Kruskal Wallis).

Conclusion There was a significant decrease in the number of secondary and tertiary follicles. However the decrease in the number of primary follicle and de Graaf follicle, and the increase of atretic follicle in the treatment group were not proved, as well as the effect of the exposure accumulation."

"Radiasi medan elektromagnetik berpotensi menimbulkan gangguan pada sistem reproduksi, utamanya sistem reproduksi pria saat tahap spermatogenesis. Fenomena ini dikarenakan letak testis pada pria lebih superfisial dibandingkan dengan ovarium pada wanita sehingga testis lebih rentan terpapar medan elektromagnetik. Beberapa penelitian mengenai pemajanan medan elektromagnetik terhadap sistem reproduksi mencit Strain Webster telah dilakukan, khususnya efek pada testis. Tetapi, penelitian tersebut hanya terbatas pada pemajanan untuk satu generasi mencit saja. Oleh karena itu, peneliti ingin mengetahui efek pemajanan medan elektromagnetik tingkat sangat rendah pada tiga generasi mencit terhadap diameter tubulus seminiferus yang merupakan komponen penting testis dalam sistem reproduksi mencit jantan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental. Pemajanan dilakukan dengan tiga tegangan yang berbeda, yaitu 3 kV/10 cm dengan kuat medan magnet 5,5 uT ; 4 kV/10 cm dengan kuat medan magnet 5,4 uT ; dan 5 kV/10 cm kuat medan magnet 5,3 uT. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan program SPSS for Windows versi 16 dengan analisis Kruskal-Wallis dan non-parametrik Mann-Whitney. Dalam penelitian ini ditetapkan nilai α sebesar 0,05 dan interval kepercayaan atau confidence interval (CI) sebesar 95 %. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa secara bermakna (p<0,05) telah terjadi penurunan diameter Tubulus Seminiferus pada kelompok terpajan ketika dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Penurunan diameter Tubulus Seminiferus tersebut cenderung sebanding dengan peningkatan tegangan dan berbanding lurus dengan jumlah generasi. Selain itu, telah terjadi perubahan gambaran jaringan testis pada kelompok terpajan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol.

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Electromagnetic Field Radiation is potential to cause disruption in reproductive system, especially spermatogenesis stage in male reproductive system. This phenomenon caused by the position of testis in male is more superficial compared to ovarium position in female, so the testis have greater tendency to get electromagnetic field exposure. Many research about electromagnetic exposure to reproductive system of Webster Strain Mice have been conducted, especially the effect of exposure to testis. However, the exposure in that research are done only in one generation of mice. So, researcher want to know the effect of Extremely Low Frequency-Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) exposure to diameter of seminiferous tubules within three generation of Strain Webster Mice which is important component of reproductive system for the mice.

Experimental is the design of this research, the exposure was done with three different voltages, which are 3 kV/10 cm with magnetic field of 5,5 uT; 4 kV/10 cm with magnetic field of 5,4 uT; and 5 kV/ 10 cm with magnetic field of 5,3 uT. The data was analyzed by SPSS for Windows version 16 software with Kruskal-Wallis analysis nonparametric of Mann-Whitney.

In this research α value of 0,05 and confidence interval of 95% are settled. The result shows that there is significant (p<0,05) decrease in diameter of tubulus seminiferus in intervention group compared to control. The decrease tend to be in direct proportion with increasing voltage and the number of generation. In addition, changes in histological appearance of testis in intervention group have been observed compared to control."

"Penggunaan alat-alat listrik saat ini tidak bisa dihindari, sehingga manusia terpajan dengan Extremely Low Frequency ? Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF). Pemajanan ini dapat menyebabkan gangguan perkembangan folikel ovarium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemajanan ELF-EMF terhadap jumlah dan morfologi folikel sekunder serta untuk melihat efek kumulatif pemajanan tiap generasi. Metode penelitian yaitu eksperimental terhadap mencit betina strain Swiss Webster. Digunakan 12 pasang mencit parental yang mendapatkan empat perlakuan pemajanan. Beberapa mencit dari tiap perlakuan akan dikawinkan untuk mendapatkan mencit generasi pertama, kedua dan ketiga. Mencit lainnya akan dietanasi untuk diambil ovariumnya dan dijadikan preparat. Jumlah preparat yang digunakan yang dianalisis adalah 60 sampel. Setiap sampel diamati untuk mendapatkan jumlah folikel sekunder normal dan folikel sekunder atresia. Uji hipotesis dilakukan uji One-Way ANOVA dan Kruskal-Wallis. Pada analisis data didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna pada folikel atresia sekunder berbagai tegangan di generasi F2 (p=0,002) dan F3 (p=0,027), dan dilanjutkan ke analisis Post Hoc. Didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna antar tegangan di generasi F2 dan F3. Sementara pada analisis data folikel sekunder dan folikel atresia sekunder antar generasi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh pemajanan ELF-EMF berbagai tegangan terhadap morfologi folikel sekunder ovarium. Namun, tidak didapatkan efek kumulatif tiap generasi.

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We can hardly avoid the use of electricity tools, so human are exposed to Extremely Low Frequency ? Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF). This exposure can affect development of ovarian follicles. Aim of this study is to determine the effects of ELF-EMF exposure on number and morphology of secondary follicles, also to see the inter-generational cumulative effects. This study use experimental design and strain Swiss Webster female mice as the subject. There are 12 pairs of parental mice who received four treatments. Some mice from each treatment will be mated to obtain the first, second and third generation of mice. Other mice's ovaries will be taken. There are 60 samples of ovaries preparation to be observed under microscope. Hypothesis testing is done by One-Way ANOVA test and Kruskal-Wallis. There is significant differences in the secondary atresia follicles at the various voltages in the F2 (p = 0,002) and F3 (p = 0,027). The analysis than continue to Post-Hoc analysis. There are significant differences in voltage between F2 and F3 generations, while there are no significant differences in data analysis of secondary follicles and secondary atresia follicles between generations. The conclution is there are significant effects of ELF-EMF exposure to various voltages on secondary ovarian follicles morphology. However, there are no cumulative effects in each generation."

"Peningkatan penggunaan alat elektronik di lingkungan meningkatkan risiko pajanan terhadap kesehatan termasuk sistem reproduksi. Belum terdapat studi yang melihat perbedaan efek pajanan terhadap tiga generasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemajanan medan elektromagnetik frekuensi rendah ekstrim pada mencit strain Swiss Webster terhadap jumlah sel Leydig populasi jantan sampai didapatkan generasi F3 Mencit dibagi ke dalam tiga kelompok pajanan dengan medan elektromagnetik bertegangan 3 kV 4 kV dan 5 kV serta kelompok kontrol tanpa pajanan. Pengamatan histopatologi testis mencit dewasa masing masing kelompok pemajanan menunjukkan penurunan jumlah sel Leydig yang bermakna p 0 05 dibandingkan kontrol. Didapatkan pula penurunan yang bermakna pada generasi F1 F2 dan F3 dibandingkan dengan jumlah sel Leydig kelompok kontrol p 0 05. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan pajanan medan elektromagnetik frekuensi rendah ekstrim berpengaruh terhadap jumlah sel Leydig sehingga mempengaruhi kapastitas reproduksi jantan.

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Widespread use of electronic technology increase risk of future health including reproductive system Animal model studies has not yet provided effect of electromagnetic field on three different generations. The present study investigate the effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure EMF ELF continously towards leydig cells on three generation of male Swiss Webster mice. Mices are distributed into three exposed group 3 kV 4 kV and 5 kV and one control population without exposure. Number of Leydig cells reduce significantly compared to control p 0 05. There is significant decreased of leydig cell count in every generations compared to control population p 0 05 It is concluded that ELF EMF exposure affects leydig cells population therefore reducing their spermatogenic capacity."