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"Di pasar tenaga kerja, dampak krisis yang menonjol adalah menurunnya tingkat upah riil, sementara kenaikan tingkat pengangguran terbuka tidak begitu besar. Studi ini menganalisis perubahan struktur upah yang terjadi karena krisis. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa penurunan tingkat upah riil relatif merata dilihat dari kategori tingkat pendidikan, pengalaman kerja, dan jender. Akan tetapi, terdapat perbedaan yang nyata dalam penurunan upah antar sektor dan wilayah. Tenaga kerja di sektor-sektor yang berbasis sumberdaya alam mengalami penurunan upah riil yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan mereka yang bekerja di sektor-sektor lain. Secara umum penurunan tingkat upah riil di perkotaan lebih besar daripada di perdesaan."

"ABSTRACTThe social impact of the crisis in Indonesia, both monetary and natural disaster had been investigated by some studies. There is empirical evidence at national level that suggests the crisis impact is very heterogeneous both between urban and rural areas and across regions. It is also found that there is little connection between initial poverty levels and the extent to which an area had been hit by the crisis. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the recent economic crisis and the benefit of the Social Safety Net Program for the nutritional status of under-five children during the economic crisis in selected poor areas of Indonesia. A cross sectional study to get information on the nutritional status of children and its determinants in urban poor area of Jakarta, and rural areas of Banggai in Central Sulawesi, and Alor-Rote in East Nusa Tenggara was followed by another cross sectional study in one selected poor urban area of Cilincing sub-district, Jakarta to see the changes of key determinant(s) of the under-five children's nutritional status after receiving the Social Safety Net intervention program for 1 year period. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to get 1078 households with under-five children in the urban poor area of Jakarta, and 262 and 631 households with under-five children each for the rural areas of Banggai and Alor-Rote, respectively as the subjects of the cross-sectional study-1; and 587 households with under-five children for the cross sectional study-2 in poor urban area of Cilincing sub-district. For both studies, general socio-demographic characteristics, socio-economic, health and nutritional status, and child feeding practices data were collected through interview and observation methods using structured questionnaires. Anthropometrical assessments (of weight, stature, and arm-circumference) were done both for children and their mothers in both studies. Hemoglobin assessment was done for sub-samples of approximately 50% of the total under-five children in both studies. Quality control procedures were performed during the course of the study. Data collection for both studies was performed from January 1999 to January 2001. It revealed that 34% of fathers in the study area of Jakarta had finished junior high school and even less for mothers (22%). More than 70% of the fathers had no regular income and 7% of the sample households had both the fathers and mothers work regularly. About 42 % of the sample households was classified as having sufficient purchasing power and less that 60% of sample households was classified as having appropriate luxury goods (mostly of electronic goods). For the study area in Banggai, 23% of fathers had finished junior high school and even only 10% for mothers. Approximately 14% of the fathers had no regular income and 24% of the sample households was classified as having appropriate employment status. About 45% of the sample households was classified as having sufficient food production/purchasing power in this study and less than 50% of the sample households was classified as having appropriate luxury goods (mostly of cultivated land). For the study area in Alor-Rote, 23% of fathers had finished junior high school and even only 10.9% for mothers. Approximately 21% of the fathers had no regular income and 47% of the sample households had both the fathers and mothers work regularly. About 48% of the sample households was classified as having sufficient food production/ purchasing power in this study and 26% of sample household was classified as having appropriate luxury goods (mostly of cultivated land). Besides having a high severity of anemia (>40%), under-five children in the urban poor area of Jakarta had a very high severity of wasting (>15%) as compared to the medium severity of stunting condition (20-29%). Similar findings were found for the rural area of Banggai. Different findings for the rural area of Alor-Rote were only for its very high severity in stunting condition (>40%). By multivariate and path analyses, it was shown that Jakarta as the study site contributed significantly to the variation of wasting indicator (WHZ value) as the recent-type of malnutrition, and Alor-Rote as the study site contributed significantly to the variation of stunting indicator (HAZ value) as the longterm-type of malnutrition. For hemoglobin value, both Jakarta and Alor-Rote as the study sites contributed to its variation. High prevalence of infectious diseases in all study areas were significantly related to the higher prevalence of wasting in the study areas of Jakarta and Banggai, and also significantly related to the higher prevalence of stunting and anemia in the study area of Alor-Rote. For Jakarta, besides infectious diseases, BMI status of mothers and the possession of motorcycle used for income earning were also significantly related to the prevalence of wasting. On the other hand, for Alor-Rote, besides infectious diseases, possession of luxury goods (access to electricity, possession of transportation facility and electronic goods), environmental sanitation (housing conditions), maternal nutritional knowledge and access to complete immunization were also significantly related to the prevalence of stunting. And, infectious diseases and households' employment status contributed to the variation of stunting (HAZ value). Furthermore, for anemia, access to health services (for complete immunization) was the only key determinant which contributed significantly to the variation of hemoglobin value in Jakarta. For Alor-Rote, besides infectious diseases, formal education of the parents, employment status (especially working mothers), environmental sanitation (especially access to safe drinking water), maternal nutritional knowledge and access to health services were also significantly associated with the prevalence of anemia. And, infectious diseases, environmental sanitation, access to health services and households' employment status contributed significantly to the variation of hemoglobin value in Alor-Rote. The Social Safety Net Intervention Program in the urban poor area of Cilincing sub-district, Jakarta resulted in significant improvement in the prevalence of wasting and anemia among under-five children but not for the prevalence of stunting. It was also found that maternal and childcare, access to health services and hemoglobin were still retained as determinants of child malnutrition besides households' employment status and variety of food intake. There is a need to improve the nutritional and health status of under-five children and their mothers through the existing health care system providing basic health services and improving the capacity of health staffs across Indonesia as part of the decentralization process. Besides, the private sector and communities may support the local government in the form of informal Social Safety Net intervention programs. The significant association found between mother's BMI and wasting status of their under-five children found in this study can be used to prioritize the appropriate type of intervention needed by the poor households. Furthermore, since anemia was highly prevalent, besides iron supplementation, chronic diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria, and the prevalence of thalasemic-trait should also be considered. Further operational and academic research in the area of health and nutrition are needed to be able to construct a model that provides indicators used to predict the nutritional condition in each community setting across Indonesia during any crisis. "

"Infrastructures play a crucial role in economic development and poverty reduction. The economic crisis in 1997-98 severely curtailed the government?s capacity to maintain the existing infrastructures, which could adversely affect the prospects for future economic development and poverty reduction in the country. This study provides an overview of the changes in the availability of village-level infrastructures and public services during the economic crisis. The findings indicate that there were mixed trends in the availability of different types of infrastructures and public services. Furthermore, the changes in the availability of certain infrastructures or public services differ across urban and rural areas as well as between Java-Bali and the outer islands. In the era of regional autonomy, it is essential to involve the regional governments in infrastructure development planning, management, and maintenance. This would relieve some burdens from the central government. "

"There are two situations that i can sense in May 1998. The first one is the economic crisis that is presently full blown. Every day you see, hear, read and maybe experience the impact on the economic crisis. Most of the Indonesians already experience or will experience in someway or the other some aspects the economic crisis.The second is the question whether there is a hospital crises in May 1998. The answer is different from hospital to hospital. Some hospitals were in real danger of closing in January 1998. The economic crisis has hit hard. No hospital manager has experienced such a crisis situation before and they tried to take action for example to lower their operating cost and to increase their revenue."

"Pandemi COVID-19 menyebabkan pembatasan aktivitas di lingkungan masyarakat dan mengubah banyak kebiasaan lama, termasuk perilaku konsumsi makanan. Meskipun pembatasan aktivitas baik untuk mencegah semakin tersebarnya virus, hal ini berdampak pada industri penyediaan makanan dan minuman di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, studi ini menyelidiki perubahan perilaku konsumsi makanan di Indonesia selama pandemi COVID-19 serta kemungkinan keberlanjutan perubahan perilaku tersebut setelah pandemi berakhir. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan sumber data primer. Data primer didapatkan dari penyebaran kuesioner dan terkumpul sebanyak 479 responden yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terjadi perubahan perilaku konsumsi makanan, seperti dari cara belanja, pola makan yang lebih sehat, dan pengurangan aktivitas makan di luar rumah, serta perubahan perilaku konsumsi makanan yang terjadi diperkirakan akan tetap berlanjut setelah pandemi berakhir. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menginformasikan industri penyediaan makan dan minum yang terdampak oleh COVID-19 terkait perilaku konsumen.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused restrictions on activities in the community and changed many old habits, including food consumption behavior. Although activity restrictions are good for preventing the spread of the virus, this has an impact on the food and beverage supply industry in Indonesia. Therefore, this study investigates changes in food consumption behavior in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic and the possible continuation of these behavioral changes after the pandemic ends. This study uses quantitative research methods with primary data sources. Primary data was obtained from distributing questionnaires and collected as many as 479 respondents spread throughout Indonesia. This study shows that there is a change in food consumption behavior, such as from shopping, healthier eating patterns, and reducing eating activities outside the home, and changes in food consumption behavior that occur are expected to continue after the pandemic ends. The results of this study are expected to inform the food and drink supply industry affected by COVID-19 regarding consumer behavior."

"[ABSTRAK Penulisan ini membahas tentang bagaimana konsumerisme dapat mengarahkan Indonesia pada krisis energi melalui penggunaan teknologi-teknologi maju, seperti transportasi modern. Sejak awal energi krisis pada tahun 1973, manusia telah menyadari atas penggunaan energi bahan bakar yang digunakan dalam transportasi. Akan tetapi, beberapa macam orang yang terlalu konsumtif memperburuk keadaan dengan tidak mempedulikan persediaan bahan bakar. Kemacetan adalah puncak alasan mengapa orang menjadi konsumerisme dalam menggunakan transportasi modern. Di sisi lain, karena situasi krisis energi, pemerintah memiliki peran-peran untuk memberikan kebijakan yang benar-benar membantu negara dan orang-orang dengan adil. Harga subsidi BBM menentukan batasan orang yang melakukan konsumerisme untuk kebiasaan konsumerisme menggunakan transportasi modern. Penulisan ini menyimpulkan orang yang melakukan konsumerisme di jalan akan terganggu setelah mereka menghadapi bagaimana merepotkannya kemacetan lalu lintas dan seberapa mahal bahan bakar.ABSTRACT This paper discusses about how consumerism will bring Indonesians to energy crisis through the using of developed technologies, modern transportations. Since the beginning of energy crisis in 1973, human has been aware of the using of fuel energy used in transportations. However, some people who are too consumptive worsen the situation by not concerning the supply of fuel energy. The traffic jam is the peak of why people become consumerism in using modern transportations. On the other hand, because of energy crisis situation, the government has roles to give the policies which are really helpful for the country and the people fairly. Fuel subsidies? price decides consumerism people?s limitation to do consumerism?s habits using modern transportations. This paper concludes consumerism people on the road will be troubled after they face how troublesome the traffic jam is and how expensive the fuel is., This paper discusses about how consumerism will bring Indonesians to energy crisis through the using of developed technologies, modern transportations. Since the beginning of energy crisis in 1973, human has been aware of the using of fuel energy used in transportations. However, some people who are too consumptive worsen the situation by not concerning the supply of fuel energy. The traffic jam is the peak of why people become consumerism in using modern transportations. On the other hand, because of energy crisis situation, the government has roles to give the policies which are really helpful for the country and the people fairly. Fuel subsidies’ price decides consumerism people’s limitation to do consumerism’s habits using modern transportations. This paper concludes consumerism people on the road will be troubled after they face how troublesome the traffic jam is and how expensive the fuel is.]"