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"Penelitian ini dirancang untuk menyelidiki perubahan biokimia pada manusia oleh akumulasi radikal bebas karena polusi udara. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 60 polisi desa yang terdiri atas 30 bukan perokok (kelompok I) dan 30 perokok (kelompok II); 30 polisi administratif perokok di Jakarta (kelompok III) dan 30 polisi lalu lintas perokok di Jakarta (kelompok IV). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar malondialdehid plasma (MDA) kelompok I, II, III, dan IV adalah : 3.34 + 0.81 mmol/l; 4.28 + 0.77 mmol/l; 5.20 + 0.66 mmol/l dan 5.12 + 0.78 mmol/l yang secara statistik berbeda satu sama lainnya (p < 0.01), kecuali antar kelompok III dan IV. Aktivitas superoksida dismutase (SOD) dari kelompok-kelompok tersebut adalah : 16.75 + 9.80 U/mg protein; 22.83 + 6.82 U/mg protein; 26.10 + 8.50 U/mg protein dan 26.90 + 9.34 U/mg protein, yang berbeda secara statistik antara kelompok I terhadap kelompok lainnya (p < 0.05). Aktivitas katalase kelompok-kelompok tersebut adalah : 106.25 + 47.47 U/mg protein; 118.84 + 42.73 U/mg protein; 119.83 + 35.35 U/mg protein dan 145.57 + 61.85 U/mg protein. Terdapat perbedaan yang secara statistik bermakna antara kelompok I dan IV. Pemberian vitamin C (500 mg) dan E (300 mg) per hari selama 30 hari pada polisi dengan tingkat stres oksidasi yang tinggi menurunkan aktivitas SOD dari 27.34 + 10.05 U/mg protein menjadi 16.91 + 6.51 U/mg protein (p < 0.05) dan katalase dari 134.29 + 53.28 U/mg protein menjadi 67.07 + 25.26 U/mg protein (p < 0.05). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa status oksidasi polisi kota lebih tinggi daripada polisi desa dan kombinasi vitamin C dan E dapat menurunkan sebagian stres oksidasi tersebut. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 77-80)

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This study was designed to investigate the biochemical alteration in human caused by free radical accumulation due to air pollution. The policemen recruited were 60 country policemen consisting of 30 non smokers (group I) and 30 smokers (group II); 30 smoking policemen with administrative work in Jakarta (group III) and 30 smoking traffic policemen from Jakarta (group IV). Our results show that the plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of groups I, II, III, IV, respectively were : 3.34 + 0.81 umol/l; 4.28 + 0.77 umol/l; 5.20 + 0.66 umol/l and 5.12 + 0.78 umol/l which were statistically different (p < 0.01) among each others, except between groups III and IV. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) of the groups respectively, were: 16.75 + 9.80 U/mg protein; 22.83 + 6.82 U/mg protein; 26.10 + 8.50 U/mg protein and 26.90 + 9.34 U/mg protein, which were statistically different (p < 0.05) between group I vs the other groups. The catalase activity of the groups respectively were : 106.25 + 47.47 U/mg protein; 118.84 + 42.73 U/mg protein; 119.83 + 35.35 U/mg protein and 145.57 + 61.85 U/mg protein. The statistical difference (p < 0.05) was found between group I & IV. Administration of vitamins C (500 mg) and E (300 mg) daily for 30 days to the policemen with high oxidant stress caused a decreased in the activities of SOD from 27.34 + 10.05 U/mg protein to 16.91 + 6.51 U/mg protein (p < 0.05) and catalase from 134.29 + 53.28 U/mg protein to 67.07 + 25.26 U/mg protein (p < 0.05). This study shows us that the oxidant status of city policemen was higher than that of rural policemen and that a combination of vitamins C & E could reduce the oxidant stress to a certain extent. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 77-80)"

"ABSTRAKRuang Lingkup dan Cara PenelitianPolisi Lalu-iintas (Polantas) bertugas antara lain mengatur lalu-lintas, terutama di jalan yang rawan kecelakaan, jalur yang padat dan vital. Tugas tersebut, terutama di kota besar seperti Jakarta, menyebabkan Polantas banyak terpapar polutan yang bersumber dari kendaraan bermotor. Polutan serta partikulat yang bersumber dari kendaraan bermotor berbahaya bagi kesehatan dan merupakan sumber radikal bebas eksogen yang penting selain merokok. Selain banyak terpapar polutan, kebanyakan anggota Polantas secara psikologis mengalami stres berat dan perokok, padahal ketiga unsur (polutan, stres berat dan rokok) berperanan penting sebagai sumber dan pembentukan radikal bebas, sehingga akan memicu terjadinya stres oksidatif.Dari beberapa penelitian terbukti, stres oksidatif sangat penting peranannya dalam beberapa patologi penyakit seperti aterosklerosis, kanker, penyakit Alzheimer, rematik, anemia hemolitik, penyakit degeneratif dan kerusakan genetik. Membandingkan status oksidan dan antioksidan antara polisi di pedesaan dan perkotaan sangat penting utuk melindungi anggota Polantas dari pengaruh buruk radikal bebas dan juga bermanfaat untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pencemaran yang ada di perkotaan.Untuk mengetahui perbedaan status oksidan dan antioksidan antara polisi di pedesaan, polisi staf di kota besar dan Polantas di kota besar dilakukan pengukuran terhadap kadar MDA (malondialdehid) dan aktivitas superoksid dismutase (SOD) dan katalase pada 4 kelompok sukarelawan, yang masing-masing terdiri dari 30 orang. Kelompok adalah I (polisi pedesaan), kelompok II (polisi pedesaan perokok), kelompok III (polisi staf perokok di perkotaan) dan kelompok IV ( Polantas di perkotaan perokok). Penelitian dibagi menjadi dua tahap, tahap pertama pemeriksaan kadar MDA, aktivitas SOD dan katalase untuk mengetahui status oksidan dan antioksidan pada 4 kelompok tersebut di atas. Tahap kedua untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian vitamin C dan E terhadap status oksidan dan antioksidan, dengan memberikan vitamin C 500 mg dan Vit E 300 mg, 1 x sehari selama 30 hari pada 30 orang dari kelompok yang mengalami stres oksidatif tertinggi.HASIL DAN KESIMPULANa. Kadar MDA kelompok I = 3,34 ± 0,81 umol/L; Kelompok (Kel) II = 4,28 ± 0,77 umol/L; Kel III = 5,20 ± 0,66 umol/L; Kel IV = 5,12 ± 0,78 umol/L. Dari analisis statistik didapatkan hasil : ada perbedaan rata-rata bermakna ( p < 0,05) antara Kel I dengan Kel II, III dan IV; antara Kel II dengan III dan IV; sedangkan Kel III dan IV tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna (P > 0,05).b. Aktivitas SOD Kel I , II, III dan IV adalah 16,75 ± 9,80; 22,83 ± 6,82; 26,10 ± 8,50 dan 26,90 ± 9,34 unit/ mg protein. Dari analisis statistik didapatkan hasil: ada perbedaan rata-rata yang bermakna (p < 0,05) antara Kel I dengan Kel II, III dan IV. Antara Kel II, III dan IV terdapat peningkatan aktivitas SOD, tetapi tidak bermakna.c. Aktivitas katalase Kel I, II, III dan IV secara berturut-turut adalah : 106,25 ± 47,47; 118,84 ± 42,73; 119,83 ± 35,35 dan 145,57 ± 61,85 unit/ mg protein. Dari analisis statistik didapatkan hasil : ada perbedaan rata-rata yang bermakna (p < 0,05) antara Kel I dan IV. Aktivitas katalase ada keeenderungan meningkat dari Kel I sampai Kel IV, tetapi antara Kel II, III dan IV peningkatannya tidak bermakna (p > 0,05).d. Pemberian vit C + E pada 30 orang yang relatif mengalami stres oksidatif didapatkan hasil 1). KDA, sebelum pemberian vitamin : 5,06 ± 0,59 dan setelah pemberian 4,90 ± 1,02 umol/L, nilai ini ada keeenderungan menurun, tetapi tidak bermakna (p > 0,05). 2). SOD, sebelum pemberian vitamin 27,34 ± 10,05 dan setelah pemberian vitamin 16,91 ± 6,51 unit/ mg protein, nilainya ada penurunan yang bermakna (p < 0,05). 3). Katalase, sebelum pemberian vitamin 134,29 ± 53,28 dan setelah pemberian 62,07 ± 25,26 unit/ mg protein, ada penurunan aktivitas yang bermakna (p < 0,05).Dari penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada perbedaan status oksidan dan antioksidan antara polisi di pedesaan dan polisi di perkotaan dan tidak ada perbedaan antara polisi staf dan Polantas di kota besar. Pemberian vitamin C dan E dapat menurunkan aktivitas enzim antioksidan namun belum dapat mengurangi peroksidasi lipid.

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ABSTRACT

SCOPE AND METHODS :

The main duty of traffic police (Polantas) is to control the land traffic, particularly at the certain roads which are potential to the happening of accident, busy and vital road. Due to such duty, especially in a big city like Jakarta, it has led the police become heavy polluted from either car or motor cycle pollutant and particulate. Those pollutant and particulate are very dangerous to the health of human being and they are also the important source of exogen free radicals beside cigarette smoke. Beside being polluted, most of Polantas are smoker and stessed psychologically . On the other hand those three factors (i.e. pollutant, stessed psychologically and cigarette) are very potential to form free radicals that cause oxidative stress (OS). The previous research showed that oxidative stress is very important in pathology of some diseases such as atherosclerosis, cacer, Alzheimer disease, rheumatic, hemolytic anemia, degenerative and genetic diseases. Comparing oxidant and antioxidant status between police in rural and urban areas is very important in order to protect them from the dangerous effect of free radicals and also it is beneficial to understand how heavy pollution in urban areas is. In order to understand the difference of oxidant and antioxidant status among police in rural area, police who statione in office and Polantas in urban area an observation on the measurement of MDA content, activity of SOD and catalase in 4 groups of volunteers at which ease group consist of 30 person has been carried out. Group I is (police rural area), group II is (smoker police rural area), group III is (smoker police who statione in office) and group IV is (smoker Polantas in urban). This study was divided into two phases, in the first phase, on the four groups were determined the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD} and catalase. In the second phase, the persons with high oxidant status were given oral vitamin C of 500 mg and vitamin E of 300 mg once daily for 30 day.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION :

The MDA content of group I, II, III and IV was 3.34 ± 0.81 umol/L, 4.28 +/- 0.77 umol/L, 5.20 ± 0.66 umol/L, and 5.12 ± 0.78 umol/L respectively. From the statistical analysis, there is a difference on significant ( p c 0.05) between group I with group II, III and IV; between group II with III and IV; whereas group III and IV there was not significant difference (P > 0.05). b. SOD activity of group I , II, III and IV where 16.75 ± 9.80 , 22.83 ± 6.82, 28.10 ± 8.50 and 26.90 ± 9.34 unit/ mg protein respectively. From the statistical analysis, there is a difference on significant (p < 0.05) between group I with group II, III and IV. In group II, III and IV there where an increase of SOD activity, but it was not significant. c. Catalase activity of group I, II, III and IV where : 106.25 ± 47.47, 118.84 ± 42.73, 119.83 + 35.35 and 145.57 ± 61.85 unit/ mg protein respectively.

From the statistical analysis, there is a difference on significant (p c 0.05) between group I and IV. Catalase activity tend to raise in all groups, but in group II, III and IV the increase was not significant (p > 0.05). d. Addition of vitamin C and E to 30 volunteers with high oxidant status showed a decrease but not statistically significant of MDA (5.06 ± 0.59 umol/L before versus 4.90 ± 1.02 umol/L, after vitamin C +E). The activity of SOD was decrease from 27.34 ± 10.05 unit / mg protein before vitamin supplement to 16.91 ± 6.51 unit/ mg protein affter supplement there was a significant decrease in the value (p < 0.05). 3). Similarly, the activity of catalase, was decreased from 134.29 ± 53.28 before vitamin supplement to 62.07 ± 25.26 unit/ mg protein after supplement, there was a significant decrease in the activity (p c 0.05). The study demonstated that there was a significant difference in the status of oxidant and antioxidant between police in rural area with police in urban area. The oxidant and antioxidant status, however, was not different between police who stationed in office with the Polantas (traffic police). Vitamin C and E supplement could decrease the activity SOD and catalase, but could not decrease the lipid peroxidation."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai penanda biokimia adiponektin, status antioksidan total (SAT), dan high sensitvity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) pada individu dengan dan tanpa sindrom metabolik (SM). Metode Penelitian pontong lintang pada 36 subyek SM dan 36 subyek tanpa SM yang dilakukan di Jakarta. Indikatorindikator yang diukur adalah adiponektin, SAT dan hsCRP, di samping berat badan, tinggi badan, lingkar pinggang (LP), tekanan darah sistolik, tekanan darah diastolik, dan glukosa darah puasa. Risiko terjadinya SM dihitung dengan odds ratio (OR) adiponektin, hsCRP, dan rasio adiponektin/hsCRP dengan mengambil nilai median sebagai titik dikotomi antara nilai tinggi dan nilai rendah masing-masing parameter tersebut. Hubungan antara adiponektin, SAT, dan hsCRP dengan LP dianalisis dengan uji korelasi Spearman, sedangkan peranan keseluruhan parameter dengan SM dianalisis dengan regresi logistik. Hasil Adiponektin dan hsCRP berbeda secara signifi kan antara subjek dengan dan tanpa SM (3,1 + 1,0 vs 4,2 + 1,4 ug/mL) dan (3,35 + 3,43 vs 0,97 + 0,92 mg/L) (p < 0,01), sedangkan SAT tidak berbeda secara signifi kan (1,28 + 0,2 vs 1,24 + 0,1 mmol/L). Adiponektin berkorelasi negatif dengan LP (rs = - 0,436, p < 0,01), sedangkan SAT dan hsCRP berkorelasi positif dengan LP (masing-masing rs= 0.286, p = 0.02 dan rs = 0,597, p < 0. 01). Odds ratio (OR) adiponektin dan hsCRP untuk terjadinya SM masing-masing 4 (p = 0,01) dan ~6,8 (p < 0,01), sedangkan risiko pada subyek dengan rasio adiponektinhsCRP ≤ 2.31 adalah 25 kali lipat (p < 0,01) dibanding subyek dengan rasio adiponektin-hsCRP > 2.31. Kesimpulan Penggunaan rasio adiponektin-hsCRP meningkatkan prediksi SM 4 - 6 kali lipat dibanding bila menggunakan biomarker tunggal.

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AbstractAim To examine biochemical markers of adiponectin, total anti-oxidant status (TAOS) and high sensitvity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods A cross-sectional study on 36 non-MetS and 36 MetS subjects was undertaken in Jakarta. Measured indicators were adiponectin, TAOS and hsCRP, apart from weight, height, waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and fasting blood glucose (FBG). Odds ratio (OR) of adiponectin, TAOS and hsCRP were calculated to assess risk for the development of MetS. Median values were determined as cutoffs to defi ne high and low values of each parameter. Relationships between adiponectin, TAOS and hsCRP with WC were analyzed by using Spearman correlation analysis, and the contributions of all indicators to the development of MetS were analyzed by using logistic regression. Results Adiponectin dan hsCRP differed signifi cantly between non MetS and MetS subjects (4.2 + 1.4 vs 3.1 + 1.0 ug/ mL) dan (0.97 + 0.92 vs 3.35 + 3.43 mg/L) (p < 0.01), but no signifi cant difference was found in TAOS (1.24 + 0.1 vs 1.28 + 0.2 mmol/L). Adiponectin associated negatively with WC (rs= -0.436; p < 0.01), while TAOS and hsCRP associated positively with WC (rs= 0.286, p = 0.02 and rs= 0.597, p < 0.01). The odds ratios (ORs) of adiponectin and hsCRP for the development of MetS were 4 (p = 0.01) and ~6,8 (p < 0.01), respectively; while the risk of subjects with adiponectinhsCRP ratio of ≤ 2.31 to develop MetS was 25 times (p < 0.01) those with adiponectin-hsCRP ratio > 2.31. Conclusion The use of adiponectin-hsCRP ratio increases the predictive power for the occurrence of MetS by 4-6 times the predictive power of adiponectin or hsCRP alone. "

"As part of CRONOS , this study, with cross-sectional design, aimed to observe nutritional and health status and some of their determinants, both nutritional and non-nutritional, of free-living elderly and middle-aged people in poor area of Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Data on dietary intake, anthropometry, socio-economic psychological stains and health assessment were collected hom 100 Vietnamese elderly men and women between 60-74 years and 100 middle-aged men and women aged 35-44 years old living during 2 months January and February, 1996 in village 2, district 4, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Findings of this study showed that both age groups had low energy and nutrient intakes assessed by single 24-hour recall. Median energy intakes were 8.2 MJ and 4 MJ for middle-aged and elderly rwpectively, which was suggested to be due to real energy intake deficiency in study population and underrestimation in the recalls. Anthropometric Endings demonstrated that the elderly had lower nutritional status as compared to the middle-aged (40% of elderly versus 26% of middle-aged were classified as chronic energy deficiency). This study also confirmed that the Vietnamese elderly had higher prevalence of abdominal fairness than their younger conterparts, as evidenced by having higher abdomen-to-hip ratio. Socio-economic and psychological data suggested that Vietnamese elderly received both socio-economic and psychological support nom family substantially. Only one third of elderly people self-perveived health as good. Discrepancy between self-reported hypertension and observed hypertension suggested that medical care in the elderly population is not of concern. High prevalence of hypertension (40%) and smoking (78%) indicated that Cardiovascular disease risk factors merits consideration in the geriatric care System in Vietnam."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis profil keberdayaan konsumen dari perspektif demografi, sosial ekonomi dan kekosmopolitan, serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya di wilayah perdesaan dan perkotaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rendahnya keberdayaan konsumen di perdesaan dan perkotaan. Secara umum, responden yang paling tidak berdaya berdasarkan perspektif demografi, sosial ekonomi dan kekosmopolitan adalah berusia > 37 tahun, bekerja di perdesaan, kategori pendapatan ≤ IDR 397,874.57/kapita/bulan di perdesaan dan perkotaan, besar keluarga ≤ 4 orang di perdesaan, lama pendidikan ≤ 9 tahun di perdesaan dan tidak kosmopolit di perdesaan. Tingkat pendidikan yang semakin tinggi dan responden yang semakin kosmopolit akan meningkatkan keberdayaan konsumen. Salah satu upaya untuk memberdayakan konsumen adalah dengan mengintensifkan pendidikan konsumen melibatkan pemerintah, LSM maupun swasta.

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The purpose of this research was to analyze the profile of consumer empowerment and the influence of demographic characteristics, socio-economic status and cosmopoliteness on consumer empowerment in rural and urban area. The research finding indicated a low consumer empowerment in urban and rural area. In general, most respondents who were not categorized as empowered consumer were aged >37 years old, working in rural areas, included in income category ranged IDR 397,874.57/capita/month both in rural and urban areas, family size of ≤ 4 persons in rural areas, length of education ≤9 years in rural areas and not cosmopolite in rural areas. Higher level of education and the more cosmopolite the respondents would increase consumer empowerment both in rural and urban area. One of the attempts in empowering consumers is by intensifying consumer education involving government, NGOs, and private sector."

"Perubahan musim memiliki dampak serius pada kualitas makanan. Oleh karena itu, kami menginvestigasi hubungan antara skor healthy eating index HEI dan status gizi pada wanita usia subur di dua musim di daerah pedesaan, Kabupaten Buol. Studi longitudinal dilakukan pada musim panen dan musim non-panen. Semua wanita n=153 di musim non-panen dan 98 wanita n=150 di musim panen termasuk dalam kategori poor diet. Total skor HEI lebih tinggi secara signifikan pada musim panen dibandingkan musim non-panen p=0.026 . Ada hubungan positif antara skor HEI dengan indeks massa tubuh ?=0.113, p=0.043 setelah dikontrol dengan musim dan karakteristik demografi.

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Seasonal change has serious impacts on diet quality. Therefore, we investigated the association between healthy eating index HEI score and nutritional status of reproductive aged women across two seasons in rural areas of Buol District. A longitudinal study was conducted in lean and harvest seasons. All women n 153 in lean season and 98 women n 150 in harvest season had poor diets HEI"

"This writing was the result of descriptive research about the considerations and decisicion of firearms usage by a police officer in the case of dealing with crime. Research has shown that motive of utilizing firearms by detective members are vary depending by the current situation while arresting people, the character of the culprit and the formal rules that applied."

"This writing was the result of descriptive research about the considerations and decisicion of firearms usage by a police officer in the case of dealing with crime. Research has shown that motive of utilizing firearms by detective members are vary depending by the current situation while arresting people, the character of the culprit and the formal rules that applied."