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"The development policies in Indonesia are based on the principleof quality and harmonious partnership between men and women. Thisprinciple is deeply ingrained in the State Ideology, Pancasila, andConstitution of l94.5. Consequently, this principle of equality is alsoembodied in all regulations and legislative acts of the Republic ofindonesia. including the GBHN adopted everv five years by the People?Consultative Assembly. The GBHN provides direction for the formulationof the Five Year Development Plan. indonesia, in l98-if also ratified theconvention on the Elimination of All Farms of Discrimination AgainstWomen, as stipulated in Act No. 7/1984. Neglecting the endeavor of womenin economic development in particular and national development in generalis an unwise decision. Indonesia? large population is the basic asset fordevelopment. The more so if every citizen regardless of their sex, wouldfully and effectively participate therein. However, data show that the statusof women generally in the society and particularly in the bureaucracysystem is lower than what men can achieve, Therefore, the efforts to attainthe women?s role and status have to be explored in the implementationphase. Besides the level of education, social value of most Indonesianpeople which perceives female as housekeeper rather than the head ofhousehold brings a difficulty for female to reach high position t`ngovernment office. For example there is a conflicting interest betweenhusband and it-Ui: when a wife gets a promotion to other place. In manycases husband does not agree to accompany his wife. Consequently, womenrefuse the promotion. On the contrary, when husband gets a promotion toother place. in many cases his wifi: has to accompany him even though itwill sacrifice her current jolt position."

"ABSTRAKThe Concept of Private Finance Initiative (PFI) or Public Private Partnership(PPP) has been internationally implemented over the last two decades. In Malaysia, even though the involvement of the private sector in assisting with the provision of public services and facilities is not new, only recently under the Ninth Malaysia Plan the government officially announced the implementation of projects using P FI scheme in order to promote greater involvement of the private sector in delivering public services (Ninth Malaysia Plan, 2006). Consequently, a series of PFI projects is now being implemented including some already under construction. However, little is known on the real nature of the Malaysian PFI One of the aspectsconsidered critical in the implementation of a P FI project is the need for a public sector comparator (PSC) to demonstrate that the project can achieve value for money through comparing the public sector comparator (PSC) with the bid or bids submitted by the private sect01: The study being reported herein focuses on the concept of PFI as practiced in Malaysia and the construction of a PSC. Given that under the Malaysian PFI, the PSC is yet to be established there is an urgent need for one to be constructed. In addition, critical issues concerning the transfer of risks and the determination o.f discount rate are also discussed. The study combines literature review on P Fl and interviews with civil servants involved in the implementation of P FI in Malaysia."

"Development planning is one of the important functions of government in the implementation of the state administration. Progress of a country depends on the quality of its development planning implemented by goverment agencies (public sector), which will determine the success of achieving national development goals. The problems of development planning are inherently in the development planning system itself. There are still some weaknesses in strategic planning in the public sector such as: planning as a legal-formal process; errors in goal setting; difficulty in predicting the future; less strategic participatory planning processes; difficulties in formulating systematic, tiered performance indicators; difficulties in measuring the impact and benefit performance; and difficulties in prioritization in programming and budgeting. There are short-term problems that are difficult to overcome, but form some other problems can be made to overcome them by adding refinements to existing mechanisms as well as adding new mechanisms in strategic planning practice."

"Tulisan ini membahas sejumlah aspek yang terkait dengan proses desentralisasi pengelolaan sumber daya alam. Fokusnya pada sejumlah tema dan isu yang menjadi karakteristik proses tersebut yang sering mengarah pada berbagai bentuk pengelolaan bersama (co-management). Tema-tema dan isu-isu tersebut ditarik dari pengalaman di sejumlah negara, khususnya dari Filipina di mana desentralisasi telah dimulai lebih dari 10 tahun sebelum diterapkan di Indonesia. Sejumlah tema dan isu yang menjadi fokus adalah perbedaan dalam perspektif waktu, hubungan antara sifat sumber daya ekologi dan batas-batas sosial, konsep komuniti dan pengelolaan, proses melemahnya tanggung jawab negara dalam kaitannya dengan kepentingan lokal, peran pihak ke tiga dalam pengelolaan bersama, sifat kontrak dalam pengelolaan sumber daya, sejumlah aspek yang terkait dengan penduduk lokal, dan gagasan tentang keberhasilan dan kegagalan dalam pengelolaan bersama. Dengan mengedepankan isu-isu ini kami berharap dapat memberikan suatu perspektif antropologis terhadap proses yang amat menarik dari desentralisasi pengelolaan sumber daya alam."