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"The abnormality or disease of ihe small intestine may cause chronic diarrhea. The tests required to investigate the abnormality of the small intestine are difficult and expensive. In this study we studied the small intestine in chronic diarrhea cases, to discover any abnormality.The chronic diarrhea patients presenting from 1996 to 2000(5 years) at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Central National Hospital were included in the study. Patients were excluded if unable to co-operate. All of the patients were given blood and stool lexis in addition to colonoscopy, ileoscopy and duodeno-jejunoscopy with biopsy.Small intestinal examination could only be performed on 78patients witii chronic diarrhea. The most frequent characteristic were: aged 30-39 or 50-59 years (25.6% of all canes in the study), male(57.7%), non-bloody non steatorrhoeic tvpe of diarrhea(74.4%), and 4 to 48 weeks-duration of diarrhea(68.0%). Small intestine abnormalities were endoscopically and/or histopathologically found in 65 cases(S2.6%), while the rest of the patients were found to have normal small intestine. The abnormalities were found to he infective non-tuberculosis ileitis (in 20 patients, or 26% of all cases), Infective non-tuberculosis duodenitis(20 or 26%), non-infective jejtinitixf 14, or 18.2%), villous aft phy of the jejunum(3, or 3.9%), lymphoid nodular/follii hyperplasia of the terminal Heutn(l2, or 15.6%) etc. LOT intestinal abnormalities were found in 67 or S3.7% of t chronic diarrhea cases.The frequent small intestinal abnormalities were infe tive ileitis, duodenitis and lymphoid nodular/follicle hype plasiaofthe terminal ileum. The small intestinal abnormal ties were found less than the large intestinal abnormalitie"

"Background: The incidence of chronic non-infectious diarrhea cases is increasing in line with the developments of medical technology and science. The objective of this study was to uncover the histopathologic abnormalities of the small bowel in cases of chronic non-infectious diarrhea. Materials and Methods: All chronic non-infectious diarrhea patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from 1996 until 2000 were included in this study. For the control group, we used 37 endoscopically-normal patients with junctional dyspepia with the some characteristics (sex and age). All of the patients underwent gastroduodeno-jejunoscopic and ileocolonoscopic examinations. Patients with infection were excluded from this study. Biopsies were taken from the duodenal bulb, descending duodenum, jejenum near the Treitz ligament, terminal ileum, and colon. Histopathological tests were performed on all of the biopsies. Result: Histopathological examination was carried out on 31 patients and 37 control patients. In the duodenal bulb, the width of villi, lymphocyte infiltration, cosinophil infiltration, stage of inflammation, and polymorphonuclear cells infiltration were all lower in the chronic non-infectious diarrhea group than in the control group (p< 0.0l). ln the descending part of duodenum and jejunum, lymphocyte infiltration, the stage of inflammation, and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration were found to be higher in the chronic non-infectious diarrhea group than in the control group (p< 0.01). Within the terminal ileum, lymphocyte infiltration, the stage of inflammation and lymphoid follicle hyperlasia were found to be higher in the chronic non-infectious diarrhea group than in the control group (p< 0.01). Conclusion: Histopathologically, increased lymphocyte infiltration, inflammation and lymphoid follicle hyperplasia were discovered in specified areas of small intestine in chronic non-infectious diarrhea patients."

"Background: Chronic diarrhea is common in Indonesia. The chronic non-infective diarrhea cases seem to be increasing recently. The aim of this study is to reveal the pattern of diseases that can cause chronic non-infective diarrhea.Materials & Methods: We examined all patients suffering from chronic non-infective diarrhea over a six years period. The patients underwent physical examination and performed laboratory tests, colon enema X-ray, colonoscopy, ileoscopy, upper gastrointestnal endoscopy and small bowel X-ray.Result: Chronic non-infective diarrhea was observed in 107 (51.7%) cases from 207 chronic diarrhea cases respectively. The frequently found abnormalities that had caused chronic non-infective diarrhea were carbohydrate maldigestion (62.61%), colorectal cancer (14.01%), Crohn's disease (11.21%), ulcerative colitis (9.34%), irritable bowel syndrome (8.41%), colorectal polyp (8.41%) etc.Conclusion: The most frequent abnormality found in chronic non-infective diarrhea was maldigestion."

"Insidens diare kronik di Asia berkisar antara 0,8 ? 1,0%. Lokasi penyakit dan kelainan yang menimbulkan diare kronik dapat dibagi atas 3 kelompok yaitu usus halus, usus besar dan ekstra intestinal. Penyakit-penyakit pada usus halus terdiri dari infeksi dan non-infeksi. Penyakit-penyakit infeksi antara lain yaitu infeksi bakterial, infeksi parasit dll. Penyakit-penyakit non-infeksi yang menimbulkan diare kronik a.l. penyakit Crohn, ?Celiac sprue?, enteropati OAINS, intoleransi laktose, tumor jinak, tumor karsinoid, karsinoma, komplikasi pasca bedah, obat laksatif dll. Pendekatan diagnosis terdiri dari anamnesis riwayat penyakit yang baik, pemeriksaan fisik yang teliti, laboratorium penunjang, laboratorium penunjang yang lebih spesifik termasuk foto rontgen kolon, foto rontgen ?esofagogastroduodenum follow-through?, ?enteroclysis?, pemeriksaan ileo-kolonoskopi dan endoskopi saluran cerna atas termasuk usus halus dengan biopsi untuk pemeriksaan histopatologi. Pengobatan diare kronik dibagi atas pengobatan suportif dan kausal. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 179-89)

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The incidence of chronic diarrhea in Asia is between 0.8 ? 1.0%. The diseases and abnormalities according to the location, which can cause chronic diarrhea, are divided into three locations: the small bowel, the large bowel and extraintestinal. The small bowel diseases include infectious and non-infectious diseases. The infectious diseases are bacterial infections, parasitic infections etc. The non-infectious diseases include of Crohn?s disease, Celiac sprue, NSAID enteropathy, lactose intolerance, benign tumor, carcinoid tumor, carcinoma, post surgery complications, laxative etc. The approaches to diagnosis include good anamnesis, careful physical examination, supporting laboratory tests, more specialized supporting examinations including X-ray of the colon, esophagogastroduodenum follow-through, enteroclysis, ileo-colonoscopy and endoscopy on the upper portion of the digestive tract including the small intestine with biopsy for histopathology examinations. The treatment for chronic diarrhea is divided into supportive and causal therapy. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 179-89)"

"Riwayat kanker payudara dalam keluarga memegang peranan penting terjadinya kelainan payudara maupun kanker payudara pada seorang individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan data gambaran radiologis payudara perempuan dengan riwayat kanker payudara dalam keluarga, dihubungkan dengan derajat histopatologis kanker payudara yang diderita oleh salah seorang anggota keluarga menggunakan modalitas USG payudara. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan risiko yang yang lebih tinggi akan terjadinya lesi di payudara pada perempuan yang memiliki hubungan keluarga dengan penderita kanker payudara derajat histopatologis tinggi dibandingkan dengan derajat histopatologis rendah.

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Family history of breast cancer plays an important role in the incidence of breast abnormalities and breast cancer in an individual. This study aims to obtain radiological data of breast in women with family history of breast cancer, associated with histopathological grading of breast cancer suffered by a family member using breast ultrasound. This study revealed a higher risk of the incidence of lesions in the breast in high grade histopathological breast cancer group compared with low grade."

"Latar belakang: Ekstrak daun Minth (M.piperita) memiliki senyawa bioaktif alkaloid, flavonoid, dan terpenoid yang dapat membunuh larva Culex quinquefasciatus. Mekanisme larvisida ekstrak masih belum dimengerti. Tujuan: Mengetahui kandungan senyawa fitokimia dan mengevaluasi pengaruh ekstrak kasar daun Minth M.piperita terhadap mortalitas, kelainan histologi midgut, dan imunoreaktivitas neurotransmitter (oktopamin dan tiramin) larva Cx.quinquefasciatus. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental dengan larva Cx.quinquefasciatus instar ke-tiga dan ke-empat dipaparkan dengan ekstrak daun Minth dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda dan pengulangan 5 kali. Histopatologi midgut larva diuji dengan metode pemeriksaan histopatologi rutin dengan pewarnaan HE. Deteksi oktopamin dan tiramin pada midgut larva menggunakan antibodi poliklonal dengan metode Imunohistokimia (IHK). Analisis kandungan fitokimia ekstrak daun minth dilakukan dengan alat GCMS. Hasil: Analisis fitokimia dengan menggunakan GCMS menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun Minth yang mengandung senyawa alkaloid, terpenoid, asam lemak, dan vitamin memperlihatkan aktivitas larvisida terhadap Cx.quinquefasciatus dengan nilai LC50 dan LC90 sebesar 2,56 ppm dan 6,64 ppm. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna angka mortalitas larva setiap konsentrasi ekstrak daun Minth (p < 0,05). Uji Korelasi Spearman memperlihatkan korelasi yang kuat dan positif antara angka mortalitas larva Cx.quinquefasciatus dengan konsentrasi ekstrak daun Minth (r = 0,758, p < 0,05). Ekstrak daun Minth menyebabkan kelainan histologi midgut ; food bolus terpecah-pecah, sel epitel mengalami perubahan bentuk, lapisan epitelium rusak disertai keruskan mikrovili dan membran peritropik juga menjadi lisis. Pada konsentrasi ekstrak daun Minth yang tinggi (1 ppm) kerusakan histologi midgut semakin berat dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi lainnya. Setelah perlakuan dengan ekstrak daun Minth, oktopamin dan tiramin masih dapat terdeteksi pada midgut, tetapi imunoreaktivitas oktopamin dan tiramin semakin berkurang, terutama di bagian lapisan epitelium. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak daun Minth memiliki potensi sebagai insektisida alternatif yang berasal dari tanaman untuk memberantas populasi nyamuk Cx.quinquefasciatus.

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Background: Mint leaf extract (M.piperita) has a bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids that can kill Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The mechanism of larvicidal effect still not understood Purpose: To find out the phytochemicals and evaluating the effect of rough extract from Mint leaves (M.piperita) on mortality, histological abnormalities of midgut, and immunoactivity of neurotransmitters (octopamine and tyramine) Cx.quinquefasciatus larvae Method: This research use an experimental studies design using the third and fourth instar Cx.quinquefasciatus larvae presented with Mint leaf extract with different concentration and 5 times repetition. Histopathological findings of midgut is tested with routine histopathological method with HE staining. Detection of octopamine and tyramine in the midgut using polyclonal antibody with immunohistochemistry method (IHC). Phytochemical analysis of rough extract from Mint leaves conducted using GCMS. Findings: Phytochemical analysis using GCMS finds that rough extract from Mint leaves that has alkaloid, terpenoids, fatty acids, and vitamin showed larvicidal activity against Cx.quinquefasciatus larvae with LC50 and LC90 values of 2,56 ppm and 6,64 ppm. There is a significant difference on mortality number of Cx.quinquefasciatus larvae with every concentration of Mint leaf extract (p < 0,05). Spearman correlation test showed a strong and positive correlation between the number of mortality on Cx.quinquefasciatus larvae and the concentration of Mint leaf extract (r = 0,758, p < 0,05). Mint leaf extract cause the histological abnormalities in midgut such as; fragmented food bolus, changes shape of the epithelial cells, damaged on epithelium layer along with damaged on microvilli and lysis of peritropic membrane. At the highest concentration (1 ppm) histopathological damage is getting heavier compared to other concentration. After treatment with the extract, octopamine and tyramine can still be detected in the midgut, but the immunoreactivity of it reduced, especially in epithelium layer parts Conclusion: Mint leaf extract has a potential as a alternative insecticide that derived from plants to eradicate population of Cx.quinquefasciatus mosquito.

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