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"Skripsi ini membahas tentang Dinas Intelijen Politik Algemeene Recherche Dienst(ARD) pada masa Pergerakan Nasional di Hindia Belanda. Masa PergerakanNasional ditandai dengan munculnya berbagai organisasi-organisasi politik yangpada perkembangannya dianggap mengancam legitimasi pemerintah kolonialHindia Belanda. Untuk itu dibentuk Dinas Intelijen Politik yang bernamaAlgemeene Recherche Dienst (ARD) yang bertugas untuk mengawasi secara ketatorganisasi dan tokoh-tokoh pergerakan. Segala perkembangan mengenai situasiperpolitikan di Hindia Belanda dilaporkan oleh ARD untuk dijadikanpertimbangan mengenai penanganan apa yang akan dilakukan oleh pemerintahkepada organisasi pergerakan.

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AbstractThis thesis is discusses about the Political Intelligence Service AlgemeeneRecherche Dienst (ARD) in the National Movement era. The National Movementera was marked by the rise of many political organizations which threatened thecolonial regime‟s legitimation. For that, the Netherlands-Indies colonialgovernment formed the Political Intelligence Service Algemeene RechercheDienst (ARD) who responsible to watched the organizations and its politicianthightly. Any emergence about the Netherlands-Indies political situations will bereported by ARD in purposed to making considerations to handle this NationalMovement organizations."

"Efektifitas operasi intelijen secara langsung berkaitan dengan perilaku petugas intelijen dan tergantung pada sikap moral dan nilai mereka. Kekhususan operasi intelijen dapat menyebabkan dilema moral dalam perilaku petugas. Metode operasi lembaga intelijen mencakup elemen taktis etis dan elemen yang bertentangan dengan prinsip etika yang diterima secara umum dapat mengerdilkan nilai-nilai demokrasi dan nila-nilai mendasar yang didukung oleh negara. Penelitian ini menganalisis masalah etika yang dihadapi dalam proses menggunakan prinsip-prinsip HUMINT dan metode just intelligence dengan menggunakan studi kasus dalam penanganan gerakan Organisasi Papua Merdeka. Subyek penelitian tentang penanganan gerakan separatisme di Papua yang menganalisis etika human intelligence secara evaluatif internal masih sangat terbatas. Tesis ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan analisis teoritis terhadap model perilaku integral awal dari petugas intelijen berdasarkan konteks pilihan dan implikasi operasional yang dapat mendorong diskusi ilmiah tentang subjek penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelangsungan operasi intelijen di Papua memenuhi unsur legalitas dan sesuai standar prinsip Just Intelligence Model. Kendati demikian, untuk memaksimalkan penanganan ancaman Organisasi Papua Merdeka perlu dilakukan kolaborasi kemampuan Human Intelligence seluruh lintas lembaga intelijen dalam satu komando yang integratif.

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The effectiveness of intelligence operations is directly related to the behavior of intelligence officers and depends on their moral attitude and values. The specificity of intelligence operations can cause moral dilemmas in the behavior of officers. The method of operation of an intelligence agency includes ethical tactical elements and elements that are contrary to generally accepted ethical principles that can undermine democratic values ​​and fundamental values ​​supported by the state. This study analyzes the ethical problems encountered in the process of using the HUMINT principles and the just intelligence method by using case studies in handling the Free Papua Movement (OPM). Research subjects on handling separatist movements in Papua who analyze ethics of human intelligence in an internal evaluative basis are still very limited. This thesis uses a qualitative approach with a theoretical analysis of the initial integral behavioral models of intelligence officers based on the context of choice and operational implications that can encourage scientific discussion of research subjects. The results showed that the continuity of intelligence operations in Papua fulfills the element of legality and conforms to the Just Intelligence Model principles. However, to maximize the handling of the threat from Free Papua Organization, it is necessary to collaborate on the capabilities of Human Intelligence across all intelligence agencies in one integrated command."

"The main purpose of the study was to investigate the influences of urbanism, schooling and gender on intelligence. An additional purpose was the investigation of the influences of urbanism and gender on school achievement. The first question pertinent to the problems in this investigation is: What is the impact of urban culture as compared to rural culture on the development of abilities? Will there be differences in the abilities of urban and rural children, not only in terms of level or quantity but also in terms of the kinds of strategies used in solving problems? The term urbanism in this study is taken from Wirth (1938) and has the meaning of way of live that is characteristic of people living in the cities. According to Wirth the study of urbanism can be approached from three inter-related perspectives: (1) as a physical structure, (2) as a system of social organization, and (3) as a set of attitudes and ideas and a "constellation of personalities". In the discussion he paid much attention to the last two perspectives. Defined as a way of life, urbanism then is identical to urban culture, because culture is defined as including a material aspect, as well as values, norms and knowledge that is made by humans for the regulation of social interaction and the enhancement of group living (Selo Soemardjan and Soelaeman Soemardi, 1964). Recent developments in social psychology are paying much attention to the non-material aspect which is given the name subjective culture, i.e. "... a cultural group's characteristic way of perceiving the man-made part of its environment. The perception of rules and the group's norms, roles, and values are aspects of subjective culture." (Triandis, 1972, p. 4). Based on the studies of anthropologists on urban (e.g. Basham, 1978) and rural (e.g. Koentjaraningrat, 1964) communities it can be concluded that the way of life in the cities is different from the way of life in the villages. The supposition in this study is that urban and rural people would develop different abilities and skills."

"What is the appropriate role of intelligence in the making of national security policy? Most members of the national security community bring to their roles a preconceived and mostly subconscious view on this issue, which view seems so obvious to its holders, that they rarely see reason to raise the question. Even within the U.S. Intelligence Community, where the subject is discussed more frequently, it is usually approached as part of an academic discussion, and only rarely as part of the planning and execution of normal support to the national security policy process."