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"The main contraint in shallot cultivation is the high incidence of spodoptera exigua. The pest causes significant damage on plant. To control the pest, farmers commonly use insectides exessively. The intensive use of insectides results in inefficiency and polluted environment..."

"The objective of this research was to determine the pathogenicity of Nomuraea rileyi on larvae of Spodoptera litura. The isolate was from the infected Crocidolomia binotalis. This fungus was reproduced in rice, corn, and mixture of rice and bran media. The results showed that rice was the best medium for N. rileyi. The spore production in the media of rice, corn, and mixture of rice and bran media after three weeks cultivation age were 7,65 x 10"; 1, 78 x 1013; and 1,06 x 1013 spore-/ml, respectively.The pathogenicity tests of N. rileyi were employed against three instars (first, third, and fifth instar) of S. litura by spraying the soybean leaves with different concentration of spores. The spray volume was calculated based on the recommended field rate (500 I/ha). No mortality was observed on the first instar of S. litur. However, the third and fifth instar were found to be more susceptible to N. rileyi than the first instar with the LC50 values of 1,471 x 10° and 1,754 x 106 spore/ml respectively. Furthermore the LC95 of N. rileyi against the third and fifth instar was 1,319 x 10" and 2,574 x 1017 spore/respectively."

"This research aimed is to study the effect of guano organic fertilizer towards the availability of Cd on soil and the degree of plants tissue ability to absorb Cd, also to study its effect on plant's productivity which parameter is tuber's dry weight. ..."

"ABSTRAKUlat grayak adalah salah satu hama yang sering menyerang tanaman cabai merah. Kerusakan yang ditimbulkan oleh hama ini antara lain dengan gigitan dan kunyahan pada daun serta memakan permukaan daun sehingga hanya meninggalkan tulang daunnya saja. Getah pepaya dapat digunakan sebagai pestisida karena mengandung enzim sisteina protease yang merupakan zat yang dapat menghambat sistem pencernaan serangga sehingga dapat membunuh serangga. Percobaan ini memvariasikan getah pepaya yang digunakan yaitu getah yang berasal dari daun, batang dan kulit buah pepaya. Selain itu metode ekstraksi yang digunakan juga divariasikan menjadi metode ekstraksi dengan menggunakan blender dan dengan penyadapan. Ekstraksi dengan menggunakan blender akan dilanjutkan dengan ekstraksi secara kimia menggunakan larutan fosfat buffer dan amonium sulfat. Sedangkan metode penyadapan akan dilanjutkan dengan ekstraksi secara kimia dengan menggunakan aseton. Kedua metode akan dibandingan dengan menggunakan uji aktivitas enzim dan uji efikasi. Aktivitas enzim akan diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Sedangkan uji efikasi akan menggunakan larva ulat grayak yang diberi daun cabai yang telah dioleskan biopestisida. Selain itu akan dilakukan uji penyimpan untuk melihat perubahan warna dan bau serta aktivitas pada sampel

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ABSTRACTSpodoptera litura is one of the major pests on red chilli pepper Capsicum annum . Larvae damage crops by biting, chewing and then eating the lower surface of the leaves. The leaves will become transparent white, severe damage leaves behind only leaf bone. Spodoptera litura in red chilli pepper ca eliminated with pesticide from chemical. But they have side effect if using in a long time like killing another insects and increase the number of pest. Using chemical pesticide need to increase the dose so will be dangerous to enviroment. For decreasing dependancy of chemical pesticide using biopesticide is the alternative.The author s initiated to use latex and piece of papaya as biopesticide. Papaya Carica papaya could be used as a biopesticide because it contains sisteine protease which substances that can inhibit eating even to kill insects pests. The method used is extraction with variation of tapping. First latex and piece of papaya from tapping soluted by phospate buffer, after incubated in temprature 40 C centrifuge the solution and precipitated with aseton 50 . For purification author use nylon filter. For latex and piece of papaya without tapping the extraction add sodium bisulfate as enzyme activator. Based on the method, result will be reach is enzyme activity and mortality rate of spodoptera litura.The result will be test using efication test with flybow of spodoptera litura which are given red chilli pepper leave which given biopesticide from papaya in a week. For activity,we using spectrophotometer UV Vis for measure absorbance in wavelength 750 nm. "