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"This essay is not intended to be comprehensive; rather, it gives readers a general idea of the five major Eurasian legal systems (Rome, Greece, the Near East, India, China) in their historical and political contexts. It also examines, briefly, the different stages of a typical legal case in each system; and because my main area of specialization is Greek law, and the Athenian legal system may be unfamiliar to many readers, I discuss it in somewhat more detail. My main thesis is that legal systems develop to meet the political needs of their communities. To illustrate this I contrast the legal systems of the two major ancient empires, Rome and China, with that of the much smaller Athenian political community, the polis."

"Novel chicklit merupakan novel yang merepresentasikan kehidupan perempuan lajang. Melalui pendekatan Kajian Budaya ditemukan beberapa wacana mainstream dalam kehidupan para lajang yang ada dalam ketiga novel chicklit, yaitu Bridget Jones's Diary, Good In Beet dan Jemima J. Wacana-wacana mainstream yang terdapat dalam novel-novel tersebut berhubungan dengan beberapa isu yang menjadi perjuangan dari feminisme. Suatu representasi tidak dapat terlepas dari ideologi. Melalui wacana, ideologi patriarki berusaha untuk membangun dan mengukuhkan kekuasaannya. Pada akhirnya dapat disimpulkan bahwa representasi perempuan lajang dalam ketiga novel chicklit ini bermakna sebagai resistensi terhadap berbagai wacana mainstream, meskipun masih terdapat ambivalensi dalam beberapa hal.

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Chicklit novels are considered as the representation of single women. By using Cultural Study and The Discursive Approach to see how the single women are represented in three novels, namely: Bridget Jones's Diary, Good In Bed, and Jernima J, several mainstream discourses can be found. Those discourses are related to the issues that have been fought in feminisms. There is always an ideology that can be found in a representation. Through these discourses, the ideology of patriarchy is trying to establish or strengthen its power. In the end, it can be concluded that the representation of single women in the three chicklit novels is meant as a resistance towards the mainstream discourses, although there is still ambivalence in some parts of them."