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"Modernization has effected a profound change in human civilizations and is a global trend since the 18th century. It includes not only the great change and transformation from traditional to modern politics, economies, societies and cultures, but also all human development and protection of the natural environment. Almost all nations in the world are undergoing some kind of modernization consciously or unconsciously, and the modernization drive can also be set as a national goal if they will. The first International Modernization Forum: Modernization and Global Change was held in Beijing in 2013. This volume, emanating from invaluable discussions at the forum, covers research on global modernization, multiple modernities, modernization theory, modernization science, modernization policy, and world modernization indexes. Global Modernization Review offers a collective understanding of the modernization phenomenon and provides invaluable guidance for further study, and significant international and interdisciplinary cooperation for researches on modernization."

"?The National Defense Program Outline? set forth on October 29, 1976 (the 1976 NDPO) introduced the ?Basic Defense Force Concept? as the course of Japan?s defense force. The introduction process of the concept has been described, on many occasions, as if the so-called ?Kubo Concept? by Takuya Kubo had been formally adopted and incorporated into the 1976 NDPO in a straightforward manner. In reality, however, several interpretations emerged and coexisted in the process of formulating the Basic Defense Force Concept, such as an interpretation based on the Kubo Concept-like ?beyond-the-threat theory,? an interpretation based on ?counter low-threat theory? similar to the ?Constantly Maintained Defense Force? deriving from the ?N Study Group,? and an interpretation based on Seiki Nishihiro?s ?validation theory,? the view that linked the preceding two interpretations."