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"UMKM memiliki potensi yang sangat besar dalam mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional. Peran UMKM di Indonesia dapat membantu menciptakan pekerjaan dan mengurangi tingkat pengangguran, sehingga diyakini UMKM mampu mewujudkan pemerataan kesempatan berusaha dan pemerataan pendapatan. Bertumbuhnya wirausaha berasal dari perspektif kognitif yang berguna memahami proses dalam mengidentifikasi peluang dan menggunakan informasi untuk mengembangkan usaha, dan juga wirausahawan yang optimis yakin dapat mencapai hasil yang sukses. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh rasa optimisme yang dimiliki seorang pelaku UMKM terhadap persistensinya dalam menjalani usahanya dengan cognitive style cognitive knowing style, cognitive planning style, dan cognitive creating style sebagai variabel moderasi. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah pelaku UMKM yang berada di Kota Depok. Metode pengolahan data yang digunakan adalah regresi linear berjenjang hierarchical linear regression. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa optimisme secara positif berpengaruh terhadap persistensi, dan cognitive style tidak memperkuat hubungan positif antara optimisme dan persistensi.

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SMEs have huge potential in promoting national economic growth. The role of SMEs in Indonesia can help create jobs and reduce the unemployment rate, so it is believed that SMEs able to realize the equalization of business opportunity and income distribution. The growth of entrepreneurship comes from cognitive perspective that is useful in understanding the process of identifying opportunities and using information to develop a business, as well as an optimistic entrepreneur sure to achieve successful results. This study aims to analyze the effect of entrepreneurs rsquo optimism on persistence with cognitive style cognitive knowing style, cognitive planning style and cognitive creating style as moderating variables. Respondents in this study are the owner of SMEs in Depok. Hierarchical linear regression is used as data processing method. The results of this study indicate that optimism positively affects persistence, and cognitive style do not reinforce the positive relationship between optimism and persistence. "

"The ability to comprehend symbolic representations is deemed as an imperative property of human cognition in the midst of this symbol-flooded world. This study aimed to investigate the early development of this ability and its relation to self-recognition in the second year of life. I presented children with a novel video game (SONY PlayStation 2 Eye Toy or ET), in which child's own image is incorporated in the game's display. Using detailed observation of children's responses to the experimental and control conditions, I investigated if they recognized this unusual symbol-referent relation. I also surreptitiously marked each child on their forehead to study if they recognized themselves in the video image (VSR). The underlining assumption is that in order to pass the self-recognition task, children should grasp basic correspondence of image-referent in the video reflection. Thus, those who passed the visual self-recognition task were hypothesized to also demonstrate better performance on the Eye Toy game than those who did not pass. Participants consisted of 8,24-month-olds and 12,30-month-olds. Results revealed that there was no difference between older and younger children performance in both ET and VSR tasks. Although children did display some insight to the novel symbol-referent relation in the game, their performance in ET and VSR task was not related. Implications and suggestion for future research in this area are discussed in light of the new findings."

"Penelitian kali ini bertujuan untuk menemukan faktor pembentuk proses sekularisasi selain yang sudah ada dalam teori sebelumnya. Faktor itu adalah cognitive style tipe reflective. Dalam penelitian ini, dinyatakan hipotesis bahwa manipulasi cognitive style yang reflectiveakan mempengaruhi religious dan secular belief. Hipotesis ini dituangkan dalam dua studi. Studi pertama mencoba untuk menguji apakah ada perbedaan tingkat religious belief pada partisipan yang dimanipulasi untuk menyukai cognitive style tipe reflective dengan partisipan yang dimanipulasi untuk tidak menyukai cognitive style tipe reflective. Partisipan penelitian studi 1 berjumlah 56 orang mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia. Manipulasi antar kelompok pada studi kedua sama seperti studi pertama, namun variabel terikat yang diukur adalah secular belief. Partisipan penelitian studi 2 berjumlah 64 orang mahasiswa Psikologi Universitas Indonesia. Hasil uji hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh manipulasi cognitive style tipe reflectiveterhadap religious belief, tetapi ada pengaruh terhadap secular belief. Model sekularisasi kemudian dirumuskan, dimana sekularisasi lebih berhubungan dengan secular belief daripada religious belief. Dengan demikian, cognitive style tipe reflective, menjadi faktor yang bisa mempengaruhi proses sekularisasi.

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Present study aims to find factor that can shape the process of secularization other than what previous theory mentioned. The factor is named reflective cognitive style. Hypothetically, manipulation of reflective cognitive style should influence religious and secular belief. This hypothesis is manifested within two studies. First study aims to answer whether there is difference on religious belief between participants that is given manipulation that favor reflective cognitive style and participants that is given manipulation that dislike reflective cognitive style. For this study, the samples are 56 college students of Universitas Indonesia. Manipulation for second study is no different with first study. But for second study, secular belief is measured as dependent variable. The samples are 64 college students of Faculty of Psychology Universitas Indonesia. Statistical test shown that there is no effect of reflective cognitive style manipulation on religious belief, but there is effect on secular belief. Secularization model, are thus, being formulated. In this formulation, secularization is linked with secular belief but not with religious belief. And so, reflective cognitive style became one factor that can influence secularization process."

"Bahasa memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam proses komunikasi, salah satunya sebagai media pertukaran informasi di media massa, antara lain pada media televisi. Mata Najwa merupakan salah satu acara televisi yang cukup diminati oleh masyarakat yang banyak mengangkat topik mengenai politik dan hukum. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menjelaskan bentuk-bentuk metafora konseptual ada tuturan Najwa Shihab dalam program tayangan Mata Najwa dan konsep-konsep penggunaan metafora konseptual bidang politik dan hukum secara universal. Penelitian ini memuat penggunaan metafora konseptual sebagai salah satu perangkat linguistik yang di dalamnya terdapat pembentukan makna baru dari proses kognitif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tuturan prolog dan epilog Najwa Shihab dalam gelar wicara Mata Najwa bidang politik dan hukum tahun 2020. Metode yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif-kualitatif dengan menggunakan teori metafora konseptual yang dikemukakan oleh Lakoff dan Johnson (1980). Penelitian ini menghasilkan lima bentuk pemetaan konseptual politik dan hukum yang diwakili oleh konsep permainan, alat, tubuh, penyakit, dan sandiwara. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menjelaskan bahwa metafora hukum dan politik bersifat universal pada bahasa-bahasa di dunia dan bersifat unik karena bahasa mewakili konsep budaya penuturnya masing-masing.

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Language has a very important role in the communication process, one of which is as a medium for exchanging information in mass media such as television. Mata Najwa is one of the television shows that are quite in demand by the public, which raises a lot of topics about politics and law. This study contains the use of conceptual metaphors as a linguistic device in which there is the formation of new meanings from cognitive processes. The data used in this study are the prologue and epilogue of Najwa Shihab in the Mata Najwa speech in politics and law in 2020. This study uses a descriptive-qualitative research method using the conceptual metaphor theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson. The results obtained after conducting this research are that there are at least five forms of political and legal conceptual mapping represented by the concepts of games, tools, bodies, diseases, and plays. In addition, this study also explains that legal and political metaphors are universal in the languages ​​of the world and are unique because languages ​​represent the cultural concepts of their respective speakers.

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