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"Regionalisme merupakan konsep yang berevolusi seiring dengan perkembangan studi dan dinamika Hubungan Internasional. Regionalisme acapkali diasosiasikan dengan integrasi dan kerja sama regional sehingga dalam perkembangannya, muncul istilah “konektivitas” sebagai turunan dari regionalisme. Melihat perkembangan ini, ASEAN memutuskan untuk mengadopsi konektivitas sebagai kerangka integrasi dan kerja sama regional. Uniknya, Konektivitas ASEAN didasari oleh mekanisme kerja sama sukarela yang difasilitasi oleh prinsip “ASEAN Way” dengan menghindari keterikatan politik yang kuat. Tulisan ini kemudian merupakan sebuah tinjauan pustaka yang memiliki tujuan untuk mengeksplorasi pembahasan Rancangan Konektivitas ASEAN sebagai instrumen integrasi dan kerja sama regional Asia Tenggara. Dengan menelaah 30 literatur akademik melalui metode taksonomi, penulis kemudian mengklasifikasikan literatur-literatur terpilih ke dalam dua tema utama, antara lain: (1) Konseptualisasi Konektivitas ASEAN; dan (2) Perkembangan Rancangan dan Implementasi Konektivitas ASEAN. Alhasil, tulisan ini menemukan bahwa Konektivitas ASEAN merupakan upaya kolektif yang perlu dijalankan melalui koordinasi tiga arah antara badan regional ASEAN, negara-negara anggota ASEAN, dan pihak eksternal yang terlibat. Upaya perwujudan Rancangan Konektivitas ASEAN pun dijumpai berbagai hambatan, yaitu keterbatasan kapasitas finansial dan teknologi, kesenjangan pembangunan antara negara-negara ASEAN, komitmen politik yang rendah, perbedaan persepsi dan potensi persaingan antarnegara, dan inefisiensi koordinasi badan regional pemantau Konektivitas ASEAN.

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Regionalism is a concept that has evolved along with the development of the study and dynamics of International Relations. Regionalism is commonly associated with regional integration and cooperation. Therefore, the term “connectivity” appears as a derivative of regionalism. Against this background, ASEAN has adopted connectivity as a framework for regional integration and cooperation. Uniquely, the ASEAN Connectivity has implemented a voluntary cooperation mechanism facilitated by the “ASEAN Way” principle to avoid strong political ties among the institution. Accordingly, this paper constitutes a literature review which aims to explore the discussion of the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity as the instrument of Southeast Asia regional integration and cooperation. By examining 30 pieces of academic literature through the taxonomic method, the selected writings will be classified into two main themes: (1) The Conceptualization of the ASEAN Connectivity; and (2) The Development of the Master Plan of ASEAN Connectivity and its Implementation. As a result, this paper finds that ASEAN Connectivity is a collective effort that needs to be carried out through the three-way coordination between the ASEAN regional bodies, the ASEAN Member States, and external parties involved. However, the efforts to realize the Master Plan of ASEAN Connectivity have encountered various obstacles, specifically limited financial and technological capacity, development gaps between ASEAN Member States, low political commitment, differences in perceptions and the potential of competition between member states, and inefficiency in regional bodies monitoring the ASEAN Connectivity."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini berfokus pada eksistensi ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) di tengah trenbilateralisme kawasan Asia Tenggara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untukmenganalisis strategi yang digunakan pemerintah negara-negara di kawasan AsiaTenggara dan negara-negara ekstra-regional khususnya Tiongkok dan AmerikaSerikat di ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). Aktor-aktor tersebut saling menjaga satusama lain untuk terlibat secara konstruktif di kawasan berbasis norma-normakooperatif yang dapat membantu mereka untuk mencapai kepentingan nasional danmencegah munculnya hegemoni intramural di wilayah Asia Pasifik. Penelitian inimenggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Selain itu, penelitian ini menggunakan kerangkaTeori Balance of Influence yang diwujudkan kedalam strategi Hedging untukmenganalisis fenomena yang terjadi. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa meskipunberada di tengah-tengah tren bilateralisme, aktor-aktor yang terlibat didalam ARFtetap mempertahankan forum ini karena model dialog dan penyelesaian ARF telahberhasil menjaga perimbangan kekuatan-kekuatan ekstra-regional di kawasan.

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ABSTRACTThis research focuses on the existence of ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) within theBilateralism Trend in Southeast Asia. The purpose of this study was to analyze thestrategy of Southeast Asian governments and extra-regional powers used (especiallyChina and US) to keep each other constructively and cooperatively engaged in theregion and to promote rule and norm-based arrangements and principles that helpthem to achieve their national interest and deny intramural hegemony in the AsiaPacific region. This study used qualitative approach. In addition, this study uses theframework of Balance of Influence Theory that embodied into Hedging Strategy toanalyze the phenomenon that occurs. This study found that despite the bilateralismtrends, the actors that involved in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) decided toretain this forum because its dialogue and settlement models have managed tomaintain the balance of extra-regional state power in Southeast Asia., This research focuses on the existence of ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) within theBilateralism Trend in Southeast Asia. The purpose of this study was to analyze thestrategy of Southeast Asian governments and extra-regional powers used (especiallyChina and US) to keep each other constructively and cooperatively engaged in theregion and to promote rule and norm-based arrangements and principles that helpthem to achieve their national interest and deny intramural hegemony in the AsiaPacific region. This study used qualitative approach. In addition, this study uses theframework of Balance of Influence Theory that embodied into Hedging Strategy toanalyze the phenomenon that occurs. This study found that despite the bilateralismtrends, the actors that involved in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) decided toretain this forum because its dialogue and settlement models have managed tomaintain the balance of extra-regional state power in Southeast Asia.]"