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"This book is about migration futures: the transnational movement of people and the portability of skills in a globalizing world. It explores why in recent decades, development has produced outcomes so different from what was proclaimed to be its goal resulting in the Great Divergence-a world unequal as never before. International migration must be seen in the context of the political economy of development and as the natural corollary to international trade and capital. In the post 2015 development context, sustaining global economic growth rates, expanding economic opportunity, democratizing human welfare, and progressing towards an equitable and just global order will be predicated substantially on the free movement of people. Over time, the policy and practice on international migration of most countries has only become more restrictive. The consequence has been high costs-both fiscal and human. The barriers to freer economic migration have distorted development outcomes globally. There is urgent need for a global framework that is rule based, non-discriminatory, and democratic to govern the transnational movement of people. The scale and spread of the Indian experience in migration as well as development and the intimate interplay of these two complex processes is matchless. International migration is as important for the world as for India to be left to uninformed debate or fragmented interventions. The challenge is to articulate a coherent policy framework and undertake coordinated modes of engagement. Failure to mainstream economic migration will jeopardize the basis of a modern, progressive, and democratic future for all."

"Menyusul krisis pengungsi yang disebabkan oleh Musim Semi Arab, penganiayaan terhadap Muslim Rohingya dan Uighur, dan pembantaian Palestina, negara-negara anggota Organisasi Kerjasama Islam (OKI) mengalami gelombang besar masuknya imigran. Berkenaan dengan itu, penelitian ini mencoba melihat apakah sentimen negatif terhadap pendatang yang ditemukan di masyarakat barat juga terjadi pada masyarakat Muslim. Studi ini menggunakan dataset World Value Survey gelombang ke-7 dan menggunakan model Ordered logistic model. Ditemukan bahwa Muslim sedikit berprasangka buruk terhadap imigran dan Muslim yang tinggal di negara-negara OKI sebagian besar bersikap netral. Selain itu, religiusitas secara signifikan mendorong Muslim untuk lebih ramah terhadap pendatang. Terakhir, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa seorang Muslim kemungkinan besar mampu beradaptasi lebih cepat dengan meningkatnya jumlah imigran di negaranya daripada populasi rata-rata. Namun, kami menemukan bahwa respons seorang Muslim terhadap imigran dari negara OKI cukup mirip dengan rata-rata populasi, di mana lebih banyak imigran dari negara OKI justru mengurangi sentimen positif terhadap imigran. Mengenai pengungsi dan pencari suaka, ada kecenderungan arah yang sama antara Muslim dan penduduk rata-rata yang menunjukkan tren positif. Namun, seorang muslim lebih toleran terhadap pengungsi dan pencari suaka dari OKI dibandingkan dengan yang bukan berasal dari negara OKI. Ada ambang batas tertentu bagi umat Islam untuk dapat ditoleransi jumlah pengungsi dan pencari suaka yang tidak berasal dari negara-negara OKI.

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This study tries to see whether the negative sentiment towards immigrant that western societies have also occurred in Muslim societies. This study uses the 7^th wave of the world value survey dataset and employs an ordinal logistic model. It is found that Muslims are slightly prejudicial towards immigrants, and Muslims living in OIC countries are primarily neutral. Furthermore, religiosity significantly drives Muslims to have a more hospitable response to immigrants. Lastly, this study found that a Muslim is likely able to adapt faster to the growing number of immigrants in his/her country than the average population. However, we found evidence that a Muslim’s response to immigrants from OIC country is quite similar to the average population, in which more of them reduce positive sentiment towards immigrants. Regarding refugee asylum-seekers, there are similar directional trends between Muslim and average populations, showing a positive trend. However, a Muslim is more tolerant of refugees and asylum-seekers from OIC than those who do not originate from OIC countries. There is a certain threshold for Muslims to tolerate the number of refugees and asylum-seekers not originating from OIC countries."

"Skripsi ini menganalisis faktor penarik dan pendorong (push-pull factors) arus balik migrasi (return migration) menuju Jepang yang dilakukan oleh Nikkei Brazil berdasarkan teori migrasi tentang push and pull yang dikemukakan oleh Everett S. Lee (1966). Penelitian ini adalah penelitian historis. Dari penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat tiga buah faktor penarik dan pendorong yang secara umum mendukung terbentuknya arus migrasi kembali dari Brazil ke Jepang. Pertama, krisis ekonomi di Brazil yang bertepatan dengan krisis tenaga kerja di Jepang. Kedua, adanya kesenjangan pendapatan antara di Brazil dan Jepang. Ketiga, adanya faktor-faktor pendukung lainnya, seperti adanya kesadaran akan etnis transnasional, dan adanya revisi Peraturan Imigrasi Jepang tahun 1990 yang memberikan legitimasi para Nikkeijin untuk datang dan bekerja di Jepang. Analisis tentang arus balik migrasi Nikkei Brazil ke Jepang di awal tahun 1990-an, memperlihatkan bahwa migrasi tersebut terjadi tidak hanya didorong oleh faktor ekonomi semata. Penelusuran historis terhadap migrasi yang dilakukan para Nikkei Brazil mengungkapkan sebuah rangkaian kekuatan sosio-historis, politik, dan ekonomi yang kompleks di antara kedua negara, Brazil dan Jepang.

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This thesis analyses the push and pull factors of return migration to Japan by Brazilian Nikkeijin based on the theory of push and pull factors proposed by Everett S. Lee (1966). This research uses historical methods. From this research, it can be concluded that there are three push and pull factors that generally encourage the flow of return migration from Brazil to Japan. First is the economic crisis in Brazil which coincided with labor shortage in Japan. Second is the income gap between Brazil and Japan. Third is the presence of other supporting factors, such as the awareness of transnational ethnic groups and the 1990 revision of Japanese Immigration Law which allow Nikkeijin to come and work in Japan. An analysis of return migration flow of Brazilian Nikkeijin to Japan in early 1990s, suggests that the migration is not solely driven by economic motives. Historical research on emigrations, immigrations, and return migrations of Brazilian Nikkeijin reveal a series of complex socio-historical, politic, and economic forces between the two countries, Brazil and Japan."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai implementasi atas International Convention on the Protection of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families Tahun 1990 oleh Indonesia dalam rangka perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia di luar negeri. Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara yang memiliki jumlah pekerja migran membutuhkan suatu mekanisme perlindungan yang dapat menjamin nasib para pekerja migrannya di luar negeri yang rentan terhadap pelanggaran hak-hak dasar mereka. International Convention on the Protection of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families merupakan sebuah instrumen hukum internasional yang disahkan untuk menyediakan perlindungan atas hak-hak dasar seluruh pekerja migran di dunia. Komitmen Indonesia untuk terikat dengan perjanjian internasional ini diharapkan mampu mengatasi permasalahan yang terjadi terhadap pekerja migrannya di negara-negara tujuan pekerja migran untuk bekerja. Indonesia harus melakukan perubahan pada kerangka hukum perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia dan mereformasi praktik perlindungannya untuk memastikan agar hak-hak para Tenaga Kerja Indonesia dapat terjamin.

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This final paper discusses about the implementation of 1990 International Convention on the Protection of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families by Indonesia regarding the protection of the Indonesian migrant workers overseas. Indonesia, as one of the countries who has the largest number of its migrant workers, needs a protection mechanism to ensure the life of its migrant workers’ who are highly susceptible to the violation of their rights. 1990 International Convention on the Protection of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families is one of the existing international law instrument which was formed to provide protection to the migrant workers’ rights. Indonesia’s commitment to be bound by the treaty is expected to overcome the problems that happened in their working destination states. Indonesia must conduct a change in its regulation concerning the protection of Indonesian migrant workers and reform the protection practice to ensure its migrant workers’ life."

"Skripsi ini mendeskripsikan fenomena sosial mengenai migrasi sirkuler yang dilakukan oleh individu maupun kelompok individu dalam rangka memperoleh sumber daya pekerjaan di suatu wilayah yang berada di luar dari wilayah masing- masing individu itu berasal. Kegiatan untuk pergi ke suatu wilayah yang berada di luar dari wilayahnya ini dilakukan guna memenuhi kebutuhan hidup, dan mereka memang tidak berniat untuk menjadi warga permanen yang menetap di wilayah tujuan. Pada suatu saat nanti, mereka akan kembali ke keluarga masing-masing yang tetap berada di wilayah asalnya. Para migran sirkuler pergi ke suatu wilayah tujuan dalam konteks penelitian ini diawali dengan bermodalkan hubungan sosial yang sudah dimiliki para aktor dengan migran terdahulu yang dikenalnya melalui hubungan sentiment (emosi). Hubungan sosial yang sudah ada ini coba diaktifkan para migran sirkuler karena hubungan sosial ini merupakan modal sosial bagai para aktor untuk memperoleh sumber daya pekerjaan yang sudah dilakoni oleh migran yang diikutinya baik sebagai buruh bangunan maupun pedagang makanan. Dari dua konteks sumber daya pekerjaan inilah akan terlihat secara jelas adanya pengelompokan sosial para aktor/migran sirkuler yang masing-masing membentuk satu kesatuan jaringan sosial.Kemudian dalam tulisan ini pula akan dijelaskan jaringan sosial berdasarkan dua konteks sumber daya pekerjaan yang coba dibina dan diperlihara oleh para aktor, karena baik itu migran terdahulu maupun migran sirkuler, keduanya saling tergantung dan saling membutuhkan. Hubungan sosial yang terwujud, mengikat individu dalam jaringan sosial sehingga dapat diketahui logika situasional dimana adanya sejumlah pertukaran yang dijelaskan dalam hubungan power dimana adanya reward dan sanction yang digunakan dalam jaringan sosial guna mencapai suatu kepentingan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidup para aktor.

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This thesis describe the social phenomena of circular migration by individual or groups of individuals in order to obtain employment resources in a territory that is outside of individual origin territory come from. Movement into a territory in order to appeased life need, and they, indeed, have no intend to be permanent residents in destination territory. Later, they will return to their each families who stay remain of their origin territory. Circular migrants went to a territory in the context of this research begins to capitalize on social relations have been owned by actors with previous migrants had known through sentiment relations (emotion). They tried to activated their social relations because this social relations is the social capital of actors/circular migrants to obtain employment resources that have been done by previous migrants who participated either as construction workers or food vendors. From this two context, Both will clearly show the social grouping of actors/circular migrants which each form a unity of social network.

This thesis also explain social network based on two context of employment resources effort to fostered and maintained by actors, because previous migrants or circular migrants, both interdependent and well earned need each other. Social relations are materialized, binding individuals in a social network go into as to know the „logika situasional‟ which interchange explained in power relation with reward and sanction used in social network to achieve their purpose in appease life need of actors."