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"Abad kedua puluh satu memperkenalkan kita pada revolusi industri ke-4, di mana kemajuan teknologi semakin kuat dengan munculnya berbagai inovasi yang memajukan peradaban. Namun, literatur sebelumnya telah mengusulkan bahwa perubahan teknologi mungkin tidak "baik" seperti yang terlihat. Menelaah pengaruh otomasi Jepang terhadap ekspor dan penyerapan tenaga kerja Indonesia, penulis mencoba melihat apakah otomasi asing berpotensi merugikan negara berkembang. Dengan menggunakan data panel berimbang yang diperoleh dari tiga sumber berbeda (International Federation of Robots (IFR), Statistik Industri (SI), dan WIOD), studi ini mengamati dampak otomasi robot terhadap ekspor manufaktur dan lapangan kerja di Indonesia dalam 15 industri manufaktur terpilih dan dalam kurun waktu 5 tahun (2010-2014). Dengan menggunakan model 2-stage least squared (2SLS), penulis menemukan bahwa otomatisasi asing mengurangi ekspor manufaktur Indonesia. Namun, penulis juga menemukan bahwa penurunan ekspor dapat diimbangi dengan produktivitas yang disebabkan oleh otomatisasi domestik. net otomatisasi adalah positif, namun  juga harus dicatat bahwa otomatisasi domestik tumbuh pada tingkat adopsi yang lebih lamba dibandingkan dengan otomatisasi asing, meninggalkan bobot yang tidak seimbang dari dampak otomatisasi. Selain itu, dampak serupa juga dapat ditemukan dalam pekerjaan. Kami menemukan bahwa otomatisasi asing mengurangi pekerjaan baik pekerja produksi maupun non-produksi. Namun, tidak seperti dalam kasus ekspor, otomatisasi domestik ternyata juga berdampak negatif terhadap lapangan kerja. Pengurangan ini disebabkan oleh dua hal, khususnya kesenjangan keterampilan dan kesenjangan upah antara pekerja produksi dan non-produksi.

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The twenty-first century introduces us to the 4th industrial revolution, in which the advancement of technology is going strong with the arrival of numerous innovations that not only further our civilization in terms of knowledge but also allow us to improve our lives by making more difficult tasks easier. However, previous literature has proposed that technological change may not be as “good” as it seems. Examining the effect of Japan’s automation on Indonesia’s exports and employment, the author tries to see whether foreign automation potentially harms developing countries. Employing a balanced panel data obtained from three different sources ( International Federation of Robots (IFR), Statistik Industri (SI), and WIOD), this study observes the impacts of robotic automation on Indonesia’s manufacturing exports and employment within 15 selected manufacturing industries and in the span of 5 years (2010-2014). 

 Using the 2-stage least squared (2SLS) model, the author found that foreign automation reduces Indonesia’s manufacturing exports. However, the author also found that the reduction in exports can be offset by the productivity induced by domestic automation. While the net effect of automation is positive, We also have to note that domestic automation grows at a slower adoption rate leaving an unbalanced weight of the impacts of automation. Furthermore, a similar impact can also be found in employment. We found that foreign automation reduces the employment of both the production and non-production workers. However, unlike in the case of exports, domestic automation is found to also negatively impact employment. This reduction is caused by two things, in particular, the skill gap and the wage gap between the production and non-production workers. "

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak perdagangan internasional terhadap kesenjangan gender di sektor manufaktur di Indonesia berdasarkan teori Becker. Menurut teori ini, perdagangan internasional meningkatkan persaingan industri dan pada gilirannya menurunkan diskriminasi gender. Ini merupakan studi tingkat industri yang membandingkan efek dari perdagangan internasional pada kesenjangan upah gender dan lapangan kerja perempuan dalam industri yang kompetitif dan industri terkonsentrasi.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa perdagangan internasional menurunkan ketidaksetaraan gender dalam industri terkonsentrasi karena menurunkan kesenjangan upah gender dan meningkatkan lapangan kerja perempuan. Sementara itu, ketidaksetaraan gender memburuk dalam industri kompetitif karena perdagangan meningkatkan kesenjangan upah gender dan mengurangi tenaga kerja perempuan.;

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ABSTRACTThis research aims to analyze the impact of international trade on gender inequality in Indonesian manufacturing sector based on Becker's theory. According to this theory, international trade boosts industry competition and in turn lowers gender discrimination. This is an industry-level study that compares the effects of international trade on gender wage gap and female employment in competitive industries and concentrated industries.The results of the analysis indicate international trade alleviate gender inequality in concentrated industry because it lowers gender wage gap and increases female employment. Meanwhile, gender inequality worsened in competitive industry because trade increase gender wage gap and reduce female employment;This research aims to analyze the impact of international trade on gender inequality in Indonesian manufacturing sector based on Becker's theory. According to this theory, international trade boosts industry competition and in turn lowers gender discrimination. This is an industry-level study that compares the effects of international trade on gender wage gap and female employment in competitive industries and concentrated industries.The results of the analysis indicate international trade alleviate gender inequality in concentrated industry because it lowers gender wage gap and increases female employment. Meanwhile, gender inequality worsened in competitive industry because trade increase gender wage gap and reduce female employment;This research aims to analyze the impact of international trade on gender inequality in Indonesian manufacturing sector based on Becker's theory. According to this theory, international trade boosts industry competition and in turn lowers gender discrimination. This is an industry-level study that compares the effects of international trade on gender wage gap and female employment in competitive industries and concentrated industries.The results of the analysis indicate international trade alleviate gender inequality in concentrated industry because it lowers gender wage gap and increases female employment. Meanwhile, gender inequality worsened in competitive industry because trade increase gender wage gap and reduce female employment;This research aims to analyze the impact of international trade on gender inequality in Indonesian manufacturing sector based on Becker's theory. According to this theory, international trade boosts industry competition and in turn lowers gender discrimination. This is an industry-level study that compares the effects of international trade on gender wage gap and female employment in competitive industries and concentrated industries.The results of the analysis indicate international trade alleviate gender inequality in concentrated industry because it lowers gender wage gap and increases female employment. Meanwhile, gender inequality worsened in competitive industry because trade increase gender wage gap and reduce female employment, This research aims to analyze the impact of international trade on gender inequality in Indonesian manufacturing sector based on Becker's theory. According to this theory, international trade boosts industry competition and in turn lowers gender discrimination. This is an industry-level study that compares the effects of international trade on gender wage gap and female employment in competitive industries and concentrated industries.The results of the analysis indicate international trade alleviate gender inequality in concentrated industry because it lowers gender wage gap and increases female employment. Meanwhile, gender inequality worsened in competitive industry because trade increase gender wage gap and reduce female employment]"

"Tesis ini menganalisis dinamika sikap negara-negara Nordik dalam menanggapi dominasi Tiongkok pada proyek Koridor Arktika, yakni proyek pembangunan infrastruktur transportasi di kawasan Nordik. Peneliti menggunakan tiga pendekatan dalam menyusun penelitian ini, yakni analisis PESTEL, Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) dan pendekatan motif penanaman investasi asing. Analisis PESTEL dan RSCT dipakai untuk melihat secara komprehensif faktor politik, ekonomi, sosial, teknologi, lingkungan, hukum serta keamanan dalam kerangka kerjasama antara negara-negara Nordik dan Tiongkok pada proyek Koridor Arktika. Secara spesifik RSCT juga digunakan untuk meninjau indikator letak geografis, kesamaan sistem serta interaksi antar-negara untuk meninjau kerjasama keamanan antar-negara Nordik di kawasan mereka khususnya dalam menanggapi peningkatan power Tiongkok di kawasan Nordik dan Arktika. Sementara pendekatan motif penanaman investasi asing difokuskan pada tiga aspek, yakni market seeking, resource seeking dan efficiency seeking untuk meninjau motif utama Tiongkok menanamkan FDI-nya di negara-negara Nordik terkait proyek Koridor Arktika. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yakni dengan tinjauan pustaka sebagai teknik pengumpulan data serta teknik analisis diskursus untuk mengklasifikan setiap temuan. Peneliti menemukan temuan bahwa secara umum Finlandia, Swedia, Denmark, Norwegia dan Islandia menganggap Tiongkok sebagai ancaman di kawasan Arktika. Dalam hal ini mereka dihadapkan pada dilema yakni bahwa di satu sisi mereka membuka diri terhadap investasi Tiongkok yang ditanamkan pada proyek tersebut dengan motif utama resource seeking, namun di sisi lain mereka tidak menginginkan Tiongkok mendominasi kawasan Arktika yang mana secara geografis lebih dekat dengan negara-negara Nordik.

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This thesis analyzes the dynamics of the Nordic countries’ demeanor in responding to China’s dominance in the Arctic Corridor project, the transportation infrastructure development project in the Nordic region. The researcher used three approaches on doing this research, those are PESTEL analysis, Regional Security Complex Theory, and the approach of foreign investment motives. In this case, RSCT and PESTEL analysis are used to elaborate the political, economic, social, technological, environmental, legal, and security factors in the framework of cooperation between Nordic countries and China within the Arctic Corridor project. Specifically, RSCT is also used to observe geographical location, system similarities, and interaction between Nordic countries indicators in response to China’s rising power, especially in the Nordic and Arctic regions. Meanwhile, the approach of foreign investment motives is focused on three aspects, those are market seeking, resource seeking, and efficiency seeking to observe China’s primary motive for investing its foreign direct investment in Nordic countries related to the Arctic Corridor project. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature review to classify each finding as a data collection technique. The researcher found that Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Iceland consider China a threat in the Arctic region. In this case, the Nordic countries are faced with a dilemma, that on one side, they open up themselves to the Chinese investment that is invested in the Arctic Corridor project. However, on the other hand, they do not want China to dominate the geopolitics and geo-economy of the Arctic which is geographically closer to the Nordic countries.

"

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai dampak dualisme pengaturan kedudukan Direksi Asing terhadap kewajiban memiliki Izin Mempekerjakan Tenaga Kerja Asing (IMTA). Direksi menurut hukum perseroan terbatas Indonesia dianggap sebagai organ perusahaan yang bertanggung jawab atas pengurusan perusahaan, sementara hukum ketenagakerjaan Indonesia menganggap mereka sebagai pekerja pada perusahaan. Sehubungan dengan itu, permasalahan yang telah timbul adalah apabila Direksi Asing diwajibkan untuk memiliki izin tersebut sebab semua pemberi kerja yang mempekerjakan Tenaga Kerja Asing wajib memiliki IMTA.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui mengapa Direksi Asing wajib memiliki IMTA, hubungan hukum serta hak dan kewajiban antara Direksi Asing dengan perusahaan yang diurusnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dan bersifat deskriptif analitis, yaitu penelitian yang menganalisa dan menggunakan bahan-bahan kepustakaan sebagai data sekunder. Skripsi ini menemukan bahwa Direksi Asing diwajibkan untuk memiliki IMTA karena tetap merupakan warga negara asing yang bekerja di wilayah Indonesia meskipun memiliki hubungan serta hak dan kewajiban dengan perusahaan yang diurusnya berdasarkan hukum perseroan terbatas.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the consequences of the dual regulation of the status of foreign directors toward the obligation to own foreign manpower employment permits (IMTA). Directors according to Indonesian company law are regarded as a company organ responsible for the management of the company, whereas Indonesian manpower law regard them as workers of the company. An issue that has arisen in relation to the foregeoing is whether Foreign Directors are required to acquire the permit, since every employer that employs a Foreign Worker must acquire an IMTA.The purpose of this research is to find out why Foreign Directors are required to acquire the IMTA, their legal relationship with, as well as rights and obligations towards, the company they manage. This reserach uses the judicial normative method and is descriptive analytical research, which analyses and uses literature as seconday data. This thesis has found that Foreign Directors are required to acquire an IMTA as they are still foreign citizens working within Indonesian territory, even though their relationship with as well as rights and obligations towards the company they manage are based on company laws. "

"PMA merupakan investasi langsung dalam bentuk penambahan modal fisik, seperti pabrik dan mesin. Masuknya PMA akan memberikan pengaruh pada perekonomian karena dapat menambah lapangan pekerjaan dan kesejahteraan para pekerja. Penelitian ini mencoba menganalisis bagaimana dampak PMA terhadap tingkat upah, dan juga meneliti bagaiman dampak dan hubungan variabel-variabel lainya terhadap tingkat upah. Penelitian ini mengambil studi kasus di industri tekstil Indonesia. Dengan periode penelitian 1990-2009, maka metode pengolahanya menggunakana data panelyaitu model pooled least square. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PMA memberikan pengaruh yang positif terhadap tingkat upah industri tekstil. Variabel lain yang memberikan hasil signifikan sesuai estimasi adalah jumlah tenaga kerja(size) dan upah tahun sebelumnya(Wit-1).

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Foreign direct investment is additional physical capital, such as factories and machinery. The inflow of FDI will have an impact on the economy because it can increase employment and welfare of the workers. This study tries to analyze how the impact of FDI on wage levels, and how the impact and relationship to other wage rate's variables.

This research took a case study in Indonesian textile industry. Within the year of 1990 to 2009 period, this study use pooled least squares models.

The results of the study showed that FDI have a positive influence on the level of wage textile industry. Another variable which gives the corresponding estimation results are significant number of workers (size) and wage of the previous year (Wit-1)."

"This paper presents a critical analysis of the factors shaping the interaction between multinationals and trade unions in indonesia, focusing on recent period of democratization following the downfall of the Suharto regime. It has been suggested that union growth risks undermining Indonesia's competitive advantages (cheap labour) and could encourage the exit of multinationals to cheaper competitors. In order to rest this proposition, two case studies were conducted: one in automotive industry and the other in the banking industry. The paper first provides an overview of multinational activity and FDI in Indonesia, and their interaction with a nascent union movement. This is followed by presenting he findings of interviews conducted at the multinational enterprises with managers and union officials; to provide empirical insights into the bargaining process. The final part of the paper provides a preliminary assessment of the impact of union behaviour on MNC profitability and competitiveness in indonesia. In contrast to traditional views of unions as impeding MNC profitability and "encouraging" exit, the paper finds that unions and MNCs can engage in constructive partnerships, but that pressures and contradictions in the relationship remain."

"Penanaman Modal Asing PMA secara langsung atau lebih dikenal Foreign Direct Investment FDI menjadi sumber pembangunan ekonomi, industrialisasi, pendapatan dan pertumbuhan tenaga kerja pada negara-negara berkembang OECD, 2009, termasuk Indonesia. Karena pentingnya FDI untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan angka tenaga kerja secara langsung melalui pembangunan industri-industri baru, serta adanya hubungan antara FDI dan angka tenaga kerja, Pemerintah Indonesia berusaha untuk meningkatkan penyerapan FDI. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan menganalisa peran FDI pada tenaga kerja di 9 Sembilan sektor ekonomi di Indonesia dari tahun 2001 ndash; 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisa data panel dari 9 Sembilan sektor ekonomi, model fixed effect terpilih menjadi model terbaik setelah diuji menggunakan uji Hausman. Hasil pada model fixed effect menunjukkan FDI memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap peningkatan jumlah tenaga kerja sebesar 0.079 pada 9 sembilan sektor ekonomi. Penerapan peraturan tentang investasi secara nasional di Indonesia juga berdampak positif pada peningkatan tenaga kerja di Indonesia.

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Foreign Direct Investment FDI becomes a source of economic development, industrialization, income and employment growth for the developing countries OECD, 2009, especially Indonesia. Regarding the importance of FDI to increase the employment directly by setting up new industries and the relationship between FDI and employment rate, the Indonesian government initiates to attract more FDI. Therefore, this study will analyze the role of FDI in the employment of 9 nine economic sectors in Indonesia during 2001 ndash 2014. The analysis employs panel data from these 9 nine economic sectors, and the fixed effects FE model has been chosen as the best by the Hausman test. The results suggest FDI has a positive and significant effect on increasing the employment rate as much as 0.079 in the 9 nine economic sectors. Indonesia rsquo s investment regulation implementation also positively impacts the rise of employment rate in the country."