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"The right to "pursue happiness" is one of the dominant themes of western culture, and understanding the causes of happiness is one of the primary goals of the positive psychology movement. However, before the causality question can even be considered, a more basic question must be addressed : can happiness change? Reasons for skepticism include the notion of a "genetic set point" for happiness, i.e. a stable personal baseline of happiness to which individuals will always return, no matter how much their lives change for the better; the life-span stability of happiness-related traits such as neuroticism and extraversion; and the powerful processes of hedonic adaptation, which erode the positive effects of any fortuitous life change. This book investigates prominent theories on happiness with the research evidence to discuss when and how happiness changes and for how long."

"Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kedekatan hubungan antara pemberi dan penerima tindakan baik terhadap kebahagiaan pemberi. Dalam penelitian ini, 56 partisipan yang merupakan mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia dibagi menjadi dua kelompok secara acak dan diberikan tugas untuk melakukan tugas tindakan baik selama tiga pekan. Kelompok 1 (n=26) diminta untuk melakukan tindakan baik kepada orang-orang terdekat, sedangkan kelompok 2 (n=30) diminta untuk melakukan tindakan baik kepada orang-orang yang tidak begitu dikenal ataupun orang asing. Peningkatan kebahagiaan partisipan pada kedua kompok kemudian dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan teknik independent t-test, dan hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat peningkatan kebahagiaan yang berbeda secara signifikan antara dua kelompok penelitian (p = 0,412). Berbagai temuan dalam penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai informasi awal untuk menentukan strategi atau intervensi yang efektif dalam meningkatkan kebahagiaan.

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This experiment study was conducted to identify the effect of closeness between giver and receiver act of kindness on giver?s happiness. Fifty six Univeristy of Indonesia students were randomly divided into two groups and required to perform act of kindness task once a week for a three weeks. The first group (n=26) was asked to commit act of kindness toward their close relations, while the second group (n=30) was asked to commit act of kindness either toward people they don?t really know well or strangers. Happiness enhancement between two groups were analyzed statistically with independent t-test technique. The result shows no significant difference in happiness enhancement between two groups (p= 0,412). Findings of this research could be used as a prior information to determine strategies or make an effective intervention to boosting happiness."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu pemberian umpan balik dari penerima surat terima kasih terhadap kebahagiaan pengirimnya. Ini dilakukan untuk melanjutkan penelitian sebelumnya yang menunjukkan bahwa menulis surat terima kasih dapat meningkatkan kebahagiaan (Seligman et al., 2005; Toepfer et al. 2012), tetapi belum meneliti pengaruh waktu pemberian umpan balik dari penerima surat. Partisipan sejumlah 45 mahasiswa diminta membuat serta menyampaikan satu surat terima kasih setiap pekannya selama tiga minggu dan secara acak dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok berdasarkan waktu pemberian umpan balik dari penerima surat, yakni kelompok umpan balik langsung (n = 22) dan tertunda (n = 23). Hasil penelitian mendukung hipotesis, yakni peningkatan kebahagiaan dari saat sebelum dan setelah periode penelitian pada kelompok umpan balik langsung lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok umpan balik tertunda, t (43) = 2,207, p < 0,05 (one-tailed), r2 = 0,1017. Dibandingkan umpan balik tertunda, partisipan yang menerima umpan balik langsung terpengaruh dan mempengaruhi emosi penerima surat secara timbal balik. Partisipan juga secara segera memperoleh penguat berupa ungkapan syukur kembali dari penerima surat, sehingga berdasarkan prinsip belajar dapat meningkatkan keinginan untuk memunculkan tingkah laku yang sama di kemudian hari.

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The aim of this study is to know the effect of delayed feedback from receiver of gratitude letter towards sender?s happiness. This study is the continuation of the previous researches that showed writing a gratitude letter can increase happiness (Seligman et al., 2005; Toepfer et al. 2012), but had not yet investigated the effect of delayed feedback from receivers. 45 college participants were asked to write and deliver one gratitude letter every week for three weeks and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups based on the moment of feedback from receivers, direct (n=22) or delayed (n=23).

The result of this study supports the hypothesis that the gained score of happiness of direct feedback group from before and after the experiment is higher than delayed feedback group, t (43) = 2,207, p < 0,05 (one-tailed), r2 = 0,1017. Compared to delayed feedback group, participants in direct feedback group can be affected by and influence receivers? emotion reciprocally. Participants also receive reinforcers such as expressions of gratitude in return from receivers immediately, and thus in accordance with learning principle, can increase the emergence of the same behavior in the future."

"This book summarizes the research on positive well-being in children, with a particular focus on their happiness. It starts with a discussion of the constructs of positive psychology (i.e., well-being, happiness and life satisfaction), and then outlines the research that shows the importance of studying well-being. Next, it explores how researchers measure happiness and what these measures tell us about whether children are happy and how their happiness differs from adults. Following this, it discusses current positive psychology theories with the aim of suggesting their promise in understanding children’s well-being. Next, it examines the importance of individual differences, including culture and temperament. Because studies have only recently identified several of the factors associated with children’s happiness, the book ends with a discussion of how we might enhance children’s well-being and suggests directions for future research."

"Status pekerjaan dapat menentukan tingkat kesejahteraan. Kesejahteraan terlihat dari kualitas hidup dan keadaan ekonomi seseorang. Kesejahteraan merupakan salah satu faktor penentu kebahagiaan seseorang. Kebahagiaan bisa terwujud dari kesejahteraan yang didapatkan dan finansial yang dimiliki. Oleh karena itu seseorang harus bekerja untuk memenuhi kesejahteraan hidup agar dapat bahagia.Penelitian ini akan melihat perbedaan skor kebahagian antarakaryawan kontrak dan karyawan tetap pada usia dewasa muda.Penelitian ini menggunakandesain dantipe penelitian komparatif yang dilakukan pada 84 karyawan (41 karyawan tetap dan 43 karyawan kontrak) mengunakan teknik sampling accidental sampling. Menggunakan alat ukurOxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) untuk mengukur kebahagiaan dengan jumlah 29 item yang bersifat unidimensional. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan skor kebahagiaan yang signifikan antara karyawan tetap dan karyawan kontrak (t (84) = 0.381,p= 0.705). Hasil penelitian ini memeperlukan penelitian dan diskusi lebih lanjut untuk dapat mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal.

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Job status can determine the level of well-being. Welfare can be seen from the quality of life and the economic situation of a person. Welfare is one of the determinants of one's happiness. Happiness can be realized from the welfare obtained and financially owned. Therefore someone must work to fulfill the welfare of life in order to be happy. This study will see differences in happiness scores between contract employees and permanent employees at young adulthood. This study uses a comparative research design and type conducted on 84 employees (41 permanent employees and 43 contract employees) using accidental sampling sampling technique. Using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) measure to measure happiness with 29 unidimensional items. The results showed that there were no significant differences in happiness scores between permanent employees and contract employees (t (84) = 0.381, p = 0.705). The results of this study require further research and discussion to get maximum results."

"Skizofrenia merupakan salah satu kelainan jiwa berat yang juga dialami sebagian penduduk kota besar termasuk Jakarta. Hal ini bisa menimbulkan berbagai macam masalah bagi anggota keluarga pasien, terutama orang yang merawatnya atau caregiver. Permasalahan yang dialami caregiver ketika merawat anggota keluarga dengan skizofrenia dapat memengaruhi tingkat kebahagiaan yang mereka rasakan. Seligman (2005) menyatakan kebahagiaan terbagi ke tiga masa, yaitu masa lalu, masa kini, dan masa depan. Adanya karakteristik positif yang dimiliki caregiver serta penerapannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari terutama dalam perannya sebagai caregiver juga turut memengaruhi tingkat kebahagiaan yang dirasakan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran kebahagiaan dan karakteristik positif pada wanita dewasa madya yang menjadi caregiver informal skizofrenia. Peneliti menggunakan metode kualitatif, yaitu metode wawancara dan observasi untuk menganalisis hasil. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap empat wanita berumur 40-65 tahun yang menjadi caregiver informal penderita skizofrenia. Berdasarkan penelitian, wanita dewasa madya yang menjadi caregiver informal skizofrenia memiliki tingkat kebahagiaan yang berbeda-beda. Tingkat kebahagiaan yang dirasakan bergantung pada emosi positif yang mereka rasakan pada masa lalu, masa kini, dan masa depan. Kebahagiaan caregiver skizofrenia juga bergantung pada tingkat keparahan penyakit dan ketergantungan care-receiver. Selain itu, karakteristik positif yang menonjol membuat para subjek bisa bertahan menghadapi berbagai macam tanggung jawab dan peran baik sebagai caregiver maupun peran lain.

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Schizophrenia is one of the severe mental illnesses which a lot of citizen in big city suffered from it including Jakarta. Schizophrenia can cause a lot of problems for the family`s patient especially the patient`s caregiver. These problems can affect the caregiver`s happiness. Seligman (2005) state that happiness is consists of positive emotions that individual feels in her past, present, and future. Positive characteristics which caregiver possessed and applied in her daily life especially in her role as a caregiver also affects her happiness. This research was conducted to see the dynamics of happiness and positive characteristic of middle age woman who become an informal caregiver for people with schizophrenia. The researcher used qualitative method which consists of interview and observation method. The subjects of this research are four women aged 40-65 years old who is an informal caregiver for people with schizophrenia. The result showed that these caregivers are different in their happiness. Their happiness depends on positive emotions that they feel in their past and present and toward their future. Their happiness also depends on the patient`s severity and dependability. Then, positive characteristic which they possessed and applied make them survive when dealing with their responsibilities as well as their role as caregiver or other role."

"Manusia pada dasarnya memiliki tujuan dan motivasi yang sama, yaitu mencapai kebahagiaan. Abraham Maslow menjembatani manusia untuk meraih kebahagiaanya dengan teori piramida kebutuhan yang berbasis fisiologis dan psikologis. Berbeda dengan Imam Junaid yang menititekankan pada proses ma’rifah yang berbasis spiritual dan transendental. Kedua pendekatan interdisipliner ini diharapkan mampu menghantarkan manusia untuk mencapai kebahagiaan yang paripurna. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptis-komparatif dan analitis berbasis data-data kepustakaan (library research). Upaya mendeskripsikan perbandingan, mencari unsur persamaan atau perbedaan dan implikasi terhadap sebuah pengembangan khazanah psikologi Islam dan analisa filosofis hermeneutik memperhatikan teks masa lampau, konteks dan upaya kontekstualisasi. Abraham Maslow dan Imam Junaid sama-sama menggunakan konstruk piramida dalam mengaplikasikan pandangan-pandangannya secara teoretis. Piramida Maslow menggambarkan kebutuhan-kebutuhan manusia, mulai yang paling mendasar sampai pada yang tertinggi. Sedang Piramida ma'rifah Junaid adalah kontekstualisasi pendalaman dan pembacaan secara tekstual dari karangan-karangannya mengenai konsep atau pandangan beliau mengenai manusia, ma'rifah, tauhid, fana’, baqa’ dan sahwun. Kebahagiaan dalam perspektif Maslow diperoleh melalui pemenuhan kebutuhan manusia. Sedang kebahagiaan menurut Junaid adalah optimalisasi fungsi dan potensi qalbun (hati) manusia dan diperolehnya keadaan sahwun, setelah proses fana’ yang membawa dan menginternalisasi sifat-sifat ilahiyah.

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Humans basically have the same goal and motivation, which is to achieve happiness. Abraham Maslow bridged humans to achieve their happiness with the theory of the pyramid of needs based on physiological and psychological. In contrast to Imam Junaid who emphasizes the ma'rifah process which is based on spiritually and transcendentally. Both of these interdisciplinary approaches are expected to be able to lead humans to achieve complete happiness. This research is a qualitative research with descriptive-comparative and analytical methods based on library data (library research) an effort to describe comparisons, look for elements of similarities or differences and implications for a development of Islamic psychology treasures and hermeneutic philosophical analysis paying attention to past texts, context and contextualization efforts. Abraham Maslow and Imam Junaid both use the pyramid construct in applying their views theoretically. Maslow's pyramid describes human needs, from the most basic to the highest. While the Pyramid of ma'rifah, Junaid is a contextualization of deepening and textual reading of his essays on his concepts or views about humans, ma'rifah, tauhid, fana', baqa' and sahwun. Happiness in Maslow's perspective is obtained through the fulfillment of human needs. Meanwhile, according to Junaid, happiness is optimizing the function and potential of the human heart and obtaining a state of sahwun, after the fana' process which brings and internalizes divine traits."