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"One of the perennial themes in philosophy is the problem of our access to the world around us; do our perceptual systems bring us into contact with the world as it is or does perception depend upon our individual conceptual frameworks? This volume of new essays examines reference as it relates to perception, action and realism, and the questions which arise if there is no neutral perspective or independent way to know the world. The essays discuss the nature of referring, concentrating on the way perceptual reference links us with the observable world, and go on to examine the implications of theories of perceptual reference for realism and the way in which scientific theories refer and thus connect us with the world. They will be of interest to a wide range of readers in philosophy of psychology, cognitive science and action theory.Machine generated contents note: 1. Reference, perception, and realism Athanassios Raftopoulos and Peter Machamer; 2. Towards an (improved) interdisciplinary investigation of demonstrative reference Amanda Brovold and Rick Grush; 3. Visual demonstratives Mohan Matthen; 4. Losing grip on the world: from illusion to sense-data Derek Brown; 5. Perceiving the intended model John Campbell; 6. Individuation, reference, and sortal terms Jonathan Lowe; 7. Action, perception, and reference Peter Machamer and Lisa Osbeck; 8. Personal and semantic reference Gerald Vision; 9. Reference from a behaviorist point of view Don Howard; 10. Causal-descriptivism and the reference of theoretical terms Stathis Psillos; 11. Scientific representation, denotation, and explanatory power Demetris Portides; 12. Referring to localized cognitive operations in parts of dynamically active brains William Bechtel."

"Permainan video telah menjadi fenomena yang sangat mendunia dan berpengaruh di kehidupan manusia, dapat dilihat pada zaman sekarang akan lebih mudah menemukan penduduk dunia yang memainkan permainan video daripada sebaliknya. Fenomena permainan video menjadi semakin penting untuk menghadapi pandemi yang sedang berlangsung. Namun banyak pandangan negatif mengenai fenomena ini mendorong penelitian lebih lanjut akan permainan video melebihi sebagai hiburan semata. Permainan video sebagai teknologi dapat menjadi ekstensi tubuh manusia seperti konsep yang dikemukakan Mcluhan dan dalam kasus ini sebagai ekstensi persepsi manusia. Dengan penelitian ini diharapkan memberikan pembaharuan dan perkembangan dalam implementasi fenomena permainan video dalam kehidupan manusia. Untuk mencapai tujuan dari artikel ini, penulis menggunakan deskripsi analitis menjelaskan dengan lebih jelas konsep permainan dan sifatnya sebagai sebuah gambaran atas dunia empiris baik secara ideal maupun realistis. Kemudian fenomena permainan video sebagai teknologi mediasi digital akan diamati dan dijelaskan lewat filsafat teknologi Don Ihde. Lalu elaborasi kritis akan permainan video sebagai sebuah fenomena akan dianalisis menjadi ekstensi persepsi manusia dan aplikasi yang dapat dimungkinkan. Terakhir resiko akan hilangnya otentisitas dan kebebasan individu dalam teknologi akan dibahas.

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Video game has become a world wide phenomenon and very influential on human’s life. In this age it will be easier trying to find people that play games than the other way around. Video game phenomenon has become even more important part of human’s life to face the pandemic that is currently ongoing. Although, there are a lot of negative view about this phenomenon that pushed this research to be further pursue about video game as more than just entertainment. Video Game as a technology can become an extension of human body like the concept that is stated by McLuhan and in this case as extension of human’s perception. With this research, we hope there will be renewal and development in implementing video game phenomenon in human’s life. To reach conclusion, writer will use analytical description about concept of game and its characteristics as depiction of empiric world both ideally and realistically. After that, phenomenon of video game as technology of digital mediation will be observed and explained from Don Ihde’s philosophy of technology. Then critical elaboration about video game as a phenomena that will be analyzed to be extension of human’s perception and the application that is possible from it. Lastly the risk on the loss of individual authenticity and freedom will be discussed."

"ABSTRAKArtikel ini berupaya mengaplikasikan pemahaman estetik dari pemikiran fenomenologi persepsi Merleau-Ponty. Upaya menjelaskan permasalahan yang kompleks pada kehidupan manusia melalui konsep sederhana yang selalu kita alami setiap hari sebagai rutinitas dalam kehidupan bersosial dan berbudaya secara praktis dan real. Melalui pemahaman estetika dari pemikiran Merleau-Ponty penulis akan menjelaskan mengenai keunggulan persepsi dan tubuh sebagai sarana mendapatkan pengetahuan lewat pengalaman langsung. Konsep persepsi dan tubuh menghasilkan pemahaman tentang konsep sinestesia sebagai kemampuan persepsi manusia dari intelektualitas indera-indera. Konsep persepsi sinestetik dari pemikiran Merleau-Ponty membawa penulis menuju pemahaman makanan sebagai objek estetik. Makanan sebagai objek estetik juga merupakan persepsi ambigu sebagaimana pemikiran Merleau-Ponty tentang penjelasan filsafat ambiguitasnya sebagai upaya mengatasi desripsi objektif dari empirisme dan intelektualisme. Melalui artikel ini, penulis berharap penelitian ini menjadi langkah maju untuk memandang tubuh dan makanan sebagai perhatian filsafat. Penulis mengharapkan pembaca untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan baru tentang makanan sebagai objek estetik agar dapat menghargai makanan sebagai hasil kreasi.

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ABSTRACTThis article seeks to apply the understanding of the aesthetic experience of Merleau Ponty 39 s thought about the phenomenology of perception. Efforts to explain complex problems in human life through simple concepts that we always experience every day as a routine in social life and cultured in a practical and real. Through the aesthetic understanding of Merleau Ponty 39 s thoughts, i will explain the primacy of perception and body as a means of gaining knowledge through direct experience. The concept of perception and the body produces an understanding of the concept of synesthesia as the ability of human perception from intellectuality of senses. The concept of synesthetical perception of Merleau Ponty 39 s thought leads me to the understanding of food as an aesthetic object. Food as an aesthetic object is also an ambiguous perception as Merleau Ponty 39 s idea of an explanation of his ambiguity philosophy as an attempt to overcome the objective descriptions of empiricism and intellectualism. Through this paper, i hope this research becomes a step forward to view the body and food as a philosophical concern. I expects the readers to gain new knowledge about food as an aesthetic object in order to appreciate the food as a creation."