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"Skripsi ini membahas tentang diaspora dan migrasi masyarakat Lebanon antara 1860 sampai 1990. Landasan teori yang digunakan sebagai alat analisis ialah teori diaspora, teori perpindahan penduduk, serta teori multikulturalisme. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif berdasarkan pada metode sejarah dan dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Sepanjang sejarahnya, Lebanon telah mengalami berbagai pergolakan, mulai dari masa pemerintahan Turki Ustmani hingga Perang Sipil yang terdapat campur tangan negara-negara lain, seperti Israel, Palestina, Perancis, dan Inggris. Gelombang diaspora yang terbesar terjadi pada kurun waktu 1975-1990, yaitu ketika Perang Sipil II berlangsung. Dalam kehidupan di host country, migran Muslim Lebanon menggunakan hukum Islam (syari?ah) dalam kehidupan berkeluarga dan mengabaikan hukum resmi yang berlaku di host country. Hal ini tidak sedikit menimbulkan pertentanganpertentangan implementasi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Sedangkan migran Kristen Lebanon dapat dengan mudah berasimilasi dengan kebudayaan masyarakat host country. Hal ini membuat mereka dapat dengan mudah diterima dalam komunitas masyarakat asli host country. Masyarakat migran Lebanon mendirikan komunitas dan organisasi yang bertujuan untuk menyalurkan rasa nasionalisme mereka. Migran-migran Lebanon yang mayoritas miskin sedikit demi sedikit mampu menciptakan kekuatan bagi perekonomian mereka. Sebagian besar dari mereka mampu menjadi pebisnis, ekonom, politisi, seniman, dan bahkan ilmuan yang tidak hanya diperhitungkan di host country namun juga di dunia internasional. Dengan ini, masyarakat migran Lebanon dapat membuktikan eksistensi mereka sebagai komunitas migran.

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This paper discusses the diaspora and migration of Lebanese society between 1860 and 1990. Theoretical basis which is used as an analytical tool is the theory of diaspora, the theory of migration, as well as the theory of multiculturalism. The study is a qualitative study based on historical methods and the types of descriptive research. Throughout its history, Lebanon has experienced many upheavals, from the reign of Ottoman Turks until the Civil War that there is interference of other countries, like Israel, Palestine, France, and England. The biggest wave of diaspora that occurred in the period 1975-1990, when the Civil War II took place. In the life in the host country, Lebanese Muslim migrants to use Islamic law (shari'a) in family life and ignore the official law applicable in the host country. This is not the least cause contradictions its implementation in daily life. While the Christian Lebanese migrants can be easily assimilated into the culture of the host country society. This makes them easily acceptable in the indigenous community of the host country. Lebanon established migrant communities and community organizations that aims to channel their sense of nationalism. Lebanese migrants the majority of the poor little by little was able to create force for their economies. Most of them are able to become businessmen, economists, politicians, artists, and even scientists are not only counted in the host country but also internationally. With this, the Lebanese migrant communities can prove their existence as migrant communities."

"This article examines some intriguing shifts in Islamic thinking on questions around citizenship and multicultualism that have emerged in the Malaysian context in recent years...."

""Multiculturalism is one of the most controversial ideas in contemporary politics. In this new book George Crowder examines some of the leading responses to multiculturalism, both supportive and critical, found in the work of recent political theorists. The book provides a clear and accessible introduction to a diverse array of thinkers who have engaged with multiculturalism. These include Will Kymlicka, whose account of cultural rights is seminal, liberal critics of multiculturalism such as Brian Barry and Susan Okin, and multiculturalist critics of liberalism including Charles Taylor, Iris Marion Young, James Tully, and Bhikhu Parekh. In addition the discussion covers a wide range of other perspectives on multiculturalism - libertarian, feminist, democratic, nationalist, cosmopolitan - and rival accounts of Islamic and Confucian political culture. While offering a balanced assessment of these theories, Crowder also argues the case for a distinctive liberal-pluralist approach to multiculturalism, combining a liberal framework that emphasises the importance of personal autonomy with the value pluralism of thinkers such as Isaiah Berlin." -- publisher website."

"Issues of integration, multiculturalism and policies of ethnic and religious minority rights have gained greatly in significance in recent years, especially in relation to Muslims. This book deals with the Muslim minority in New Zealand, with special emphasis on policy aspects relevant to the integration of Muslims in the host society. The book also discusses many other issues, among which are Muslim political representation, inner coherence of the Muslim community, effects of public policies, differentiated citizenship, gender issues and gender equality, and points of friction with the encapsulating host society, including the effects of sharia application, radicalism and the fallout of the Danish cartoon affair."