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"The eighteenth century marks that transformative era in Sikh history when rebels became rulers. Riding on the wave of a political revolution, peasants and artisans in the Khalsa order refashioned themselves into administrators in the Punjab region. This was no mean feat as it meant displacing first the mighty Mughals and then the Afghans. Based on a wide range of contemporary sources, this volume takes a fresh look at the political processes and the accompanying changes in the religious, social, and cultural life of the Sikhs. The author examines the political resurgence of the Sikhs and their system of government. She takes a closer look at their conception of God and Guru, the emergence of Amritsar as the premier centre of the Sikh world, and the rites, ceremonies, and ethics of the Khalsa. Issues of caste and gender, and Sikh interest in literature, art, and architecture are also explored. A convergence of all these developments led to the crystallization of a distinctive Sikh identity by the end of the century. In a very real sense, the eighteenth century emerges in this book as a bridge between the earlier and later history of the Sikhs."

"ABSTRAKTradisi pemujaan roh dan dewa pada masyarakat Cina terwujud dalam beberapa jenis pemujaan, seperti pemujaan terhadap roh orang yang telah meninggal, roh yang menguasai benda-benda, dan roh yang menguasai alam. Kepercayaan masyarakat Cina terhadap pemujaan roh dan dewa dipertegas dengan ajaran Kong Zi (孔子), yaitu Jing Tian Zun Zu (惊天尊祖) yang berarti mengagungkan langit dan menghormati leluhur. Salah satu wujud pemujaan roh dan dewa pada masyarakat Cina di Indonesia dapat dilihat pada aktivitas pemujaan terhadap Delapan Dewa (Ba Xian 八仙) di Klenteng Boen San Bio, Tangerang, Banten yang telah berlangsung dalam kurun waktu yang cukup lama. Delapan Dewa terdiri dari tujuh laki-laki dan satu perempuan. Pemujaan Delapan Dewa yang dilakukan di dalam kelenteng Boen San Bio merupakan pemujaan sebagai tanda penghormatan terhadap shen dan sebagai jembatan untuk mengantarkan doa-doa yang diajukan kepada Tian. Keberadaan Delapan Dewa di Klenteng Boen San Bio, tidak terlepas dari adanya kepercayaan terhadap legenda dan kisah kuno serta ajaran-ajaran yang berkembang dalam kebudayaan Cina itu sendiri. Akan tetapi, meskipun Delapan Dewa telah dipuja oleh masyarakat Cina di Indonesia, kisah Delapan Dewa tidak banyak diketahui secara mendalam oleh masyarakat luas. Oleh karenanya, jurnal ini akan membahas secara mendalam mengenai sosok Delapan Dewa, bentuk pemujaan terhadap Delapan Dewa, legenda dan kisah yang melatarbelakangi terwujudnya pemujaan tersebut, serta ajaran-ajaran yang berpengaruh terhadap pemujaan Delapan Dewa, khususnya yang berlaku di Klenteng Boen San Bio, Tangerang, Banten.

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ABSTRACTThe tradition of worshiping spirits and deities in Chinese society is manifested in several types of worship, such as worshiping spirits who have died, spirits that control objects, and spirits that control nature. The Chinese belief in the worship of spirits and wise men is emphasized by the teachings of Kong Zi (孔子Kongzi), namely Jing Tian Zun Zu 惊天尊祖 which means glorifying the heavens and honoring ancestors. One form of worshiping spirits and deities in Chinese people in Indonesia can be seen in the activities of worshiping the Eight Immortals (Ba Xian 八仙) in Boen San Bio Temple, Tangerang, Banten which has been going on for quite a long time. The Eight Immortals contains of seven mans and one woman. The existence of the Eight Immortals in the Boen San Bio Temple, can not be separated from the belief in legends and ancient stories and teachings that has developed in Chinese culture itself. However, even though the Eight Immortals have been worshiped by Chinese people in Indonesia, the story of the Eight Immortals is not widely known to the public at large. Therefore, this journal will discuss about the each figure of the Eight Immortals, a form of worship to the Eight Immortals, legends and stories underlying the realization of the worship, as well as teachings that influence the worship of the Eight Immortals, especially that has been applied in Boen San Bio Temple, Tangerang , Banten."

"Gurdwara adalah sebuah bangunan keagamaan yang digunakan oleh komunitas Sikh. Sebagai komunitas agama dan diaspora, pembangunan dalam Gurdwara haruslah memiliki nilai simbolis yang berfungsi sebagai identitas mereka. Identitas Gurdwara dapat ditentukan dari penggunaan berbagai ornamen, simbol, dan ruang sakralnya. Pemaknaan simbol dalam penelitian ini digunakan untuk menganalisis makna signifikan dari Simbol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan identitas dan rasa memiliki komunitas Sikh, serta bagaimana mereka melestarikan ruang sakral untuk ritual ibadahh dan kenangan terhadap negara asal, serta sejarah kehidupan mereka. Perjalanan dalam berjuang bersama untuk menjaga sebuah fenomena arsitektur yang terbangun oleh rasa kepercayaan akan ajaran agama yang dijunjung serta perpaduan unsur kebudayaan negara lain. Penelitian ini merupakan suatu penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan ikonologi yang menggunakan metode deskriptif naratif untuk menggambarkan studi kasus yang diangkat. Pada penelitian ini sendiri pengumpulan data akan dilakukan melalui kegiatan pengumpulan arsip dan literatur yang akan disesuaikan dengan hasil wawancara di lapangan oleh koresponden yang relevan. Penelitian ini bertujuan merinci identifikasi tipe ruang yang ada di dalam Gurdwara berdasarkan dengan kebutuhan dan kebiasaan adat istiadat dari daerah asal kepercayaan mereka, identifikasi proses pembangunan Gurdwara berdasarkan timeline sejarah dan pembangunan di Tanjung Priok dan pengaruh serta hubungan antara budaya dari lokasi asal dan lingkungan sekitarnya.

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Gurdwara is a religious building used by the Sikh community. As a religious community and diaspora, development within the Gurdwara must have a symbolic value that serves as their identity. Gurdwara's identity can be determined from the use of various ornaments, symbols, and sacred spaces. The meaning of the symbol in this study is used to analyze the significant meaning of the symbol. This study aims to explain the identity and sense of belonging of the Sikh community, how they preserve sacred space for worship rituals and memories of their country of origin, and their life history. A journey of struggling together to maintain an architectural phenomenon that is awakened by a sense of belief in upheld religious teachings and a blend of cultural elements from other countries. This qualitative research uses an iconological approach that uses a narrative descriptive method to describe the case studies raised. In this research, data collection will be carried out through archive and literature collection activities which will be adjusted to the results of interviews in the field by relevant correspondents. This study aims to detail the identification of the types of space that exist in the Gurdwara based on the needs and customs of the area of origin of their beliefs, identification of the Gurdwara development process based on the historical and development timeline in Tanjung Priok, and the influences and relationships between the culture of the location of origin and the surrounding environment."