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"Haynes looks at religious transnational actors in the context of international relations, with a focus on both security and order. With renewed scholarly interest in the involvement of religion in international relations, many observers and scholars have found this move unexpected because it challenges conventional wisdom about the nature and long-term historical impact of secularisation. The 'return' of religion to international relations necessarily involves deprivatisation. Recent challenges to international security and order emanate from various entities, notably 'extremists', people often said to be 'excluded' from the benefits of globalisation for reasons of culture, history and geography. This study looks at the dynamics of this new religious pluralism as it influences the global political landscape. Several specific transnational religious actors are examined in the chapters including: American Evangelical Protestants, Roman Catholics, the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, Sunni extremist groups (al Qaeda and Lashkar-e-Taiba), and Shia transnational networks. While varying widely in what they seek to achieve, they also share an important characteristic: each seeks to use religious soft power to advance their interests. In sum, these religious transnational actors all wish to see the spread and development of certain values and norms, which impact on international security and order."

"This paper investigates why and how Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) have engaged in the soft power diplomacy of Islam in post-Suharto Indonesia and how they mobilise their vast resources and networks to do so. The nefarious effects of radical extremism have invited the Muslim world, including Indonesia, to revert to the notion of Islamic moderation, a justly balanced Islam (wasatiyyat Islam), and to promote it nationally and globally. In this sense, both state and non-state actors, such as Muhammadiyah and NU, have pulled themselves into soft power diplomacy. Drawing upon the lens of soft power and public diplomacy theory, this paper finds that Muhammadiyah and NU’s involvement in Indonesia’s soft power and public diplomacy is generated by shared interests in reinstalling a moderate identity at home and abroad. In this vein, through dialogues, cooperation, humanitarian action, and the establishment of special branches and sister organisations, the two most prominent Islamic institutions in Indonesia have attempted to internationalise the best practice of Indonesian Islam, rooted sociologically and historically in tolerance, openness, and temperance. This paper discovers that, although confronted by some weaknesses and challenges, Muhammadiyah and NU constantly attempt to craft global networks of moderate Islam and to recenter Indonesian Islam as a new centre of Islamic civilisation."

"By offering critical perspectives of normative developments within international law, this volume of essays unites academics from various disciplines to address concerns regarding the interpretation and application of international law in context. The authors present common challenges within international criminal law, human rights, environmental law and trade law, and point to unintended risks and consequences, in particular for vulnerable interests such as women and the environment. Omissions within normative or institutional frameworks are highlighted and the importance of addressing accountability of state and non-state actors for violations or regressions of minimum protection guarantees is underscored. Overall, it advocates harmonisation over fragmentation, pursuant to the aspiration of asserting the interests of our collective humanity without necessarily advocating an international constitutional order"-- Provided by publisher.Machine generated contents note: Introduction Cecilia M. Bailliet; Part I. Protection Gaps within International Criminal Law: 1. Creating international law: gender as new paradigm Catherine MacKinnon; 2. Legal redress for children on the front line: the invisibility of the female child Christine Byron; 3. Understanding the post-conflict terrain for women in the context of prevailing gender hierarchies: stereotypes and masculinities Fionnuala Ní Aolín; 4. Who is the most able and willing? Complementarity and victim reparations at the International Criminal Court Edda Kristjánsdóttir; Part II. Measuring the Impact of Non-State Actors within International Human Rights: 5. What is to become of the human rights-based international order within an age of neo-medievalism? Cecilia M. Bailliet; 6. Productive tensions: women's rights NGOs, the 'mainstream' human rights movement, and international lawmaking Karima Bennoune; 7. Transnational lawmaking in Oslo - Norwegian-Pakistani women at the interface Anne Hellum; Part III. Confronting the Challenge of Environmental Protection, Climate Change, and Sustainable Development: New Actors and Shifting Norms: 8. The creation of international law of climate change: complexities of sub-state actors Hari M. Osofsky; 9. International environmental law and soft law: a new direction or a contradiction? Sumudu Atapattu; 10. Assuming away the problem: grappling with the vexing relationship between international trade and environmental protection Rebecca Bratspies; 11. Quo vadis, Europe? The significance of sustainable development as objective, principle and rule of EU law Beate Sjåfjell; 12. Conclusion Hilary Charlesworth."

"Soft power merupakan sebuah konsep yang dicetuskan oleh Joseph S. Nye, Jr. pada tahun 1990. Sejak itu, ia telah menjadi sebuah konsep yang signifikan bagi studi Hubungan Internasional dan diterima pula pada tataran praktis. Berbagai negara telah mengadopsi soft power menjadi kebijakan resminya, sedangkan para akademisi dan pembuat kebijakan telah menggunakan dan mencermati soft power. Oleh karena itu, dapat diasumsikan bahwa soft power telah berkembang sebagai sebuah konsep. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih baik mengenai soft power itu sendiri dengan melihat ragam pandangan terhadapnya. Dalam mencapai tujuan tersebut, tulisan ini meninjau empat puluh tiga literatur akademis mengenai soft power, baik yang ditulis oleh Nye maupun akademisi-akademisi lain. Menggunakan metode taksonomi, tulisan ini menemukan bahwa terdapat tiga tema dominan dalam literatur-literatur tersebut, yakni (1) konsepsi soft power Nye yang berfokus pada penjelasan Nye mengenai aspek definisi, cakupan, serta cara kerja dan pengukuran soft power, (2) tanggapan akademisi-akademisi selain Nye terhadap soft power yang mengacu pada ketiga aspek yang Nye jelaskan, dan (3) interpretasi konstruktivisme terhadap soft power yang melihat soft power di luar garis pemikiran Nye. Lebih lanjut, keempat puluh tiga literatur tersebut dapat dipetakan ke dalam ketiga tema di atas sebagai berikut: (i) delapan tulisan Nye yang dimulai dari tulisan pertamanya pada 1990 hingga tulisan terbarunya pada 2017, (ii) tiga puluh tulisan akademisi lain yang lebih jauh terbagi menjadi delapan belas tanggapan positf dan dua belas tanggapan negatif, serta (iii) lima literatur lain yang mengangkat interpretasi konstruktivisme terhadap soft power. Tinjauan yang dilakukan lantas menemukan adanya dua kesenjangan di dalam literatur-literatur tersebut: (a) Nye tidak cukup menjelaskan cara soft power bekerja dan diukur, serta (b) belum terdapat satu pun authoritative author lain di luar Nye dalam bahasan soft power. Tulisan ini berargumen bahwa kesenjangan pertama disebabkan oleh fakta bahwa Nye tidak mengkonseptualisasikan soft power sebagai sebuah konsep analitis, melainkan sebagai pereda pesimisme yang saat itu tengah melanda masyarakat Amerika Serikat. Lebih lanjut, kesenjangan kedua diakibatkan oleh jarak empat belas tahun di antara tulisan pertama Nye mengenai soft power dengan tanggapan pertama yang disampaikan oleh akademisi lain terhadap konsep tersebut, memberikan soft power waktu yang cukup untuk diterima secara luas. Penting juga untuk menggarisbawahi bahwa belum terdapat authoritative author lain dalam bahasan soft power karena akademisi-akademisi yang memberikan tanggapan terhadap konsepsi soft power Nye berasal dari berbagai latar belakang disiplin keilmuan.

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Soft power is a concept coined by Joseph S. Nye, Jr. in 1990. Since then, it has become a well-endorsed concept within both intellectual and practical level. Numerous countries have adopted soft power as their official policy, while scholars and policy-makers have both used and scrutinized the concept. Thus it can be presumed that soft power has developed as a concept. This paper is aimed to grasp a better understanding on soft power by reviewing the variety of views on the concept. In doing so, this paper examines forty three academic writings on soft power, coming from both Nye and other scholars. Utilizing taxonomy as the method, this paper notices that there are three major themes emerging from those writings, which are: (1) Nye's conception of soft power which focuses on Nye's explanation on the meaning, resources, and the way soft power works and is measured, (2) other scholars' respond to the three aforementioned aspects of the concept, and (3) constructivists' interpretation of the concept that views soft power in a different manner than Nye and other scholars do in the previous two themes. The aforementioned forty three writings can be categorized into these themes as follow: (i) eight Nye's writings including the first one he wrote on 1990 and the most recent one written on 2017, (ii) thirty writings of the second theme that include eighteen positive responds and twelve negative ones, and (iii) five other writings discussing constructivists' interpretation of soft power. Further findings suggest that there are two shortcomings within those academic writings on soft power: (a) Nye did not adequately explain how soft power works and is measured, and (b) there has not been any other authoritative author on soft power than Nye himself. This paper argues that the first shortcoming is caused by the fact that Nye did not conceptualize soft power as an analytical concept, rather it was meant to calm the declinism that had been rapidly growing among American public. Moreover, the second shortcoming was due to the fact that there was a fourteen years difference between Nye's inaugural writing on soft power and the first response coming from another scholar to the concept, giving soft power enough time to be widely accepted. It is also important to note that there has not been any single other authoritative author on soft power because other scholars responding to Nye's soft power come from various academic disciplines."

"Tulisan ini merupakan tinjauan pustaka dengan topik soft power Korea Selatan. Pemilihan ini berangkat dari negara Korea Selatan yang dalam perkembangannya telah mengalami perkembangan signifikan dari ekonomi dan budaya yang semakin mengglobal akibat budaya populernya, Korean Wave. Terdapat total 38 literatur kontemporer yang diterbitkan dari tahun 2010 hingga 2021. Tinjauan pustaka ini dibagi menjadi enam tema utama, yakni: 1) soft power dalam upaya kepemimpinan Korea Selatan; 2) kajian soft power dalam institusi politik Korea Selatan; 3) peranan aktor non-negara dalam soft power Korea Selatan; 4) kebijakan luar negeri Korea Selatan dalam soft power; 5) soft power nilai politik demokrasi dan sentimen nasionalisme Korea Selatan; dan 6) soft power kebudayaan Korea Selatan. Dari keenam tema dan kategorisasi literatur ini, penulis kemudian menganalisis tentang konsensus, perdebatan, dan sintesis yang ada. Penulis menemukan bahwa perkembangan kajian soft power Korea Selatan dalam studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional termasuk baru berkembang dan memiliki beberapa kesenjangan untuk pembahasannya, ditambah dengan konsep soft power yang juga masih sangat diperdebatkan. Banyak dari bahan bacaan yang sama-sama melihat Korea Selatan sebagai debat tentang motivasi dan intensi Korea Selatan di balik penggunaan soft power. Kajian softpower Korea Selatan masih memiliki ruang untuk dibahas, salah satunya dari perspektif post-positivisme.

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This paper is a literature review on the topic of South Korean soft power. The topic of this paper was chosen due to South Korea’s significant economic development and its popular culture or Korean Wave success. With a total of 38 literatures published between 2010 to 2021, this literature review found six main themes, namely: 1) soft power in South Korean leadership efforts; 2) soft power studies in South Korean political institutions; 3) the role of non-state actors in South Korea's soft power; 4) South Korea's foreign policy in soft power; 5) soft power of South Korean democratic political values ​​and sentiments of nationalism; and 6) the soft power of South Korean culture. This literature review then discusses the existing consensus, debate, and synthesis. The author found that the growth of South Korean soft power studies in the study of International Relations is relatively new and has several gaps for discussion, in addition to the idea of soft power which is also extensively discussed. Many of the literatures share the same view of South Korea as a middle power, while arguing over South Korea’s motivations and intents behind the deployment of soft power. There is still area for debate in the study of soft power of South Korea, one of which is from the perspective of post-positivism."

"Currencies Nye mengungkapkan bahwa setiap negara memiliki dua jenis kekuasaan yaitu hard power yang mencakup ekonomi dan militer, serta soft power yang mencakup budaya, kebijakan pemerintah, dan kebijakan luar negeri. Jepang memiliki banyak sumber soft power salah satunya adalah kawaii culture. Mengikuti bangkitnya budaya populer Jepang melalui globalisasi, kawaii culture ikut tersebar ke berbagai penjuru dunia. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah menjelaskan kekuatan kawaii culture sebagai soft power Jepang dengan menggunakan teori Soft Power Currences oleh Vuving (2009). Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan karya tulis ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif analisis. Penulis menggunakan metode kepustakaan dalam teknik pengumpulan data. Pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa kawaii culture memberikan pengaruh terhadap gaya hidup serta preferensi pelakunya.

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According to Nye, every country possesses two kind of power; hard power which includes economic and military, and soft power which includes culture, government policy and foreign policy. Japan possesses multiple soft power sources; one of them is kawaii culture. Following Japanese popular culture's revival through globalization, kawaii made its way around the world. This thesis is meant to explain kawaii's prowess as Japan's soft power based on Soft Power Currencies Theory developed by Vuving (2009). This thesis is using qualitative method with analytical description. Literature method is also used in gathering necessary datas. This research concludes that kawaii culture is affecting its consumer's life style and preference."

"Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana pengaruh yang diberikan virtual Youtuber Jepang kepada virtual Youtuber di Indonesia. Penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis, dan konsep Soft Power milik Nye dan teori Soft Power Currencies oleh Vuving. Setelah virtual Youtuber Kizuna AI mencetuskan istilah “Virtual Youtuber”, keberadaan virtual Youtuber semakin mendapatkan perhatian dan diminati oleh banyak orang. Hal ini membuat Pemerintah Jepang memanfaatkan virtual Youtuber Jepang sebagai salah satu sumber soft power mereka. Tiga Soft Power Currencies digunakan untuk mengukur bagaimana virtual Youtuber Jepang dapat berkerja sebagai soft power Jepang terhadap virtual Youtuber Indonesia. Pertama, benignity, munculnya rasa suka dari kelompok creator virtual Youtuber Indonesia terhadap virtual Youtuber Jepang, serta rasa terima kasih kepada virtual Youtuber Jepang yang memberikan kesempatan kepada beberapa virtual Youtuber Indonesia untuk mengikuti acara virtual Youtuber yang ada. Kedua, brilliance, banyak kelompok creator virtual Youtuber di Indonesia yang mulai membuat virtual Youtuber karena tertarik dan terinspirasi dengan virtual Youtuber Jepang. Ketiga, beauty, karena memiliki tujuan yang sama yaitu untuk menghibur para penontonnya, membuat virtual Youtuber Indonesia mencontoh cara-cara yang telah dilakukan oleh virtual Youtuber Jepan.

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This study discusses the influence of Japanese virtual Youtubers virtual towards Indonesian virtual Youtubers. The author of the study employs descriptive analytical methods, Nye’s Soft Power concept and Vuving’s Soft Power Currencies theory. After virtual Youtuber Kizuna AI coined the term "Virtual Youtuber," the existence of virtual Youtuber gained significant recognition and attention among many people. This makes the Japanese Government utilizes Japanese virtual Youtubers as one of their soft power resources. Three Soft Power Currencies were used to measure how Japanese virtual Youtubers works as one among Japanese soft powers on Indonesian virtual Youtubers. Firstly, Benignity, the emergence of the positive attitudes within Indonesian virtual Youtuber creator community towards Japanese virtual Youtubers, as well as the gratitude to the Japanese virtual Youtubers for giving opportunities to several Indonesian virtual Youtubers to take part in the existing virtual Youtuber event(s). Secondly, Brilliance, the appearance of Indonesian virtual Youtuber creators who started producing virtual Youtuber contents due to their interests to and inspirations from the Japanese virtual Youtubers. Thirdly, Beauty, the existence of similar objectives of both Japanese and Indonesian virtual Youtubers which is to entertain their respective audience, causing Indonesian virtual Youtubers to imitate the methods conducted by Japanese virtual Youtubers."

"Tahun ini 32 dua tahun yang lalu, Indonesia membuka hubungan diplomatik dengan Papua Nuigini (PNG) sebagai bagian dari perluasan regional Indonesia dengan negara-negara Pasifik Selatan....."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai Hallyu sebagai soft power dalam promosi pariwisata Korea Selatan. Hallyu dalam penelitian ini difokuskan kepada drama, variety show, dan video musik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analitik. Kepopuleran Hallyu di dunia internasional yang dimanfaatkan sebagai soft power oleh pemerintah Korea Selatan dapat dilihat pada ajang promosi pariwisata yang menyertakan bintang-bintang Hallyu dalam iklan pariwisata dan menjadikan mereka sebagai duta pariwisata Korea Selatan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Hallyu, yang merupakan salah satu bentuk dari soft power Korea Selatan, berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan pariwisata Korea Selatan.

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This thesis will discuss about Hallyu as a soft power in South Korea's tourism promotion. The focus of Hallyu in this thesis are drama series, variety shows, and music videos. This research use qualitative method with analytic descriptive approach. The international popularity of Hallyu that used as a soft power by the government of South Korea can be seen from the participation of Hallyu stars in tourism promotion and the government made them as tourism ambassador. The result of this research will show us that Hallyu, one of South Korea's soft power, contributes in the increasing of South Korea tourism."