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"This book analyses the theory of efficient breach in English sales law, European Union contract law and Chinese contract law. It analyses the framework of the efficient breach theory and reconsiders the implications of this theory. According to the traditional efficient breach theory, the remedy of expectation damages is able to motivate efficient breach, which brings the breaching party economic surplus without making the non-breaching party worse off. The essential problems are how to motivate contract parties to make rational decisions and how to solve cases where performance of a contract turns out to be less efficient after its conclusion. The second part of the book further extends the efficient breach theory to the study of contract law systems by analysing how exactly those laws react to breach and what solutions are adopted by them.The comparison of these three systems is more than a mere description of the differences and similarities in the content. More importantly, this comparative research also analyses whether or not the differences between these systems will influence the level of efficiency produced by each legal system by taking account of the different traditions and the concepts of contracts involved in each legal system. Researchers in contract law will also be interested in this approach, particularly for re-thinking the question of whether one legal system is definitely better or worse than the other two."

"The development of Indonesian contract law has been influenced by enacment of new law, court verdicts and legal practices. It has been influenced by civil law and common law systems applied in other countries as well. The enacment of Consumer Protection Act strenghtens position of consumers against profesional seller. The Basic Agrarian Law and its Implementation Laws improve certainty in ownership of land. Courts have recognized, the doctrine of undue influence, acceptance by conduct, but they have not recognized pre contractual liability and have not applied the doctrine of unjustified enrichment in disputes regarding illegal contract. As practical matter, the integration clause under common law system stipulated in contract governed by Indonesian law, whereas Internasional Convention on Sale of Good regarding this issue adopts civil law system."

"Contents: 1. Theories of comparative law ; 2. The sociology of law ; 3. Conceptualism ; 4. The social reality of law ; 5. Social Structure, function, and problem solving ; 6. Towards legally oriented social science."

"Skripsi ini membahas anticipatory breach sebagai bentuk wanprestasi dalam perjanjian dengan fokus pada perbandingan hukum di Indonesia, Inggris, dan Singapura. Anticipatory breach adalah pelanggaran kontrak yang terjadi sebelum kewajiban kontraktual jatuh tempo atau dilanggar secara aktual, memberikan pihak yang dirugikan hak untuk segera mengambil tindakan hukum. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis-normatif, yang melakukan analisis terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan, putusan pengadilan, serta literatur hukum terkait. Di Indonesia, anticipatory breach belum diatur secara eksplisit dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPerdata), yang mensyaratkan wanprestasi hanya dapat terjadi setelah kewajiban jatuh tempo. Sebaliknya, Singapura dan Inggris, yang menganut sistem common law, mengakui anticipatory breach sebagai prinsip hukum, memungkinkan pihak yang dirugikan untuk mengajukan tuntutan lebih awal. Penelitian ini menganalisis putusan pengadilan terkait di ketiga yurisdiksi untuk mengeksaminasi penerapan doktrin ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anticipatory breach telah sejak lama diterapkan di Inggris dan Singapura dan memberikan perlindungan lebih baik kepada pihak yang dirugikan dibandingkan sistem hukum Indonesia. Namun, adaptasi prinsip ini ke dalam hukum Indonesia terhambat karena keberadaan pasal 1238 jo. pasal 1243 jo. pasal 1269 KUHPerdata. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi untuk menerapkan doktrin anticipatory breach dalam sistem hukum Indonesia guna mendukung perkembangan penyelesaian sengketa perjanjian yang semakin modern.

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This thesis examines anticipatory breach as a form of default in contracts, focusing on a comparative legal study between Indonesia, England, and Singapore. Anticipatory breach refers to a contractual violation that occurs before the contractual obligations are due or breached in actuality, granting the aggrieved party the right to take immediate legal action. This study employs a normative-juridical research method, analyzing legislation, court decisions, and relevant legal literature. In Indonesia, anticipatory breach is not explicitly regulated in the Indonesian Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata or KUHPerdata), which requires default to occur only after the obligation becomes due. In contrast, Singapore and England, which adhere to the common law system, recognize anticipatory breach as a legal principle, enabling the aggrieved party to file claims earlier. This research analyzes court decisions in the three jurisdictions to examine the application of this doctrine. The findings reveal that anticipatory breach has long been implemented in England and Singapore, offering better protection to the aggrieved parties compared to Indonesia’s legal system. However, the adaptation of this principle into Indonesian law faces challenges due to the provisions of Articles 1238, 1243, and 1269 of the Civil Code. This study provides recommendations to adopt the doctrine of anticipatory breach into the Indonesian legal system to support the evolving resolution of contractual disputes in modern times."