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"Pendahuluan: Berbagai studi menyatakan bahwa pencapaian kadar terapeutik vankomisin pada pasien sakit kritis sangat rendah. Hal ini terjadi karena perubahan farmakokinetik pada pasien kritis akibat proses penyakit dan berbagai intervensi medis. Vankomisin mempunyai indeks terapeutik yang sempit, oleh karena itu pencapaian target kadar terapeutik sangat penting dievaluasi. Saat ini, pemberian vankomisin pada pasien sakit kritis di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, Indonesia berdasarkan pedoman penggunaan antibiotik tahun 2022. Namun, evaluasi pencapaian target kadar terapeutik vankomisin pada pasien kritis belum pernah dilakukan. Evaluasi pencapaian target kadar terapeutik vankomisin ini dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan untuk membuat pedoman pemberian dosis vankomisin yang lebih adekuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pencapaian kadar terapeutik vankomisin pada pasien sakit kritis. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi pendahuluan dengan desain potong lintang. Rekrutmen subjek penelitian dilakukan dengan metode consecutive sampling. Subjek penelitian adalah pasien sakit kritis yang menggunakan vankomisin. Pemeriksaan kadar vankomisin dilakukan dengan metode ELISA pada sampel darah subjek yang diambil saat trough concentration. Data-data klinis dan laboratorium lain didapatkan dari rekam medis subjek. Hasil: Jumlah subjek penelitian ini adalah 20 orang. Target kadar terapeutik vankomisin tercapai pada 45% subyek penelitian. Median kadar vankomisin pada penelitian ini adalah 17,43 mg/L (3,07 – 25,11 mg/L). Kadar terapeutik vankomisin lebih banyak tercapai pada subyek yang tidak mengalami overload cairan (61,5%) dan yang mendapat vankomisin dengan cara infus yang diperpanjang (64,3%). Pada penelitian didapatkan 3 (15,8%) subyek mengalami cidera ginjal akut setelah penggunaan vankomisin, dengan kadar vankomisin 17,37 mg/L, 11,16 mg/L, dan 13,64 mg/L. Kesimpulan: Capaian target kadar terapeutik vankomisin terjadi hanya pada sebagian pasien sakit kritis. Keadaan subyek yang tidak overload cairan dan pemberian infus vankomisin yang diperpanjang menjadi faktor yang mungkin mempengaruhi tercapainya target kadar terapeutik vankomisin. Kata kunci: trough concentration, vankomisin, pasien sakit kritis, farmakokinetik, kadar terapeutik

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Introduction: Various studies have stated that the achievement of vancomycin therapeutic levels in critically ill patients is very low. This condition occurs because of pharmacokinetic changes in critically ill patients due to the disease process and various medical interventions. Vancomycin has a narrow therapeutic index, therefore it is important to evaluate the drug concentration. Currently, the administration of vancomycin in critically ill patients at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia is based on local antibiotic guidelines 2022. However, an evaluation of vancomycin concentration in critically ill patients has never been carried out. Evaluation of vancomycin concentration can be considered as a basis for making adequate vancomycin dosing guidelines. Aim of this study was to describe the vancomycin concentration in critically ill patients. Methods: This research is a preliminary study with a cross-sectional design. Subjects recruitment was done by consecutive sampling method. Subjects were critically ill patients who taking vancomycin. Examination of vancomycin concentration was conducted using ELISA method on subjects' blood samples taken during trough concentration. Other clinical and laboratory data were obtained from the subject's medical record. Result: Sample size of this study was 20 subjects. The target therapeutic level of vancomycin was achieved in 45% of the study subjects. The median of vancomycin concentration on this study was 17.43 mg/L (3.07 – 25.11 mg/L). Therapeutic levels of vancomycin were achieved more in subjects who did not experience fluid overload (61.5%) and received vancomycin by extended infusion method (64.3%). There were 3 subjects (15.8%) experienced acute kidney injury after using vancomycin, with vancomycin concentration of 17.37 mg/L, 11.16 mg/L, and 13.64 mg/L. Conclusion: Achievement of target therapeutic levels of vancomycin occurs in only a minority of critically ill patients. The condition of the subjects who are not fluid overload and the prolonged administration of vancomycin infusion are factors that may affect the achievement of the target therapeutic level of vancomycin. Keywords: trough concentration, vancomycin, critically ill patients, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic concentration"

"ABSTRAK Imbang nitrogen pada pasien sakit kritis selalu negatif akibat respon stres. Pada lansia perubahan metabolismenya berisiko memperburuk imbang nitrogen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui imbang nitrogen dan hubungannya dengan asupan energi dan protein pada lansia sakit kritis dalam 48 jam pertama di ICU. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode potong lintang, consecutive sampling. Subyek penelitian adalah 26 lansia sakit kritis. Hasil penelitian pada 24 jam I dan II adalah; imbang nitrogen -5,2 (-31,2 − -4,1) g dan -4,5+4,6; asupan energi 78,8+45,0% dan 91,1+50,2% terhadap target; asupan protein 0,57+0,35 g/kgBB/hari dan 0,71+0,37 g/kgBB/hari serta terdapat korelasi positif bermakna antara imbang nitrogen dengan asupan energi; r=0,6 dan r=0,5 dan korelasi positif bermakna antara imbang nitrogen dengan asupan protein; r=0,5 dan r=0,4. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungan bermakna antara imbang nitrogen dengan asupan energi dan protein pada lansia sakit kritis

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ABSTRAK Nitrogen balance in criticaly ill patients tend to be negative due to stress response. In the elderly patients, the metabolic changes risk to worsening nitrogen balance.The aim of this study is to determine nitrogen balance and its relation with energy and protein intake in critically ill elderly patients within 48 hours in ICU. The study was cross sectional, consecutive sampling on 26 subjects. The nitrogen balances were -5.2 (-31.2 − -4.1) g and -4.5+4.6 g; energy intakes were 78.8+45.0% and 91.1+50.2% target; protein intakes were; 0.57+0.35 g/kgBW/d and 0.71+0.37 g/kgBW/d. There were positive correlation between nitrogen balance and energy intake; r=0.6 and r=0.5, and between nitrogen balance and protein intake; r=0.5 and r=0.4 in 24 hours I and II respectively. The conclusion is there were positive correlation between nitrogen balance with energy and protein intakes."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Penilaian derajat kesadaran penting dilakukan pada pasien di Unit Gawat Darurat untuk memperkirakan prognosis. Banyak sistem penilaian dipakai untuk mengevaluasi pasien, masing-masing dengan kelebihan dan kekurangannya. Sistem penilaian yang baru, yaitu Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR )Score, dapat digunakan menilai derajat kesadaran dan memprediksi prognosis pasien. FOUR Score dapat memberikan data neurologis yang lebih detail dan dapat digunakan pada pasien yang terintubasi. Belum ada penelitian yang menilai validitas FOUR Score sebagai prediktor outcome pada pasien dengan penurunan kesadaran di IGD RSCM sebelumnya.Metode. Penelitian kohort prospektif observasional pada pasien dengan penurunan kesadaran yang dirawat di IGD RSCM. Evaluasi FOUR Score dilakukan terhadap 120 pasien baru yang dirawat di IGD RSCM. Outcome pasien dicatat setelah perawatan 72 jam. Analisis bivariat digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan FOUR Score terhadap outcome. Analisis regresi logistik untuk menentukan hubungan komponen FOUR Score terhadap outcome. Nilai area di bawah kurva (AUC) digunakan untuk sebagai uji dsikriminasi FOUR Score terhadap outcome.Hasil. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara nilai FOUR Score dengan outcome (p <0,001). Komponen respon membuka mata (FOUR-E) dan pola respirasi (FOUR-R) adalah komponen yang mempunyai nilai prediksi terhadap outcome. AUC FOUR Score adalah 0,864 (95% IK 0,784-0,928).Uji kesesuaian antarpenilai antara dokter dan perawat menunjukkan kesesuaian yang sangat baik dengan κ = 0,836 (95% IK 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Asssessment of conciousness is important in patients in emergency room to estimate prognosis. Many scoring systems used to evaluate patients? level of conciousness, each with their advantages and disadvantages Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) Score is a new system to assess patients?s level of conciousness and future prognosis. FOUR Score can provide a detailed neurological data and can be used in patients who are intubated. There have never been done a research on validity of FOUR Score as a predictor of outcome in RSCM?s ER before.Method. Observational, prospective cohort study in patients with decreased of conciousness treated in the RSCM?s ER. FOUR Score?s evaluation conducted on 120 new patients. Patient?s outcome was recorded after 72 hours of treatment, and classified as dead or alive. Bivariate analysis conducted to determine the relation between FOUR Score and outcome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relation between components of the FOUR Score and the outcome, and the value of area under the curve (AUC) of the FOUR Score to outcome was determined to measure discrimination of FOUR Score.Results. There is a significant correlation statistically between the value of the FOUR Score with the outcome (p <0.001). From all the components had been measured, the eye response (FOUR-E) and respiratory pattern (FOUR-R) had predictive value related to the outcome. AUC of the FOUR Score is 0,864 (95% CI 0,784-0,928). Inter-rater agreement between doctor and nurse shows a very good strength of agreement wtith κ = 0,836 (95% CI 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001.Conclusion. FOUR Score can accurately predict the outcome of patients with decreased of consciousness in the RSCM?s ER after 72 hours of treatment.;Background. Asssessment of conciousness is important in patients in emergency room to estimate prognosis. Many scoring systems used to evaluate patients? level of conciousness, each with their advantages and disadvantages Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) Score is a new system to assess patients?s level of conciousness and future prognosis. FOUR Score can provide a detailed neurological data and can be used in patients who are intubated. There have never been done a research on validity of FOUR Score as a predictor of outcome in RSCM?s ER before.Method. Observational, prospective cohort study in patients with decreased of conciousness treated in the RSCM?s ER. FOUR Score?s evaluation conducted on 120 new patients. Patient?s outcome was recorded after 72 hours of treatment, and classified as dead or alive. Bivariate analysis conducted to determine the relation between FOUR Score and outcome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relation between components of the FOUR Score and the outcome, and the value of area under the curve (AUC) of the FOUR Score to outcome was determined to measure discrimination of FOUR Score.Results. There is a significant correlation statistically between the value of the FOUR Score with the outcome (p <0.001). From all the components had been measured, the eye response (FOUR-E) and respiratory pattern (FOUR-R) had predictive value related to the outcome. AUC of the FOUR Score is 0,864 (95% CI 0,784-0,928). Inter-rater agreement between doctor and nurse shows a very good strength of agreement wtith κ = 0,836 (95% CI 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001.Conclusion. FOUR Score can accurately predict the outcome of patients with decreased of consciousness in the RSCM?s ER after 72 hours of treatment., Background. Asssessment of conciousness is important in patients in emergency room to estimate prognosis. Many scoring systems used to evaluate patients? level of conciousness, each with their advantages and disadvantages Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) Score is a new system to assess patients?s level of conciousness and future prognosis. FOUR Score can provide a detailed neurological data and can be used in patients who are intubated. There have never been done a research on validity of FOUR Score as a predictor of outcome in RSCM?s ER before.Method. Observational, prospective cohort study in patients with decreased of conciousness treated in the RSCM?s ER. FOUR Score?s evaluation conducted on 120 new patients. Patient?s outcome was recorded after 72 hours of treatment, and classified as dead or alive. Bivariate analysis conducted to determine the relation between FOUR Score and outcome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relation between components of the FOUR Score and the outcome, and the value of area under the curve (AUC) of the FOUR Score to outcome was determined to measure discrimination of FOUR Score.Results. There is a significant correlation statistically between the value of the FOUR Score with the outcome (p <0.001). From all the components had been measured, the eye response (FOUR-E) and respiratory pattern (FOUR-R) had predictive value related to the outcome. AUC of the FOUR Score is 0,864 (95% CI 0,784-0,928). Inter-rater agreement between doctor and nurse shows a very good strength of agreement wtith κ = 0,836 (95% CI 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001.Conclusion. FOUR Score can accurately predict the outcome of patients with decreased of consciousness in the RSCM?s ER after 72 hours of treatment.]"

"Latar Belakang: Anemia atau kadar hemoglobin yang menurun dari nilai normalnya merupakan permasalahan yang biasa terjadi pada pasien kritis di Intensive Care Unit (ICU) dan 61% pasien anemia membutuhkan ventilasi mekanik. Anemia dapat mengganggu kemampuan ventilasi selama proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi. Namun pengaruh dari kadar hemoglobin yang menurun ini masih belum jelas dan diperdebatkan oleh karena itu telaah sistematis ini dibuat untuk mengambil kesimpulan apakah kadar hemoglobin berpengaruh terhadap proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik berdasarkan penelitian-penelitian yang tersedia.Tujuan: Mengetahui efek kadar hemoglobin terhadap proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik.Metode: Dengan menggunakan kata kunci spesifik, dilakukan pencarian artikel potensial secara komprehensif pada PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus dan Cochrane database dengan pembatasan waktu 2013 sampai dengan 2022. Protokol studi ini telah di registrasi di PROSPERO (CRD42022336646) pada tanggal 7 Agustus 2022.Hasil: Total 7 penelitian dengan 2.054 pasien dengan ventilasi mekanik memenuhi kriteria untuk penelitian ini dan dimasukkan dalam tinjauan sistematis. Setelah pemeriksaan database menyeluruh, dilaposkan satu studi tidak menemukan korelasi antara hemoglobin dan keberhasilan proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi. Enam penelitian menyatakan bahwa kadar hemoglobin berhubungan dengan keberhasilan proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien sakit kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kadar hemoglobin mempengaruhi proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien sakit kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik. Namun, diperlukan lebih banyak penelitian untuk mengkonfirmasi hasil tinjauan sistematis ini.Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menyimpulkan kadar hemoglobin mempengaruhi proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik. Namun dibutuhkan penelitian yang lebih banyak untuk mengkonfirmasi hasil telaah sistematis ini.

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Background: Anemia or hemoglobin levels that decrease from average values ​​is a common problem in critical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients, and 61% of anemic patients require mechanical ventilation. Anemia can impair ventilation ability during weaning and extubation. However, the effect of decreased hemoglobin levels is still unclear and debated; therefore, this systematic review was made to conclude whether hemoglobin levels affect weaning and extubation processes in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation based on available studies.

Objective: To determine the effect of hemoglobin levels on the process of weaning and extubation in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation.

Methods: Using specific keywords, a comprehensive search of potential articles was carried out on PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane databases with a time limit of 2013 to 2022. This study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022336646) ) on August 7th, 2022.

Result: A total of 7 studies with 2,054 patients with mechanical ventilation met the criteria for this study and were included in a systematic review after a thorough database check. One study found no correlation between hemoglobin and the successful weaning and extubation process. Six studies stated that hemoglobin levels were associated with the success of the weaning and extubation process in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation.

Conclusion: This study concludes that hemoglobin levels influence the weaning and extubation processes in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation. However, more research is needed to confirm the results of this systematic review."

"Latar Belakang: Mortalitas pasien dengan kandidiasis invasif cukup tinggi berkisar 30 ndash; 70. Perbedaan angka mortalitas pada tiap tiap studi erat kaitannya dengan desain penelitian dan sampel penelitian. Data tentang profil dan faktor faktor yang berhubungan dengan mortalitas pada pasien sakit kritis dengan kandidiasis invasif yang ada di Indonesia belum ada. Tujuan: Memberikan informasi profil kandidiasis invasif pada pasien sakit kritis beserta faktor faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas tata laksana pasien sakit kritis dengan kandidiasis invasif. Metode: Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional, mengumpulkan data dari rekam medis pada seratus dua pasien sakit kritis dengan diagnosa kandidiasis invasif. Pasien kandidiasis invasif adalah pasien dengan hasil kultur darah dan atau kultur cairan tubuh normal steril positif jamur spesies Candida. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi data usia, spesies jamur candida penyebab infeksi, faktor risiko kandidiasis invasif, serta faktor faktor yang diduga berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas yaitu ada tidaknya kondisi sepsis, nilai APACHE, ada tidaknya kondisi gagal nafas, ada tidaknya gagal ginjal, waktu pemberian terapi antijamur, Charlson Index, dan tempat perawatan ICU atau Non ICU. Uji analisa bivariat dengan uji chi square dilakukan terhadap masing masing faktor yang diduga dengan mortalitas, yang dilanjutkan dengan uji multivariat regresi logistik untuk menilai faktor yang paling berhubungan terhadap mortalitas 30 hari. Hasil: Dari 102 sampel penelitian didapatkan laki laki 52,9 dan perempuan 47,1. Median usia 53 th. angka mortalitas 68,6. Spesies candida penyebab terbanyak adalah Candida Tropicalis 34,3 dan Candida Parapsilosis 29,4. Faktor risiko kandidiasis invasif terkait dengan penyakit dasar adalah sepsis 78,9. keganasan 42,15. diabetes melitus 29,4. sedangkan terkait terapi atau tata laksana yang diberikan adalah penggunaan antibiotik spektrum luas 99. kateter vena sentral 77,5. serta pemberian nutrisi parenteral 70,6. Dari uji multivariat regresi logistik diperoleh data faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas 30 hari adalah sepsis berat. 0,001, OR 7,7, IK95 2,4 ndash; 24,6. Charlson Index ge;. p 0,022, OR 3,5, IK95 1,2 ndash; 10,2. dan gagal nafas. 0,066, OR 2,7, IK95 0,9 ndash; 8,0. Simpulan: Pada pasien sakit kritis dengan kandidiasis invasif yang dirawat di RSCM laki laki lebih banyak dari perempuan, dengan median usia 53 tahun, dengan angka mortalitas 68,6. Spesies candida terbanyak penyebab infeksi adalah Candida Tropicalis dan Candida Parapsilosis. Faktor risiko kandidiasis invasif terkait penyakit dasar adalah sepsis, sedangkan terkait tata laksana perawatan yang terbanyak adalah penggunaan antibiotik spektrum luas. Sedangkan faktor faktor yang berhubungan dengan mortalitas 30 hari adalah kondisi sepsis berat, dan Charlson index ge;3.

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Background: Mortality rate candidiasis invasive is still high, approximately 30 70. Every study has. variety mortality rate depend on study design and sample. There is no data in Indonesia about profile and mortality factors analysis in critically ill patients with candidiasis invasive.

Objectives: To give information about candidiasis invasive profile and to evaluate some factors relate to 30 days mortality in critically ill patients with candidiasis invasive in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta.

Method: The Study design was Cross Sectional. We studied 102 hospitalized critically ill patients with candidiasis invasive. The demographic, clinical and laboratory data, the risk factors for candidiasis invasive and the outcome of each patient in 30 days were recorded. An analysis bivariate with chi square or Fisher's test was carried out to analyse some factors such as age 60 years old, severe sepsis, APACHE score 20, respiratory failure, renal failure, delayed antifungal treatment 72 hours after positive culture, Charlson index score, and ICU or Non ICU patients. The logistic regression of multivariate analysis was carried out to identify the most influence of all mortality factors.

Result; Among 102 identified sample, the majority was male 52.9. the median age was 53 years old and the mortality rate was 68,6. Laboratory candida findings came from blood sample candidemia 98,03. liquor cerebrospinal 1,5 and retina exudat 1,5. The most common candida species was Candida Non Albicans especially Candida Tropicalis 34,3 and Candida Parapsilosis 34,3. The risk factors for Candidiasis invasive from this study, relate to underlying disease were sepsis 78,9. malignancy 42,15. diabetes mellitus 29,4 and relate to therapy or treatment were the usage of broad spectrum antibiotic 99. catheter vena central 77,5. and parenteral nutrition 70,6. The result from multivariate analysis, severe sepsis. 0,001, OR 7,7, IK95 2,4 ndash 24,7. Charlson Index ge. p 0,022, OR 3,5, IK95 1,2 ndash 10,2. and respiratory failure. 0,066, OR 2,7 IK95 0,9 ndash 8,0 were independently asscociated with mortality.

Conclusion: Critically ill patients with candidiasis invasive in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital, male was predominan than female, median age was 53 years old, and mortality rate was 68,6. The two most species candida caused infection were Candida Tropicalis and Candida Parapsilosis. The most risk factors of candidiasis invasive from underlying disease was sepsis and the one from the treatment was the usage of broad spectrum antibiotic. Severe sepsis, and Charlson index ge. were associated with. 30 day mortality in critically ill patients with candidiasis invasive."

"ABSTRAK

Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) pada fraktur ekstremitas bawah jumlahnya terus meningkat. Tingkat pengetahuan perawat yang baik dalam melakukan tindakan mobilisasi dini post ORIF sangat diperlukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengetahuan perawat tentang mobilisasi dini pada pasien post ORIF ekstremitas bawah di RSAL Dr. Mintohardjo. Penelitian menggunakan metode cross sectional, jumlah responden 54 orang dengan metode total sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukan responden mayoritas memiliki pengetahuan kurang. Ditemukan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara tingkat pendidikan dengan tingkat pengetahuan mobilisasi dini (p=0,000; =0,05) dan hubungan yang bermakna antara pelatihan dengan tingkat pengetahuan tentang mobilisasi dini (p=0,008; =0,05). Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan landasan untuk memperkuat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengetahuan perawat.

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ABSTRAK

Open reduction internal fixation ( ORIF ) in the lower extremity fractures is steadily increasing. The level of knowledge of good nurses in action early mobilization post ORIF indispensable. This study aims to determine the factors that affect the nurse's knowledge about early mobilization in patients post ORIF lower extremities in RSAL Dr. Mintohardjo. Research using cross sectional method, the number of respondents 54 people with a total sampling method. The results showed a majority of respondents have less knowledge. Found a significant relationship between the level of education and level of knowledge of early mobilization (p= 0.000 ; = 0.05) and significant relationship between training and the level of knowledge about early mobilization (p = 0.008 ; = 0.05). This study is expected to be the basis for strengthening the factors that affect the nurse's knowledge.

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